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===Battles with Afghans===
===Battles with Afghans===
In 1431, Sikander Tohfa allied with Jasrat against the Afghans who had firmly based themselves at Sirhind. Jasrat and Sikander easily captured Sirhind, but Afghans had already left and moved to the hills. There many of them, including [[Bahlol Khan Lodi]]'s relatives, were massacred by both and others were made captives.{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=403}} After 1436, Jasrat fought battles against the Lodi chief Bahlol Khan, who had re-established himself at Sirhind by bringing all Afghans under his banner.{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=405}} He achieved some success as Bahlol Khan was forced to retreat towards the Siwalik foothills.{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=402}}{{sfnp|Lal|1958}} But when [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] left Delhi to invade Jasrat's domains in 1441 and appointed Bahlol Khan as governor of Sirhind to combat him, he made peace with Bahlol and advised him to capture the throne of Delhi for himself.{{sfnp|Lal|1958}} Unlike Jasrat, who was viewed as an outsider by Delhi nobles, Bahlol was a part of the nobility and had better prospect of gaining the throne of Delhi. In return of his support, Bahlol ceded the region between [[Chenab]] and Jhelum ([[Chaj Doab]]) to Jasrat and agreed to not interfere in his territories.{{sfnp|Charak|1985|p=77}}{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=402}} Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin acted as witness to the peace treaty between both.{{sfnp|Parmu|1969|p=164}}
In 1431, Sikander Tohfa allied with Jasrat against the Afghans who had firmly based themselves at Sirhind. Jasrat and Sikander easily captured Sirhind, but Afghans had already left and moved to the hills. There many of them, including [[Bahlol Khan Lodi]]'s relatives, were massacred by both and others were made captives.{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=403}} After 1436, Jasrat fought battles against the Lodi chief Bahlol Khan, who had re-established himself at Sirhind by bringing all Afghans under his banner.{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=405}} Jasrat boasted a large host that saw success as Bahlol Khan was compelled to retreat towards the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik foothills]] without battle.{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=402}}{{sfnp|Lal|1958}} But when [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] left Delhi to invade Jasrat's domains in 1441 and appointed Bahlol Khan as governor of Sirhind to combat him, he made peace with Bahlol and advised him to capture the throne of Delhi for himself.{{sfnp|Lal|1958}} Unlike Jasrat, who was viewed as an outsider by Delhi nobles, Bahlol was a part of the nobility and had better prospect of gaining the throne of Delhi. In return of his support, Bahlol ceded the region between [[Chenab]] and Jhelum ([[Chaj Doab]]) to Jasrat and agreed to not interfere in his territories.{{sfnp|Charak|1985|p=77}}{{sfnp|Singh|2023|p=402}} Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin acted as witness to the peace treaty between both.{{sfnp|Parmu|1969|p=164}}


==Death==
==Death==

Revision as of 02:12, 13 June 2024

Jasrat
Malik
Raja
Reignc. 1410 – 1442
PredecessorShaikha
Bornc. 1375
Sialkot
Died1442
Jammu
Burial
Kurree Sharif
FatherShaikha
ReligionSunni Islam[1][2]

Malik Jasrat Khokhar[a] (c. 1375– 1442; also known as Jasrath) was a 15th-century Punjabi ruler of Sialkot from 1410 until his death in 1442.[3]

Jasrat along with his father Shaikha opposed Tamerlane during his invasion of Delhi Sultanate in 1398. He was defeated and made captive but regained his power after getting free. Jasrat supported Shahi Khan against Ali Shah in the Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420) and obtained significant spoils after his victory in the Battle of Thanna. In 1423 he conquered Jammu after defeating its Raja, Bhim Dev. Encouraged by the early victories, Jasrat aimed for Delhi and invaded the Delhi Sultanate several times between 1421 and 1432. Although he was mostly unsuccessful in these campaigns, Jasrat managed to expand his control over most of Punjab and Jammu as well as parts of present-day Himachal Pradesh. He, along with Bhatti and Kharal, is considered a folk hero of Punjab.

Background

Although Firishta mistakenly calls Jasrat a Gakhar, he is generally believed by historians to be a Khokhar instead.[4] He was born to a local chieftain, Shaikha in c. 1375, during a time when Delhi Sultanate was in decline due to civil war among members of Tughlaq dynasty.[b] In historical accounts, Jasrat has also been called as Jasrat Shaikha, hence the events of both have been sometimes confused.[4][c] In the late 14th century, Khokhars[d] controlled the territory between Salt Range (Kuh-i-Jud) and Sirmur in Himachal Pradesh,[5] and were usually in a state of conflict with the Delhi sultans as well as neighbouring rulers in Kashmir and Jammu.[6] Owing to the anarchy prevailing in the Delhi Sultanate, Shaikha conquered Lahore as well from the Tughlaq sultans in 1394.[7]

Early life

Little is known about early life of Jasrat. He first came to prominence during the invasion of Tamerlane in 1398–99. Jasrat opposed him with a force of 2,000 at river Sutlej between Tulamba and Dipalpur, but was defeated and made captive, later being taken to Samarkand.[8] Shaikha was also killed by Tamerlane when he captured Lahore.[9] Timur then proceeded to sack Delhi, and brutally massacred its citizens.[10]

Jasrat managed to escape and returned to Punjab after Tamerlane died in 1405.[11] With the alliance of sultan Sikandar of Kashmir, he re-established his control over northern Punjab.[12] He was sent by Sultan Sikander to sack the city of Jammu during the reign of its Raja, Pala Deo (Pala Dev),[13] and spent next few years quietly, consolidating his control over Bhimber and Pothohar.[4][14]

Military campaigns

Battle of Thanna (1420)

See also: Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420)

In 1420, a civil war erupted between Sultan of Kashmir, Ali Shah and the claimant to throne Shahi Khan. Ali Shah defeated Shahi Khan with the help of Bhim Dev, Raja of Jammu and his father-in-law, and expelled him from Kashmir. Shahi Khan went to Sialkot to ask Jasrat for help, who decided to support him. Hearing this, Ali Shah marched with his army to Sialkot. The two sides met at Thanna and in the ensuing battle, Ali Shah's army was routed and he was himself killed by Jasrat. This battle greatly increased the prestige and wealth of Jasrat. When the allied army reached Srinagar, dispute occurred between Shahi Khan and Jasrat as the latter intended to annex Kashmir into his own kingdom. Ultimately, both reached a friendship treaty according to which Shahi Khan would supply money and men to Jasrat for his conquest of Punjab.[15][e] With the help of Jasrat, Shahi Khan was enthroned as sultan Zain-ul-Abidin.[16]

Invasions of Delhi sultanate

In 1414, the Tughlaq dynasty was replaced by dynasty of Khizr Khan. However, he could not stop the decline of the sultanate. Jasrat envisioned to conquer Delhi,[4] and after death of Khizr Khan in May 1421, crossed Ravi. He successively conquered Ludhiana and Jalandhar and proceeded to besiege Sirhind. In October 1421, Sultan Mubarak Shah marched against Jasrat, who after a skirmish at Rupar, retreated to his kingdom. Due to his old enmity with Jasrat, Raja of Jammu Bhim Dev greatly aided Mubarak Shah during his war. Bhim Dev also destroyed Jasrat's stronghold of Tilhar at Rajouri in January 1422.[4] In May 1422, Jasrat again invaded the sultanate and this time besieged Lahore, but was unable to take it by storm. With the help of Raja Bhim Delhi army invaded his domains, and Jasrat again retreated in September 1422.[4]

Invasion of Jammu (1423)

Due to the support Bhim Dev had been providing to the Delhi sultanate, Jasrat invaded Jammu in April 1423 and ravaged the region. Bhim Dev was killed in a battle and Jasrat married one of his daughters, as well as captured a large amount of wealth and arms from him.[4][17] After conquering Jammu, Jasrat appointed Manik Dev as new Raja.[f]

After the invasion of Jammu, Jasrat raised a contingent of Mongol mercenaries and sacked Dipalpur and plundered suburbs of Lahore, after which he returned with bounty to his domains as usual.[4] In August 1428, Jasrat again marched against Delhi sultanate. He besieged Kalanor, and completely sacked Jalandhar. However, he was defeated by governor of Lahore Sikander Tohfa at the bank of river Beas near Kangra and retreated to Tilhar, leaving the war spoils back.[4][18] This failure disappointed Jasrat, who realised that he lacked sufficient power to conquer Delhi. Thus, he started negotiations with Shaikh Ali, the Timurid governor of Kabul. However, when Shaikh Ali ultimately invaded Punjab in 1430, Jasrat did not aid him, although many other Khokhar leaders, including his nephew Khajeka had joined Shaikh Ali.[4][19]

After Shaikh Ali was defeated by Delhi armies, Jasrat again invaded the sultanate in 1431. He conquered Jalandhar and defeated Sikander Tohfa, taking him away as captive. Sikander was released after paying heavy ransom. Jasrat next besieged Lahore for several months during 1431–32.[20] By this time, the influence of Delhi Sultanate had diminished in Punjab, and the region was in the hands of rebels.[21] By February 1432, Mubarak Shah moved with a large army against Jasrat and other rebels. Jasrat raised the siege of Lahore in July and left for Tilhar, although Jalandhar became part of his domains.[4][22] Later, when the governor of Lahore Allahdad Kaka invaded Jasrat's territories in 1432 to re-gain charge of Jalandhar he was defeated at Bajwara and fled.[21]

Battles with Afghans

In 1431, Sikander Tohfa allied with Jasrat against the Afghans who had firmly based themselves at Sirhind. Jasrat and Sikander easily captured Sirhind, but Afghans had already left and moved to the hills. There many of them, including Bahlol Khan Lodi's relatives, were massacred by both and others were made captives.[23] After 1436, Jasrat fought battles against the Lodi chief Bahlol Khan, who had re-established himself at Sirhind by bringing all Afghans under his banner.[24] Jasrat boasted a large host that saw success as Bahlol Khan was compelled to retreat towards the Siwalik foothills without battle.[25][4] But when Muhammad Shah left Delhi to invade Jasrat's domains in 1441 and appointed Bahlol Khan as governor of Sirhind to combat him, he made peace with Bahlol and advised him to capture the throne of Delhi for himself.[4] Unlike Jasrat, who was viewed as an outsider by Delhi nobles, Bahlol was a part of the nobility and had better prospect of gaining the throne of Delhi. In return of his support, Bahlol ceded the region between Chenab and Jhelum (Chaj Doab) to Jasrat and agreed to not interfere in his territories.[26][25] Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin acted as witness to the peace treaty between both.[27]

Death

Jasrat died in 1442,[28] said by some historians to have been murdered by his Dogri queen to avenge her father Bhim Dev's death.[17] According to a 15th century Dogri poem, this event took place at the bank of a river in Jammu.[29][g] By the time of his death, Jasrat had succeeded in conquering most of Punjab and Jammu,[30][31] and ruled over Duggar, including region from Sirmur in Himachal Pradesh to Shivalik (Murree Hills) in Potohar, and north-central Punjab.[32] He also constructed or re-fortified several forts in the region under his rule, including Ramkot, Pharwala, Rawat, Baghsar and Throchi.[5][26] His descendants, however, could not keep control over his conquered regions and lost them to the Lodi dynasty by 1470. By the time of invasion of Babur in 1526, they had lost Potohar as well to the Gakhars.[33]

Personal life

Like sultans of Kashmir, Jasrat also married into the Dogra Dev dynasty of Jammu. He married the daughter of Bhim Dev's successor, Manakdeo (Manik Dev) as well.[2] Raja Manik Dev's two other daughters were married to Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir,[34][2] and became mothers of his sons Haider Shah and Hasan Shah.[34] In this way, he had matrimonial ties with the rulers of Jammu and Kashmir. Jasrat also maintained good relations with the custodians of the Shrine of Baba Farid, with whom Khokhars had a close political alliance. One of his daughters was married to the then custodian and a descendant of Baba Farid, Shiekh Faizullah.[35] Jasrat was a vital ally for sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, and took shelter in the Kashmir valley several times during his campaigns in Punjab.[30] After 1432, he undertook only two further campaigns against Delhi sultans, and became neutral in the power struggle within the sultanate.[25]

Legacy

The strongest opposition to Delhi sultanate in Punjab was offered by Jasrat.[36] He spent two decades fighting against Delhi sultans whilst keeping most of Punjab independent from their rule.[4][37] According to the Tareekh-i-Mubarak Shahi of 15th century historian Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi, Jasrat aspired to capture the throne of Delhi. Sirhindi further adds that in spite of repeated failure, his spirit remained high, and he continued to be a thorn in the flesh of Delhi Sultans for many years.[38] His invasions had proved disastrous for the Sayyid dynasty, and his neutrality and subsequent death in 1442 facilitated the establishment of Lodi dynasty in 1451 to some extent.[25]

A Dogri language historic novel "Veer Jasrath Khokhar" is based on his life.[39] In Punjab, he is seen favourably due to his resistance against Timur and Delhi sultans.[40][41] The historian K. S. Lal, after analysing his career, calls Jasrat a brave warrior and a reckless adventurer, who led more than a dozen campaigns against Delhi sultanate but lacked sufficient resources and political support within the sultanate to conquer it.[4]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Punjabi : جسرت; Punjabi pronunciation: [dʒəsɾət]
  2. ^ Sirhindi calls Jasrat as Jasrath Shaikha Khokhar, which indicates that he was a son of Shaikha. Badaoni also calls him son of Shaikha (Khan 2023, p. 56). K. S. Lal, however believes him to be a brother of Shaikha, as stated by Ferishta and Sharafuddin (Lal 1958)
  3. ^ The name Shaikha itself may have been a generic title of tribal chieftains of Punjab during medieval period.
  4. ^ who had converted to Islam after coming under the influence of Sufi saint Baba Farid
  5. ^ According to the Kashmiri historian Srivara, Jasrat had decided to annex Kashmir into his own kingdom but the vizier of former sultan, Muhammad Magisi revealed his intents, and Jasrat returned to Sialkot (Charak 1985, p. 74).
  6. ^ The sources provide different names for Manik Dev: Mal Dev (Jonaraja), Manak Dev (Srivara), Malak Dev (Firishta), and Ajeo Dev (Rajdarshani) (Parmu 1969, p. 166).
  7. ^ On the other hand, a later Persian chronicle Rajdarshani states that he was assassinated by his personal attendant Bhan and his courtesan Mina Kanizak, who was from Jammu, after a conspiracy by the Raja of Jammu, Biram Dev (Charak 1985, p. 78).

Citations

  1. ^ Singh (2023), p. 304.
  2. ^ a b c Madani (1993), p. 88.
  3. ^ Slaje (2007), p. 342.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lal (1958).
  5. ^ a b Panikkar (1997), p. 72.
  6. ^ Charak (1985), p. 66; Khan (2023), p. 48
  7. ^ Jackson (2003), p. 309.
  8. ^ Grousset (1970), p. 444; Singh (2023), p. 374, 390
  9. ^ Mahajan (2007), p. 228.
  10. ^ Grousset (1970), p. 445.
  11. ^ Lal (1958); Hasan (2005), p. 75
  12. ^ Mir (2022), p. 21; Parmu (1969), p. 134; Charak (1985), p. 72
  13. ^ Hasan (2005), p. 63.
  14. ^ Charak (1985), p. 72.
  15. ^ Mir (2022), p. 21.
  16. ^ Lal (1958); Hasan (2005), p. 70
  17. ^ a b Charak (1978), p. 28.
  18. ^ Singh (2023), p. 394.
  19. ^ Khan (2023), p. 50.
  20. ^ Singh (2023), p. 398–399.
  21. ^ a b Singh (2023), p. 399.
  22. ^ Charak (1985), p. 74.
  23. ^ Singh (2023), p. 403.
  24. ^ Singh (2023), p. 405.
  25. ^ a b c d Singh (2023), p. 402.
  26. ^ a b Charak (1985), p. 77.
  27. ^ Parmu (1969), p. 164.
  28. ^ Singh 2023, p. 601.
  29. ^ Panikkar (1997), p. 851.
  30. ^ a b Hasan (2005), p. 80.
  31. ^ Panikkar (1997), p. 73.
  32. ^ Panikkar 1997, p. 72; Charak 1985, p. 77; S. L. Sadhu 1993, p. 152. See also Schwartzberg 1978, pp. 39, 147
  33. ^ Charak (1985), p. 77–78.
  34. ^ a b Hasan (2005), p. 88.
  35. ^ Singh (2023), p. 305.
  36. ^ Singh (2023).
  37. ^ Singh (2023), p. 605.
  38. ^ Charak (1978), p. 76.
  39. ^ Excelsior, Daily (2017-10-28). "Role of Khokhars in Duggar history". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  40. ^ Abbas, Dr Mazhar (2022-10-02). "Unrecorded resistance". The News International. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  41. ^ Ahsan, Aitzaz (2005). The Indus Saga. Roli Books. pp. 16, 36. ISBN 978-93-5194-073-9.

Bibliography

  1. Parmu, R. K. (1969). A History Of Muslim Rule In Kashmir 1320-1819. People's Publishing House – via Internet Archive.
  2. Panikkar, Ayyappa (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
  3. Singh, Surinder (2023). The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture, c.1000–c.1500. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-65440-9.
  4. Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1978). Indian conquest of the Himalayan Territories. Ajaya Prakashan, Jammu – via Internet Archive.
  5. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
  6. Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1985). A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. Ajaya Prakashan.
  7. Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
  8. Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6.
  9. S. L. Sadhu, ed. (1993). Medieval Kashmir. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
  10. Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). Kashmir Under the Sultans. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7.
  11. Slaje, Walter (2007). "Three Bhattas, Two Sultans, and the Kashmirian Athavaveda". In Griffiths, Arlo; Schmiedchen, Annette (eds.). The Atharvaveda and its Paippaladasakha. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. Shaker Verlag. pp. 330–353. ISBN 978-3-8322-6255-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
  13. Khan, Anait (2023). "Tribal settlement in Punjab and their Relations with the Sultans of Delhi". Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 71 (4): 47–58. ISSN 0030-9796.
  14. Mir, Ishfaq Ahmad (2022). "Foreign Policy of Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin". Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies. 2 (04): 18–25. doi:10.55529/jwes.24.18.25. ISSN 2799-1253.
  15. Madani, Mohsen Saeidi (1993). Impact of Hindu Culture on Muslims. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-85880-15-0.

Further reading

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