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| module = {{Chinese|child=yes|s=胡启立|t=胡啟立|p=Hú Qǐlì}}
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'''Hu Qili''' ({{zh|s=胡启立}}; born 6 October 1929) is a former high-ranking politician of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). He was the [[First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|first secretary]] of the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Secretariat]] from 1985 to 1989 and a member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Politburo Standing Committee]] from 1987 to 1989. In 1989, he was purged for his sympathy toward the students of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] and his support for [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]] [[Zhao Ziyang]]. However, he was able to get back into politics in 1991. In 2001, he was named chairman of the Soong Ching-ling Foundation.<ref>中国宋庆龄基金会领导成员, [The introduction for China Soong Ching Ling Foundation leadership]. http://www.sclf.org/jgjj/</ref>
'''Hu Qili''' ({{zh|s=胡启立}}; born 6 October 1929) is a former high-ranking politician of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), known as a champion of the country's economic reform program in the 1980s. He was the [[First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|first secretary]] of the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Secretariat]] from 1985 to 1989 and a member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Politburo Standing Committee]] from 1987 to 1989. Following the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], he was purged for his sympathy toward the student protesters and his support for [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]] [[Zhao Ziyang|Zhao Ziyang's]] opposition to the use of armed force.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |date=1989-06-25 |title=4 Removed From Their Posts As a Result of Shifts in Power |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/25/world/4-removed-from-their-posts-as-a-result-of-shifts-in-power.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> However, he returned to politics in 1991. In 2001, he became chairman of the Soong Ching-ling Foundation.<ref name="sclf">{{cite web |title=我会主席胡启立为首届少年儿童发明奖获奖者颁奖 |trans-title=Hu Qili, Chairman of our association, presented awards to the winners of the first Children’s Invention Award|url=https://www.sclf.org/wap/wap_gysy/200608/t20060829_5263.html |website=China Soong Ching Ling Foundation |access-date=6 April 2024 |language=zh |date=24 December 2001}}</ref>

As of April 2024, Hu Qili is the only living member of [[13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party#1st Plenary Session (1987–1989)|13th Politburo Standing Committee of the CPC]] from the first three plenary sessions.


==Early career==
==Early career==
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During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Hu began to work in the lower levels of the [[May Seventh Cadre School]]s. From 1972 to 1977, he served as the [[Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary|deputy secretary]] of the [[Ningxia]] County [[Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee|Communist Party Committee]],{{Clarify|reason=Ningxia County is not an existing administrative division within China|date=August 2023}} the deputy secretary of the [[Guyuan]] district Communist Party Committee, and the office director of the [[Ningxia|Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]] Party Committee.<ref name=jianli />
During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Hu began to work in the lower levels of the [[May Seventh Cadre School]]s. From 1972 to 1977, he served as the [[Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary|deputy secretary]] of the [[Ningxia]] County [[Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee|Communist Party Committee]],{{Clarify|reason=Ningxia County is not an existing administrative division within China|date=August 2023}} the deputy secretary of the [[Guyuan]] district Communist Party Committee, and the office director of the [[Ningxia|Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]] Party Committee.<ref name=jianli />


After the Cultural Revolution, he served as the deputy president of [[Tsinghua University]]. From 1978 to 1980, Hu was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee and was president of the [[All-China Youth Federation]]. From 1980 to 1982, he was the [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|party secretary]] and the mayor of [[Tianjin]]. From 1982 to 1987, he was the director of the [[General Office of the Chinese Communist Party|General Office]], a member of the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretariat]], and a member of the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo of the CCP Central Committee]]. From 1985 to 1989, Hu served as the [[First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|First Secretary of the CCP Secretariat]]. From 1987 to 1989, Hu served as a member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]] and the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee]].<ref name=jianli />
After the Cultural Revolution, he served as the deputy president of [[Tsinghua University]]. From 1978 to 1980, Hu was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee and was president of the [[All-China Youth Federation]]. From 1980 to 1982, he was the [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|party secretary]] and the mayor of [[Tianjin]]. From 1982 to 1987, he was the director of the [[General Office of the Chinese Communist Party|General Office]], a member of the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretariat]], and a member of the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo of the CCP Central Committee]]. From 1985 to 1989, Hu served as the [[First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|First Secretary of the CCP Secretariat]], so a potential future candidate for General Secretary (party leader).<ref name=nyt /> From 1987 to 1989, Hu served as a member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]] and the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee]].<ref name=jianli />


==Tiananmen Square protests==
==Tiananmen Square protests==
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In 1991, Hu returned to politics and was appointed as vice minister and Leading Party Members' Group member of the [[Fourth Ministry of Machine Building|Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry]]. From 1993 to 1998, he was the minister of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry.<ref name=jianli />
In 1991, Hu returned to politics and was appointed as vice minister and Leading Party Members' Group member of the [[Fourth Ministry of Machine Building|Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry]]. From 1993 to 1998, he was the minister of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry.<ref name=jianli />


In 1998, Hu was elected vice chairman of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]. He had a mandate to restore proper political treatment of [[List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China|leaders of the party and state]].<ref name=jianli /> By convention, persons who hold the positions of the vice chairman of the NPC, vice chairman of the CPPCC, or higher positions are referred to as "Leaders of the Party and the State" (党和国家领导人) in the official media.<ref>党和国家领导人, [Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China: Leaders of the Party and the State]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624221045/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-06/22/content_1540150.htm]</ref>
In 1998, Hu was elected vice chairman of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]].<ref name="sclf" /> He had a mandate to restore proper political treatment of [[List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China|leaders of the party and state]].<ref name=jianli /> By convention, persons who hold the positions of the vice chairman of the NPC, vice chairman of the CPPCC, or higher positions are referred to as "Leaders of the Party and the State" (党和国家领导人) in the official media.<ref>党和国家领导人, [Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China: Leaders of the Party and the State]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624221045/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-06/22/content_1540150.htm]</ref>

⚫
Hu was appointed as chairman of the {{Interlanguage link|China Soong Ching Ling Foundation|zh|中国宋庆龄基金会}} in 2001, which deals with Chinese charities and welfare projects. Hu retired from that position in March 2003.


⚫
Hu became chairman of the {{Interlanguage link|China Soong Ching Ling Foundation|zh|中国宋庆龄基金会}} in 2001, which deals with Chinese charities and welfare projects.<ref name="sclf" /> Hu retired from that position in November 2016.
==Significance==
Hu Qili was known in the 1980s as a champion of the country's economic reform program. After [[Deng Xiaoping]] returned to government in 1978, Hu started to rise rapidly. Hu was also once seen as a potential future candidate for [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]] ([[Leader of the Chinese Communist Party|party leader]]). In 1987, Hu became a member of the Politburo Standing Committee. In 1989, he sympathized with the students carrying out the [[Tiananmen Square]] protests and opposed the use of armed force to suppress those protesting. As a result, Hu was purged from party positions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1989-06-25 |title=4 Removed From Their Posts As a Result of Shifts in Power |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/25/world/4-removed-from-their-posts-as-a-result-of-shifts-in-power.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:38, 6 April 2024

In this Chinese name, the family name is Hu.
Hu Qili
胡启立
First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
In office
24 September 1985 – 24 June 1989
General SecretaryHu Yaobang
Zhao Ziyang
Preceded byHu Yaobang
Succeeded byQiao Shi
Politburo Standing Committee member of the Chinese Communist Party
In office
November 1987 – June 1989
General SecretaryZhao Ziyang
Director of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party
In office
April 1982 – June 1983
General SecretaryHu Yaobang
Preceded byYao Yilin
Succeeded byQiao Shi
Personal details
Born (1929-10-06) 6 October 1929 (age 94)
Yulin, Shaanxi, Republic of China
Political partyChinese Communist Party
Spouse(s)Hao Keming (郝克明, d. 2023)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese胡啟立
Simplified Chinese胡启立
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHú Qǐlì

Hu Qili (Chinese: 胡启立; born 6 October 1929) is a former high-ranking politician of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), known as a champion of the country's economic reform program in the 1980s. He was the first secretary of the CCP Secretariat from 1985 to 1989 and a member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee from 1987 to 1989. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, he was purged for his sympathy toward the student protesters and his support for General Secretary Zhao Ziyang's opposition to the use of armed force.[1] However, he returned to politics in 1991. In 2001, he became chairman of the Soong Ching-ling Foundation.[2]

As of April 2024, Hu Qili is the only living member of 13th Politburo Standing Committee of the CPC from the first three plenary sessions.

Early career

Hu was born on 6 October 1929 in Yulin, Shaanxi Province. In 1946, he was admitted to Peking University to pursue a major in physics. In 1948, at the age of 19, Hu joined the CCP. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, Hu changed his studies to focus on politics.[3]

From 1951 to 1956, Hu was secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of Peking University. From 1956 to 1966, he served as the president of the All-China Students’ Federation. In 1958, Hu was granted an audience with CCP Chairman Mao Zedong.[4]

During the Cultural Revolution, Hu began to work in the lower levels of the May Seventh Cadre Schools. From 1972 to 1977, he served as the deputy secretary of the Ningxia County Communist Party Committee,[clarification needed] the deputy secretary of the Guyuan district Communist Party Committee, and the office director of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Party Committee.[3]

After the Cultural Revolution, he served as the deputy president of Tsinghua University. From 1978 to 1980, Hu was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee and was president of the All-China Youth Federation. From 1980 to 1982, he was the party secretary and the mayor of Tianjin. From 1982 to 1987, he was the director of the General Office, a member of the Secretariat, and a member of the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee. From 1985 to 1989, Hu served as the First Secretary of the CCP Secretariat, so a potential future candidate for General Secretary (party leader).[1] From 1987 to 1989, Hu served as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee.[3]

Tiananmen Square protests

See also: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

On 15 April 1989, after the death of former General Secretary Hu Yaobang, Beijing university students began to assemble in Tiananmen Square to protest. This was the beginning of the Tiananmen Democracy Movement. General Secretary Zhao Ziyang thought that the government should talk with the student protestors. As a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and a member of the Secretariat, Hu was placed in charge of propaganda. Hu followed Zhao's instructions and began a propaganda policy for openness and tolerance in engaging the students in dialogue.[5]

On 29 April 1989, the People’s Daily published an editorial titled, Keep Stable, Keep Overall Situation. Hu commented that the Beijing student protesters had begun to act reasonably and that the Chinese government needed to offer more accurate news for the students. He also believed that the student movement should be reported on accurately and without misinformation. Hu also agreed with Zhao Ziyang's speech.[which?] On 3 May 1989, Zhao made a speech to commemorate the May Fourth Movement on its 70th anniversary. In the speech, he stated that the Beijing student protesters loved China and called for continued talks with the student leaders.[6]

On 19 May 1989, there was an evening meeting to brief the Politburo Standing Committee. Zhao refused to accept the command to institute martial law as proposed by Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Hu were the only two members of the Standing Committee opposed to martial law. This began the downturn of Hu's political fortunes.[7]

The Fourth Plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee was held on the 23 and 24 of June 1989. They approved a decision made two days earlier at a meeting of the Politburo to strip Hu and Zhao as well as Rui Xingwen and Yan Mingfu of their party posts. For a period of time, Hu was expelled from politics in China.[8]

Return to government

In 1991, Hu returned to politics and was appointed as vice minister and Leading Party Members' Group member of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry. From 1993 to 1998, he was the minister of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry.[3]

In 1998, Hu was elected vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[2] He had a mandate to restore proper political treatment of leaders of the party and state.[3] By convention, persons who hold the positions of the vice chairman of the NPC, vice chairman of the CPPCC, or higher positions are referred to as "Leaders of the Party and the State" (党和国家领导人) in the official media.[9]

Hu became chairman of the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation in 2001, which deals with Chinese charities and welfare projects.[2] Hu retired from that position in November 2016.

References

  1. ^ a b "4 Removed From Their Posts As a Result of Shifts in Power". The New York Times. 1989-06-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  2. ^ a b c "我会主席胡启立为首届少年儿童发明奖获奖者颁奖" [Hu Qili, Chairman of our association, presented awards to the winners of the first Children’s Invention Award]. China Soong Ching Ling Foundation (in Chinese). 24 December 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e 胡启立简历, [The biographical notes for Hu Qili]. "胡启立简历_人物库_新华网". Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  4. ^ 毛泽东主席接见全国学联主席、北大团委书记胡启立 , [Mao Zedong interview Hu Qili]. http://www.southcn.com/news/community/shzt/mao/photo/200212240999.htm
  5. ^ 多维历史：胡启立仕途“六四”遭重创, [Hu Qili during June Fourth Movement]. http://history.dwnews.com/news/2012-09-25/58869609-all.html
  6. ^ 历史的大爆炸——六四事件全景实录,[The big bang of history-June Fourth Movement Record]. Zhang Wanshu. May, 2009. TianDi Publish. P90 and 110
  7. ^ Zhao Ziyang. Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0. p. 29
  8. ^ Zhang Liang. The Tiananmen Papers. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. p. 438.
  9. ^ 党和国家领导人, [Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China: Leaders of the Party and the State]. [1]
Party political offices
Preceded by Head of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party
1982–1983 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas General Secretary First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
1985–1989
Government offices
Preceded by Mayor of Tianjin
1980–1982 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Electronic Industry
1993–1998 		Succeeded by
office abolished
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