Muinane language: Difference between revisions
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ |
|+ Muinane consonant phonemes |
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! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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![[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA|m}} |
| {{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA|n}} |
| {{IPA link|n}} |
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|{{IPA|ɲ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} |
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! [[Plosive]] |
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|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}} |
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} |
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|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}} |
| {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} |
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|{{IPA|tʲ}} {{IPA|dʲ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʲ}} {{IPA link|dʲ}} |
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|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}} |
| {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}} |
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|{{IPA|ʔ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
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! [[Affricate]] |
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|{{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|dʒ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}} |
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! [[Fricative]] |
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|{{IPA|ɸ}} {{IPA|β}} |
| {{IPA link|ɸ}} {{IPA link|β}} |
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|{{IPA|s}} |
| {{IPA link|s}} |
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|{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|j}} |
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|j}} |
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|{{IPA|x}} |
| {{IPA link|x}} |
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! [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
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|{{IPA|r}} |
| {{IPA link|r}} |
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|{{IPA|rʲ}} |
| {{IPA link|rʲ}} |
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*Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their [[gemination|geminate]] counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}. |
* Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their [[gemination|geminate]] counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}. |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ |
|+ Muinane vowel phonemes |
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! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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! colspan="1" | [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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! [[High vowel|High]] |
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|{{IPA|i}} |
| {{IPA link|i}} |
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|{{IPA|ɨ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɨ}} |
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|{{IPA|u}} |
| {{IPA link|u}} |
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! |
! [[Low vowel|Low]] |
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|{{IPA|ɛ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
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|{{IPA|a}} |
| {{IPA link|a}} |
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|{{IPA|o}} |
| {{IPA link|o}} |
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Revision as of 00:24, 29 May 2022
Muinane | |
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Muìnánɨ | |
Native to | Colombia |
Region | Puerto Santander, Amazonas; between Caquetá River and Yari River in Caquetá Department |
Ethnicity | 550 (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | 150 (2007)[1] |
?Bora–Witoto
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bmr |
Glottolog | muin1242 |
ELP | Muinane |
Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.
Classification
Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora.
Geographic distribution
Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Plosive | p b | t d | tʲ dʲ | k ɡ | ʔ |
Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||
Fricative | ɸ β | s | ʃ j | x | |
Trill | r | rʲ |
- Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: tː tʃː tʲː kː.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɨ | u |
Low | ɛ | a | o |
Tone
There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.
Grammar
Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative.
Writing System
Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:
Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | /a/ | b | /b/ | c | /k/ | ch | /tʃ/ | d | /d/ | e | /e/ |
f | /ɸ/ | g | /ɡ/ | h | /ʔ/ | i | /i/ | ɨ | /ɨ/ | j | /x/ |
ll | /dʒ/ | m | /m/ | n | /n/ | ñ | /ɲ/ | o | /o/ | p | /p/ |
q | /k/ | r | /r/ | s | /s/ | sh | /ʃ/ | t | /t/ | u | /u/ |
v | /β/ | y | /j/ |
- Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty /tʲ/, dy /dʲ/, ry /rʲ/. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
- Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
- The Muinane writing system is based on Spanish orthography. For that reason, the sound /k/ is written as c before a, ɨ, o, and u and as qu before e and i. Likewise, the sound /ɡ/ is written as gu before e and i, and g elsewhere.
References
- ^ a b Muinane at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993), Proto-Witotoan, Arlington, TX: SIL International, ISBN 0-88312-189-1
- Walton, James W.; Walton, Janice P. (1967), "Phonemes of Muinane", in Waterhouse, Viola G. (ed.), Phonemic systems of Colombian languages, Norman, OK: SIL International, pp. 37–47
- Walton, James P.; Walton, Janice W.; Pakky de Buenaventure, Clementina (1997), Diccionario Bilingüe Muinane-Español/Español-Muinane, Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Buena Semilla, OCLC 468683910