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Around 120,000 drivers use the turnpike daily. The road features numerous services, including a travel radio station and six service areas. One of these service areas is notable for the presence of a memorial to [[Notre Dame]] football coach [[Knute Rockne]], who died near the current highway's route.
Around 120,000 drivers use the turnpike daily. The road features numerous services, including a travel radio station and six service areas. One of these service areas is notable for the presence of a memorial to [[Notre Dame]] football coach [[Knute Rockne]], who died near the current highway's route.


The turnpike is self-sustaining, deriving its entire revenue from the tolls collected and requiring no tax monies for maintenance or administration.
The turnpike is self-sustaining, deriving its entire revenue from the tolls collected and requiring no tax money for maintenance or administration.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 17:37, 12 April 2008


Route information
Maintained by Kansas Turnpike Authority
Length236 mi[1] (380 km)
ExistedOctober 1956–present
Major junctions
Major intersections I-135 in Wichita
I-35 near Emporia
I-70 in Topeka

The Kansas Turnpike is a 236-mile (380-km) tolled freeway that lies entirely within the U.S. state of Kansas. It runs in a general southwest-northeast direction from the Oklahoma border, and passes through several major Kansas cities, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence and Kansas City. The turnpike is owned and maintained by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), headquartered in Wichita.

The Kansas Turnpike was built from 1954 to 1956, predating the Interstate Highway System. The turnpike was not part of the early plans for the system, but it was eventually integrated into the Interstate system in late 1956, and is designated today as four different interstate highway routes: I-35, I-335, I-470, and I-70. The turnpike also carries a piece of U.S. Route 40 in Kansas City.

Because it predates the Interstate Highway System, the road is not engineered to current interstate highway standards, and notably lacks a regulation-width median. On opening, there was no fixed speed limit on the highway; drivers were merely asked to keep to a "reasonable and proper" limit. Eventually, the limit was fixed at 80 mph, and remained so until 2006 when the limit was reduced to 70 mph. The 80 mph speed limit would not be enforced anywhere in the United States again until May 2006, when Texas posted the 80 mph speed limit on Interstates 10 and 20 in the western part of that state.[2]

Around 120,000 drivers use the turnpike daily. The road features numerous services, including a travel radio station and six service areas. One of these service areas is notable for the presence of a memorial to Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the current highway's route.

The turnpike is self-sustaining, deriving its entire revenue from the tolls collected and requiring no tax money for maintenance or administration.

History

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The southern terminus

Oklahoma's plans for a connecting turnpike fell through, as they had not performed a traffic study and their credit rating was not good enough to obtain loans.[3] Therefore the Kansas Turnpike ended at the state line, at an at-grade intersection with E0010 Road.[4][5] Just across the state line was an oat field, into which many inattentive motorists crashed. This abrupt end became nationally famous after Wyoming governor Milward L. Simpson and his wife crashed in mid-1957. The oat farmer plowed the field to provide a safer landing, and the KTA was persuaded to install a huge wooden barrier at the end of the highway. However, within a day, three more drivers had crashed and destroyed the barrier, so the KTA closed the Turnpike south of the South Haven interchange.[3]

Although Oklahoma's plans to construct a toll road from the southern end of the Kansas Turnpike at the state line to Oklahoma City did not materialize, the surveyed route was turned over to the Oklahoma Department of Highways (since renamed the Oklahoma Department of Transportation) to be developed as a free expressway following the passage of the Interstate Highway Act in 1956 and later designated as Interstate 35, along with the southernmost 127 miles (204 km) of the turnpike.

Extensions studied

While the initial Turnpike was still being built, the KTA authorized four feasibility studies in October 1954. Three of them — a spur to Leavenworth and St. Joseph, Missouri, a spur from Wichita to Hutchinson, Great Bend and Hays, and a new Intercity Viaduct to Kansas City, Missouri — did not go anywhere. But the fourth proposal, a toll bridge on 18th Street in Kansas City, was pushed through, and the KTA agreed to build the turnpike in early 1956. The 18th Street Expressway, running south from the Turnpike's east end over the Kansas River, opened in 1959, improving access to northeast Johnson County.[3]

As part of the Interstate system

In June 1956, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 was signed into law, granting funding to the nationwide Interstate Highway System. Without its Oklahoma link, the Kansas Turnpike was in danger of being bypassed by the Interstate System entirely. However, at the end of 1956, the Bureau of Public Roads and the state of Kansas agreed to route I-35 along the Turnpike south of Emporia and I-70 along the piece east of Topeka. The state insisted on a separate Emporia-Kansas City alignment, and the mileage that would have been used to build I-35 from Wichita to Emporia via Newton was instead used for Interstate 35W (now Interstate 135) from Wichita via Newton to Salina.[3]

The Interstate Highway Act also facilitated the connection in Oklahoma. The state's first piece of Interstate 35, from the state line to U.S. Highway 177 at Braman, opened April 22, 1958.[3][6]

Tolls

A ticket from the Kansas Turnpike. This ticket was issued at Interchange 127.

As of July 1, 2007, the passenger or passengers of two-axle vehicles (such as cars and motorcycles) pay a total of $9.25 USD to travel the entire length of the Turnpike. Tolls are calculated based on the length of the route traveled, and the toll is as little as 25¢ for motorists driving only a short distance (3 mi or 5 km, for example) on the Turnpike.[7] Drivers in vehicles with more than two axles, such as truckers, pay higher tolls.

The Turnpike runs on a ticket-based collection system. When entering the turnpike, either at one of the termini or at an interchange, a driver is issued a ticket which indicates the toll plaza at which they entered. When leaving the turnpike, this ticket is collected and used to determine the amount of the toll.[8]

As an alternative to using tickets, motorists can purchase a transponder, known as a K-Tag. K-Tag customers can proceed slowly through the toll plaza without stopping and collecting a ticket or paying toll. The toll is instead paid through one of two payment plans. K-Tag I, intended for frequent turnpike users, requires the customer to maintain a prepaid account, which funds are drawn from as needed. The plan intended for intermittent users, K-Tag II, keeps track of the tolls accrued by the customer, and a bill is automatically sent out when $10.00 of tolls is accumulated. K-Tag I accounts are subject to a $1 monthly fee per tag, while K-Tag II account holder pay a $5 annual fee per tag. K-Tag I users also receive a 10 percent discount on tolls. [9] K-Tag was introduced in 1995.[10]

The Kansas Turnpike is completely self-sustaining. All costs are paid for by the tolls collected; no tax money is used for construction, maintenance, or administration. KTA estimates that 120,000 drivers use the turnpike each day.[11]

Route description

Map of the Kansas Turnpike.

The Kansas Turnpike is 236 miles (380 km) long.[1] The first 127 miles (204 km) of the highway, between its southern terminus four miles (6 km) north of the Oklahoma border and Emporia, Kansas, are designated as Interstate 35. The turnpike runs due north and south between its southern terminus and Wichita. After passing Wichita, the highway turns northeast toward El Dorado and Emporia. After passing through El Dorado, it crosses El Dorado Lake. This marks the turnpike's entry into the Flint Hills, a band of hills in eastern Kansas. The turnpike does not leave this region completely until it reaches Topeka.

From Emporia to Topeka, the turnpike is signed as Interstate 335. This highway exists entirely as a part of the Kansas Turnpike. In fact, until 1987, this stretch of the Turnpike was designated solely as the Kansas Turnpike without an Interstate number. It was only after a change in the National Maximum Speed Law, when state legislators were given the authority to raise the speed limits on rural Interstate Highways to 65 mph (105 km/h), that this segment of the Kansas Turnpike was given the I-335 designation so that it could fall under the new law.[12] I-335 has only one interchange (with U.S. Route 56) along its section of the turnpike other than the two end junctions.

Interstate 470 forms a bypass loop around the southern side of Topeka. The eastern five miles (8 km) of this loop are part of the Kansas Turnpike, although it has no interchanges other than at I-335 and I-70.

Interstate 70 makes up the remainder of the turnpike, running from Topeka to Lawrence and the turnpike's eastern terminus in Kansas City. This east-west section is the route between the state capital in Topeka, the University of Kansas in Lawrence, and the industrial center of Kansas City, Kansas.

Design

A view from the I-35 portion of the Turnpike, between mileposts 29 and 30.

Because the Kansas Turnpike was built before the Interstate Highway System, it is not engineered to current Interstate Highway standards. Notably, the Turnpike was built without a 36-foot (11 m) median. When it opened, the central reservation was a 20-foot (6.1 m) depressed median.[13] Starting in 1985,[14] Jersey barriers were installed along its entire length.[15] This is similar to what the Pennsylvania Turnpike did in the 1970s, as that highway has an even narrower median. In both cases, as with all other toll roads that predated the Interstate Highway System, the highway is grandfathered from Interstate standards.

Kansas Turnpike mileposts are continuous along the entire length of the turnpike. Mile markers begin at the point where I-35 enters Kansas at the southern border. These numbers are continued along the other three interstates that make up the turnpike, rather than numbering each interstate individually, leading to discontinuous numbering on I-70 - the exit numbers east of Topeka are much lower than those west of the city.

The majority of the turnpike, from the Oklahoma state line to Topeka, was constructed with 4-inch (100 mm) asphalt. The 55 miles (89 km) from Topeka to Kansas City was built with portland cement concrete.[15] Curves along the turnpike are limited to 3° and grades limited to 3%.[15] When built, it was designed to allow 18,000-pound (8,165 kg) axle loads.[15] Minimum sight distances were kept at 725 feet (221 m).[15]

Like many interstates, the entire length of the turnpike has a 70 mph (110 km/h) maximum speed limit; the minimum speed is 40 mph (64 km/h).[16] Originally, the Turnpike had a "reasonable and proper" speed rule (i.e., no numerical speed limit), with early reports saying that curves were designed to accommodate speeds of 70 to 75 mph.[3] However, a speed limit was soon fixed at 80 mph (130 km/h). [17] Eventually, the speed limit was lowered to 70 mph (110 km/h). The 80 mph (130 km/h) speed limit would not be enforced again anywhere in the United States until 2006, when Texas posted the 80 mph (130 km/h) speed limit on Interstate 10 and Interstate 20 in the western part of that state.

Services

The Towanda Service Area.

The Kansas Turnpike Authority provides a number of services to help motorists and provide incentives for using the Turnpike. KTA broadcasts a travel radio station at 1610 AM from Wellington, Wichita, El Dorado, Cassoday, Emporia, Admire, East Topeka, and West Lawrence. Law enforcement is provided by a separate Turnpike Division of the Kansas Highway Patrol. Motorists needing assistance can use a roadside assistance hotline by dialing *KTA (*582) on a mobile phone. Statewide weather and traffic conditions can be accessed by dialing 511. KTA also provides weather and traffic information on their website.

There are six service areas located along the highway at various locations. Four of these service areas, Belle Plaine (mile 26), Towanda (mile 65), Matfield Green (mile 97), and Emporia (mile 132), provide a Phillips 66 gas station and a McDonald's restaurant to motorists needing those services. The service area at Matfield Green also contains a 175 square feet (16.3 m2)[18] memorial to legendary Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne, who died in a 1931 plane crash a few miles north of the service area. The Topeka service area (mile 188) provides a Conoco gas station, multiple restaurants including Bresler's Ice Cream, Cinnamon Street Bakery and Coffee Company, Hardee's, Hot Stuff Pizza, and Taco Bueno. The Lawrence service area (mile 209) provides an EZ-Go gas station and a McDonald's restaurant. There are also gift shops at the Belle Plaine and Topeka service areas, and a Kansas travel information center at Belle Plaine.

Interchanges

The Turnpike presently has 27 interchanges and two barrier toll plazas. Many of the interchanges are designed as trumpet interchanges with a connector road to the crossroad, for easy placement of a single toll plaza on the connector. Exit numbers are assigned by mileage from south to east. After passing the Bonner Springs interchange, exit numbers change to match the mileage of Interstate 70 east from the Colorado border.

Oklahoma to Wichita

The southernmost interchange on the Turnpike is exit 4 (South Haven[19]), which serves U.S. Route 166. US 166 heads east to Arkansas City and west to U.S. Route 81 at South Haven. This interchange is a four-ramp folded diamond with ramps in the southeast and northwest quadrants. It has no toll plazas, as it lies south of the southern barrier toll. Northbound traffic must exit at US 166 to avoid paying a toll. Initially the interchange provided only a southbound exit and northbound entrance,[20] forcing drivers who did not wish to pay a toll to leave I-35 in Oklahoma. By 1976 the other two ramps had been added.[19]

Exit 19 (Wellington[21]) serves U.S. Route 160, which heads west to Wellington and east to Winfield. It is the first of many trumpet interchanges, serving the surface road via a connector road with a toll plaza. Until spring 2003, when it was moved south to mile 17,[8] the Southern Terminal barrier toll (marked as exit 4 on toll tickets) was located under the US 160 bridge.[8] When the Turnpike first opened, the US 160 interchange was a reversed diamond with four loop ramps, so that all traffic using the interchange had to pass under the bridge and thus through the toll plaza.[22][23] The new configuration was built ca. 1988.[24]

In the median at mile 26[25] is the Belle Plaine Service Area. The service area opened in May 1998, burned down on April 6, 2002, due to a grease fire, and was later rebuilt. It contains a Kansas Travel Information Center. There is currently no fuel service available at the Belle Plaine Service area until at least late June 2008, as the fueling areas are undergoing expansion and replacement of pumps. [26]

Exit 33 (Mulvane[27]) connects to K-53 via a trumpet ramp, just east of the west end of K-53 at U.S. Route 81. The interchange was built ca. 1985.[24]

Exit 39 (Haysville[27]) is a diamond interchange with a connector road to Grand Avenue. Grand Avenue runs west to U.S. Route 81 and Haysville and east to Derby. It was built ca. 1989.[24]

Northbound at Exit 42. I-135 begins here while the turnpike turns more northeast

The next interchange is exit 42 (South Wichita[28]), which is the south end of Interstate 135. I-135 heads north through Wichita towards Salina; U.S. Route 81 joins at the first interchange and Interstate 235 begins at the second. The interchange is a simple trumpet with I-135, and opened in 1956 with the Turnpike, but the connector ended at 47th Street (now US 81) until ca. 1961.[24]

Exit 45 (K-15 Wichita[29]) is a trumpet connection to K-15 in southern Wichita. It opened in 1956 as one of the original interchanges.[24]

Wichita to Topeka

Exit 50 (East Wichita[27]) is a double-trumpet connection to the parallel Kellogg Avenue, which carries U.S. Route 54 and U.S. Route 400. It is one of the original 1956 interchanges.[24]

Exit 53, the final Wichita exit, is a trumpet connection to the K-96 freeway. The connector road junctions K-96 at a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange and ends at 127th Street East. The interchange opened ca. 1994 along with the nearby piece of K-96.[24]

Exit 57 (Andover[27]) connects to Southwest 70th Street northeast of downtown Andover. The Turnpike uses a diamond interchange with the connector road to 70th Street. This interchange opened ca. 1985.[24]

The Towanda Service Area is located in the median at mile 65.[25]

Exit 71 (El Dorado[30]) is a trumpet connection to K-254 just east of its junction with K-196. The connector originally directly intersected K-254,[30] but it now ends at West 6th Avenue just north of K-254. Exit 71 opened with the original Turnpike in 1956.[24]

Exit 76 (El Dorado North[31]) connects to U.S. Route 77 via a trumpet ramp. It opened ca. 1986.[24]

Exit 92 (Cassoday[32]) is a diamond interchange with a connector to K-177. The interchange was not present when the Turnpike opened in 1956,[33][verification needed] but was built soon after as an east-facing folded diamond with two separate toll plazas.[32] The present configuration was built ca. 1995.[24]

In the median at mile 97 is the Matfield Green Service Area.[25] It contains a memorial to football coach Knute Rockne, who died in a plane crash near Bazaar, Kansas.[34]

Northbound at exit 127

Exit 127 (Emporia[35]) is a trumpet connection to a complicated partial interchange between Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 50. It is the south end of Interstate 335, as I-35 leaves the Turnpike there to head northeast on its own to Kansas City via Ottawa. The interchange, as opened in 1956 with the original Turnpike, connected directly to US 50 at Overlander Street;[35] the present configuration opened ca. 1966 along with the connecting piece of I-35.[24] In 2005, the KTA approved reconstruction of the Emporia interchange to improve connections to US-50, I-35, and the city of Emporia. This project, funded by the Turnpike, the Kansas Department of Transportation, and the city of Emporia, is scheduled to be completed in 2008.[36]

The Emporia Service Area is in the median at mile 132.[25]

Exit 147 (Admire[37]) is a trumpet connection to U.S. Route 56, which heads west to Council Grove and east to Osage City. It was one of the original 1956 interchanges.[24]

Exit 177 (South Topeka[27]) is a trumpet interchange at the north end of Interstate 335, where Interstate 470 joins the Turnpike to the east and heads west on its own to junctions with U.S. Route 75 and Interstate 70. A trumpet connection just north of the toll plaza runs east to Topeka Boulevard, formerly intersecting it at another trumpet built with the Turnpike in 1956.[38][39] The interchange originally connected only to Topeka Blvd (then US 75); I-470 was added ca. 1960.[24]

Topeka to Kansas City

Exit 182 (East Topeka[27]) is the west half of the junction between Interstate 70 and Interstate 470, where I-470 ends and I-70 joins the Turnpike. It consists of an offramp from the eastbound Turnpike that splits with ramps to U.S. Route 40 east/K-4 east and I-70 west towards Salina (which is also US 40 and K-4 west), and a similar westbound onramp. Toll plazas are located along the ramps next to the Turnpike.

At its opening with the Turnpike in 1956,[33][verification needed] Exit 182 was originally a full trumpet. It initially served a connector road that interchanged with 21st Street, crossed 10th Street and ended at Deer Creek Parkway south of US 40.[40] A partial junction with I-70 was added ca. 1965, when that road was built west through Topeka.[24] The new interchange was built ca. 2001.[24]

A service area was formerly located in the median between exits 182 and 183. It closed in May 2002 when the present Topeka Service Area opened.[41][42]

Exit 183 (East Topeka[27]) is the merge between Interstate 70 and Interstate 470. The toll plaza is located on I-70 west of the merge, east of its junction with U.S. Route 40, K-4, and the exit 182 ramps. It opened August 1, 2001 to replace the old exit 182.[43]

The Topeka Service Area is on the north side of the Turnpike, accessed via right-side ramps in both directions, at mile 188. It opened in May 2002 to replace the former service area between exits 182 and 183, and includes a full food court.[25]

Exit 197 (Lecompton[44]) is a folded diamond at the west end of K-10, with two separate toll booths, one in the southwest quadrant and one to the northeast. The road that takes K-10 to the Turnpike continues north to end at North 1800 Road. In addition to Lecompton, K-10 serves the west and south parts of Lawrence. The interchange opened November 7, 1996.[45]

Exit 202 (West Lawrence[46]) is a trumpet connection to the south/west split of U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 59. The connector - McDonald Drive - intersects 2nd Street and 4th Street at-grade before interchanging with US 40 and US 59. The interchange was one of the original junctions in 1956.[24]

Exit 204 (East Lawrence[47]) connects to the concurrent U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 59 via a trumpet ramp. Just to the north on US 40/US 59 is a junction with U.S. Route 24. The interchange opened in 1956 along with the Turnpike.[24]

The Lawrence Service Area is located in the median at mile 209.[25]

Exit 212[48] is a planned interchange with Leavenworth County Road 1 (222nd Street) near Tonganoxie. In late March 2006, the Leavenworth County Commission debated whether the interchange should be built since funds could not be established to rebuild of the southern portion of the county road. Reconstruction of the northern portion is funded and awaiting a start date.[49]

The Eastern Terminal barrier toll is the east end of the toll system, at approximately mile marker 217. It replaced the old Eastern Toll Plaza at mile marker 224 in October 2000 for the construction of Kansas Speedway.[50][51] All travel east of the toll plaza is free.

Exit 224,[52][53][54] old Exit 223[27][55][56] (Bonner Springs)[57] is a trumpet connection to K-7. In addition to heading south to Bonner Springs, K-7 runs north, mostly with U.S. Route 73, to Leavenworth. The interchange opened in 1956 with the Turnpike,[24] and had a toll plaza on the trumpet connector until the present barrier toll was built in 2000.[33][51][50] The Eastern Terminal toll plaza was located just east of exit 223[57] until 2000.[51][50] However, in the mid 1990s the KTA stopped charging a toll for traffic driving between the Eastern Terminal and the Bonner Springs exit. A special lane was added for westbound I-70 traffic to exit to K-7, bypassing the toll plaza. The traffic entering I-70 was directed by a sign to stop for a ticket if westbound, but proceed through if eastbound. Prior to this change, drivers going between the Eastern Terminal and the K-7 interchange (less than a quarter mile) were required to get a ticket and pay a toll. Construction of the Kansas Speedway increased traffic and caused large lines to back up on both freeways. This resulted in the cessation of toll charges and eventually the relocation of the Eastern Terminal altogether.[51] There is still a virtual KTAG toll plaza on this ramp that is just a sign bridge with KTAG readers. KTAG customers entering or exiting at this interchange can still get a discounted toll, as if the East Terminal was still at the old location. This was done to prevent a toll increase for Bonner Springs customers.[51]

Kansas City area

Exit 410 is the first interchange for which traffic entering westbound does not have to pay a toll and the first to match the Interstate 70 mileposts. It is a diamond interchange with 110th Street, just south of the Kansas Speedway, and opened ca. 1996.[24]

Exit 411 (split into 411A south and 411B north) opened in the early 1980s[24] to serve the newly-built Interstate 435. It is a cloverleaf with one directional ramp, from I-435 south to the Turnpike east. Collector/distributor roads eliminate weaving with the next interchange to the north on I-435 (U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 73). This exit provides access to Kansas City International Airport from points in Kansas along the Turnpike, particularly Topeka, which is without major commercial service.

Exit 414 is a simple diamond interchange at 78th Street. It was built ca. 1984.[24][58]

Exit 415 serves Turner Diagonal, which carries U.S. Route 40 north from the Turnpike to State Avenue (U.S. Route 24). To the south, Turner Diagonal is unnumbered; US 40 uses the Turnpike east of exit 415. The interchange is composed of a half-cloverleaf for the west-pointing ramps (split into 415A south and 415B north), and a Y connection for the east-pointing ramps, junctioning Turner Diagonal at a trumpet north of the Turnpike.

Exit 417 is a diamond interchange with 57th Street, opened ca. 1986.[24]

Exit 418 (split into 418A south and 418B north eastbound) is a fully directional interchange with Interstate 635. Westbound, as it shares an exit ramp with Park Drive, it is designated exit 419. The interchange opened ca. 1975.[24]

Exit 419 is an east-facing folded diamond with Park Drive. The interchange has been around for a while, but it was rebuilt in its present form circa 1974 as part of the I-635 construction.[24]

Exit 420 (split into 420A south and 420B north) is a cloverleaf interchange with the north end of the 18th Street Expressway, which carries U.S. Route 69 to the south. (To the north, US 69 joins I-70 and US 40 east.) It was built in 1956 as the east end of the Turnpike.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b "History of the Kansas Turnpike". Kansas Turnpike Authority. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "New Texas 80mph Limit Fastest In Nation". officer.com. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference milestones was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ The National Bridge Inventory lists the bridge at the state line (CO RD 3604C) as 1958, which matches the other two bridges in Oklahoma north of U.S. Route 177, while the nearby bridges in Kansas are all from 1956. The bridges at and immediately south of US 177 are from 1959. From the database compiled by the United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, available at www.nationalbridges.com. Accessed 2007-03-30.
  5. ^ Cover photo, Life, 1956-06-04. Available from The Topeka Capital Journal online, Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  6. ^ The Template:PDFlink, the first to show the Turnpike, shows the freeway ending at US 177. The Template:PDFlink is the first to place an I-35 shield on the road. Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  7. ^ "Class 2 Vehicle Toll Schedule" (PDF). Kansas Turnpike Authority. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  8. ^ a b c Stuve, Eric. "Kansas Highway Guides - Interstate 35". okroads.com. Retrieved 2006-01-25.
  9. ^ "K-Tag". Kansas Turnpike Authority. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  10. ^ "Toll tags speed traffic through booths and maybe drive-through lanes, too". Kansas City Business Journal. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  11. ^ Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA pamphlet).
  12. ^ "Kansans Can Drive at 65 on 680 miles". Lawrence Daily Journal-World. 1987-05-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference driven-2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ "Chapter 4 - The Road Grows Smoother" (PDF). Driven by Vision: The Story of the Kansas Turnpike. Kansas Turnpike Authority. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  15. ^ a b c d e "The Story of the Kansas Turnpike" (SWF). Kansas Turnpike Authority. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
  16. ^ "Facts & FAQ's - Traffic Violations". Kansas Highway Patrol. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  17. ^ "KTA1". Kennedy, Richie. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  18. ^ Kansas Turnpike Authority (Spring 2004). "Rockne Memorial reopens at Matfield Green Service Area". Turnpike Times.
  19. ^ a b "1976 USGS topographic map". TerraServerUSA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  20. ^ Template:PDFlink Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  21. ^ "1981 USGS topographic map". TerraServerUSA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  22. ^ "1981 USGS topographic map". TerraServerUSA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  23. ^ 1996 USGS aerial photo, showing the new configuration and scars from the old ramps. TerraServerUSA, Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z National Bridge Inventory, a database compiled by the United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, available at www.nationalbridges.com. Accessed 2007-03-30.
  25. ^ a b c d e f "KTA Services". Kansas Turnpike Authority. Archived from the original on 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  26. ^ "Belle Plaine Service Area - Travel Information Center" (PDF). Kansas Turnpike Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h "KDOT Interchange Sketches". Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  28. ^ "1982 USGS topographic map". TerraServerUSA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  29. ^ Template:PDFlink Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  30. ^ a b "1979 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  31. ^ Kennedy, Richie. http://www.route56.com/photobrowse.cgi?photo=10112. 24 March 2000. Retrieved 12 November 2006.
  32. ^ a b "1967 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  33. ^ a b c Gilchrist, Judy. "Re: Questions about the Kansas Turnpike". E-mail to Scott Nazelrod. 18 January 2007.
  34. ^ "Kansas Turnpike Authority 2003 ANNUAL REPORT, pp 7" (PDF). Kansas Turnpike Authority. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  35. ^ a b "1979 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  36. ^ "Construction Updates". Kansas Turnpike Authority. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  37. ^ "1971 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  38. ^ Aerial photo, Topeka State Journal, October 25, 1956 Available from the Topeka Capital Journal Online, Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  39. ^ "1990 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  40. ^ "1991 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  41. ^ "2001–2002 Official State Transportation Map" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  42. ^ "2003–2004 Official State Transportation Map" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  43. ^ "New interchange will benefit northeast Kansas" (Press release). Kansas Department of Transportation. 2001-08-01. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  44. ^ "K-10 closed Friday, May 12 due to cycling race" (Press release). Kansas Turnpike Authority. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  45. ^ Toplikar, Dave (1996-11-08). "New Exit an Opening for Town". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved 2007-03-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "1994 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  47. ^ "1978 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  48. ^ "KTA to build new interchange near Tonganoxie" (Press release). Kansas Turnpike Authority. February 24, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ^ Marusarz, Mike (2006-03-24). "Turnpike Proposal Problems". WIBW-TV Topeka. Retrieved 2006-03-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ a b c Robert A., Cronkleton (2000-10-07), "Toll plaza opens in anticipation of Kansas racetrack", Kansas City Star{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  51. ^ a b c d e "Bonner Spring". KTA. 2000. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  52. ^ Official Kansas Highway Map 2003–2004 (PDF) (Map) (2003–2004 ed.). KDOT. § Inset Side. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  53. ^ Google Maps Exit 224 Interchange, August 13, 2007. Google Maps, Retrieved on 2007-08-13
  54. ^ I-70 west at exit 224, August 9, 2003. okroads.com, Retrieved on 2007-03-30
  55. ^ Greater Kansas City (Map) (2000 ed.). Rand McNally. § Bonner Springs Inset Map.
  56. ^ Official Kansas Highway Map 2001–2002 (PDF) (Map) (2001–2002 ed.). KDOT. § Inset Side. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  57. ^ a b "1988 USGS topographic map". TerraServer USA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  58. ^ It does not appear on the 1984 Official Transportation Map but is on the 1987 Official Transportation Map.

See also

External links

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