Arebica: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct WDL7479.pdf|thumb|The handbook, ''Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct'' published in 1831 by the Bosnian author and poet [[Abdulvehab Ilhamija]], is printed in Arebica.]] |
[[File:Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct WDL7479.pdf|thumb|The handbook, ''Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct'' published in 1831 by the Bosnian author and poet [[Abdulvehab Ilhamija]], is printed in Arebica.]] |
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'''Arebica''' ({{lang|bs-Arab|عَرَبٖٮڄا}}) is a [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] variant of the [[Arabic script]] used to write the [[Bosnian language]] ({{lang| |
'''Arebica''' ({{lang|bs-Arab|عَرَبٖٮڄا}}) is a [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] variant of the [[Arabic script]] used to write the [[Bosnian language]] ({{lang|sr-Arab|صربسقٖى يەزٖٮق}}).<ref>{{ELL2|Hindi}}</ref> It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of [[Aljamiado]] literature. Before [[World War I]] there were unsuccessful efforts by Muslims of Yugoslavia (Great Serbia) to adopt Arebica as the third official alphabet for Serbian alongside [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]. |
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Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts. |
Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts. |
Revision as of 12:26, 26 April 2022
Arebica | |
---|---|
Script type | Alphabet, based upon the
Perso-Arabic script |
Time period | 15th–20th century |
Languages | Serbian |
South Slavic languages and dialects |
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Arebica (عَرَبٖٮڄا) is a Bosnian variant of the Arabic script used to write the Bosnian language (صربسقٖى يەزٖٮق).[1] It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of Aljamiado literature. Before World War I there were unsuccessful efforts by Muslims of Yugoslavia (Great Serbia) to adopt Arebica as the third official alphabet for Serbian alongside Latin and Cyrillic.
Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts.
Origin
Arebica was based on the Perso-Arabic script of the Ottoman Empire, with added letters for /t͡s/, /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, which are not found in Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as with Kurdish Arabic script), making Arebica a true alphabet, unlike its Perso-Arabic base.
The final version of Arebica was devised by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević at the end of the 19th century. His version is called Matufovica, Matufovača or Mektebica.
Contemporary use
The first literary work to be published in Arebica for 64 years (since 1941) was a comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005 (authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi). The authors made slight modifications to Arebica.
The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica")[2] in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.
Alphabet
The final version of Arebica alphabet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević.
Latin | Cyrillic | Arebica | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contextual forms | Isolated | ||||
Final | Medial | Initial | |||
A a | А а | ـآ | آ | ||
B b | Б б | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب |
C c | Ц ц | ـڄ | ـڄـ | ڄـ | ڄ |
Č č | Ч ч | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ [b] |
Ć ć | Ћ ћ | ||||
D d | Д д | ـد | د | ||
Dž dž | Џ џ | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج [c] |
Đ đ | Ђ ђ | ||||
E e | Е е | ـە | ە | ||
F f | Ф ф | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف |
G g | Г г | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ |
H h | Х х | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح |
I i | И и | ـاٖى ـٖى |
ـاٖٮـ ـٖٮـ |
اٖٮـ | اٖى [a] |
J j | Ј ј | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي |
K k | К к | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق |
L l | Л л | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل |
Lj lj | Љ љ | ـڵ | ـڵـ | ڵـ | ڵ |
M m | М м | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م |
N n | Н н | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن |
Nj nj | Њ њ | ـںٛ | ـٮٛـ | ٮٛـ | ںٛ [b] |
O o | О о | ـۉ | ۉ | ||
P p | П п | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | پ |
R r | Р р | ـر | ر | ||
S s | С с | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س |
Š š | Ш ш | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش |
T t | Т т | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت |
U u | У у | ـۆ | ۆ | ||
V v | В в | ـو | و | ||
Z z | З з | ـز | ز | ||
Ž ž | Ж ж | ـژ | ژ |
Notes
Ligatures
Like the standard Arabic alphabet, when ا connects to either ل or ڵ a special ligature is used instead.
Latin | Cyrillic | Arebica | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contextual forms | Isolated | ||||
Final | Medial | Initial | |||
la | ла | ـلا | لا | ||
lja | ља | ـڵا | ڵا |
Prior to standardization, the most widespread arebica conventions were based on ottoman turkish conventions, and similar to contemporary aljamiado conventions adopted for Albanian and Greek. Vowels are often written using matres lectionis, with the exception of /e/, which is only represented word-finally, as <ە>. /o/ and /u/ are not distinguished. /ɲ/, /ʎ/ and /ts/ were not distinguished from /n/, /l/ and /tʃ/, respectively spellt as <ن>, <ل> and <چ>. Palatal affricates /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ are both spellt typically as <ك>, due to the persian letter <گ> not having been widely adopted yet, while velar stops /k/ and /g/ are represented with <ق> and <غ>.[3]
Text examples
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1
Bosnian (Arebica): | سوا ڵۆدسقا بٖٮڃا راݗايۆ سە سلۉبۉدنا وٖ يەدناقا ۆ دۉستۉيانستوۆ وٖ پراوٮما. ۉنا سۆ ۉبدارەنا رازۆمۉم وٖ سوۀشڃۆ وٖ ترەبا دا يەدنۉ پرەما درۆغۉمە پۉستۆپايۆ ۆ دۆحۆ براتستوا. |
Bosnian (Latinica): | Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva. |
Bosnian (Ćirilica): | Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свијешћу и треба да једно према другоме поступају у духу братства. |
English: | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Bosnian (Arebica) | تَهْرَان يە غلاونٖى وٖ نايوەڃٖى غراد إِيرَانا، سەدٖٮشتە تەحەرانسقە پۉقرايٖٮنە وٖ يەدان ۉد نايوەڃٖٮح غرادۉوا سوۀتا. | [citation needed] |
Bosnian (Latinica): | Teheran je glavni i najveći grad Irana, sjedište Teheranske pokrajine i jedan od najvećih gradova svijeta. | |
Bosnian (Ćirilica): | Техеран је главни и највећи град Ирана, сједиште Техеранске покрајине и један од највећих градова свијета. | |
English: | Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran, capital of Tehran Province and one of the largest cities in the world. |
See also
- Aljamiado
- Sevdah
- Belarusian Arabic alphabet, another script used by Slavic-speaking Muslims
- Chirvat-türkisi
- Gaj's Latin alphabet
- Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi
- Category:Arabic alphabets
External links
- Ottoman Turkish / Arabic keyboard (including Bosnian characters)
- UDHR in Arebica (Bosnian)
- Adnan Tufekčić, Arebica in Bosnia – Short Notes and One Review: From the Treasury of Bosnian Authentic Syncretism, Spirit of Bosnia No 15 (04), 2020
References
- ^ Hindi (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
- ^ Foreword to "The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica" by Aldin Mustafić
- ^ Selvelli, Giustina. "Caratteri arabi per la lingua bosniaca. Esempi di scrittura fra influssi ottomani e riappropriazioni locali. (Arabic Characters for the Bosnian Language. Writing Examples Between Ottoman Influences and Local Reappropriations)".
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- Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda, entry: Arabica. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1966