Władysław IV Vasa: Difference between revisions

Władysław IV
Władysław IV
King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia and Livonia; elected Grand Duke of Moscow
	; Painting by Peter Paul Rubens
Reign	8 November 1632 – 20 May 1648 (Poland),; 1610 – 24 July 1635 (Russia)
Coronation	6 February 1633, Wawel Cathedral,; Kraków, Poland.
Predecessor	Sigismund III Vasa (Poland),; Vasili IV (Russia)
Successor	Jan II Kazimierz Vasa (Poland),; Michael I (Russia)
Burial	Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
Issue	Władysław Konstanty,; unknown princess,; Zygmunt Kazimierz,; Maria Anna Izabela
House	Vasa
Father	Sigismund III Vasa
Mother	Anna of Austria

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This article is about the 17th century king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. For another person sometimes mentioned as Władysław IV of Poland in works of reference, see the 14th century Władysław I the Elbow-high

Władysław IV, Lithuanian: Vladislovas II Vaza; (June 9, 1595 – May 20, 1648) was the son of Sigismund III Vasa and his wife, Anna of Austria (also known as Anna of Habsburg). Władysław IV reigned as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from November 8, 1632, to his death in 1648.

In 1610, the teenage Władysław was elected Tsar of Russia by Seven Boyars, but did not assume the Muscovite throne due to his father's opposition (Encyklopedia Polski, p. 750) and popular uprising in Russia; he used the title of Grand Duke of Muscovy until 1634. The throne during this time was instead held by Michael Romanov.

Władysław managed to prevent the Commonwealth becoming embroiled in the bloody Thirty Years' War that ravaged western Europe during his reign, and was fairly successful in defending the Commonwealth from invasion. He supported religious tolerance and carried out military reforms. He failed, however, to realize his dreams of fame and conquest, or to reform and strengthen the Commonwealth.

His death marked the end of the Golden Age of the Commonwealth, as conflicts and tensions that Władysław had failed to resolve led in 1648 to the greatest of the Cossack uprisings—the Khmelnytsky Uprising—and to Swedish invasion ("The Deluge").

Royal titles

Royal titles in Latin: Vladislaus Quartus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniaeque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque haereditarius rex, electus magnus dux Moschoviae.
English translation: Vladislaus IV, by grace of God, king of Poland, grand duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, and also hereditary king of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, elected Grand Duke of Moscow.

As Władysław Zygmunt Waza-Jagiellon, in 1632 he was elected King of Poland. By paternal inheritance, he legally succeeded as King of Sweden. He was also heir to one of the several Christian claims to the title of King of Jerusalem, but the Kingdom of Jerusalem had been defunct for several centuries.

His titles were the longest of those of any Polish king ever.^[1]

Biography

Father's legacy

His father Sigismund III Vasa, grandson of Gustav I of Sweden, had succeeded his father to the Swedish throne in 1592, only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, subsequently Charles IX of Sweden. This led to a long-standing feud where the Polish kings of the House of Vasa claimed the Swedish throne. The effects of this were the Swedish War (1600-1629) and later, The Deluge of 1655. Sigismund, a devout Catholic, pursued other military conflicts abroad, barely avoiding involving the Commonwealth in the Thirty Year War and supported counter-reformation, both policies which lead to increasing tensions inside the Commonwealth.

Childhood

Władysław's mother died three years after giving birth to him. He would be raised by one of her former ladies of the court, Urszula Meierin.^[2] Urszula was a powerful player at the royal court, with much influence.^[2] Around early 1600s she seems to have lost much of her influence, as Władysław gained new teachers and mentors, such as priests Gabriel Prowancjusz, Andrzej Szołdrski and Marek Łętkowski.^[2] Władysław also formed a friendship with Adam Kazanowski and his brother, Stanisław.^[2] It is reported that Władysław was interested in arts; later this would lead to him becoming an important patron of arts.^[2] He spoke and wrote in German, Italian and Latin, but only spoke in Polish.^[2] Władysław was liked by szlachta, however, his father plans to secure him the throne of Poland (vivente rege) were crushed in the Zebrzydowski Rebellion (rokosz).^[3]

Tsar

In 1610 Władysław, aged 15, was elected Tsar by Muscovy's aristocracy council of Seven boyars, who overthrew tsar Vasily Shuysky during the Polish-Muscovite War and Muscovy's Time of Troubles.^[4] His election was ruined by his father, Zygmunt, who aimed to convert Muscovy's population from Orthodox religion to Catholicism.^[4] Zygmunt refused to agree to the boyar's request to send prince Władysław to Moscow and his conversion to Orthodoxy.^[4] Instead, Zygmunt proposed that he should reign as a regent in Muscovy instead.^[4] This unrealistic proposal led to the resumed hostilities.^[4] Władysław tried to regain the tsar's throne himself, organizing a campaign in 1616.^[5] Despite some military victories, he was unable to capture Moscow.^[5] Władysław was never able to reign in Russia; he held on to the title, without any real power, until 1634.^[5]

Prince

Before he was elected king of the Commonwealth, Władysław fought in many campaigns, seeking personal glory. After his final campaign against Russians in 1617-1618 (the end of Dymitriads), in 1619 he went to Silesia, looking for an opportunity to aid the Habsburgs in their struggle against the Czech Hussites in the Thirty Years' War.^[6] That opportunity never came, but from that point onward, Władysław would have a good relationship with George William, Elector of Brandenburg.^[6]

The following year Władysław would take part in the second phase of the Polish–Ottoman War, a consequence of the long series of struggles between Poland and the Ottomans over Moldavia. In 1621 Władysaw would be one of the Polish commanders at the Battle of Chocim; reportedly he was struck ill, but despite that, he proved a voice of reason, convincing other Polish commanders there to stay and fight.^[6] His advice was correct, and the battle eventually ended with a peace treaty that returned the status quo from before the Ottoman invasion.^[6] This peace treaty also gave Władysław an international reputation as a "defender of Christian faith."^[6]

In 1624 king Zygmunt decided that time has come for Władysław to travel, like many of his peers, to Western Europe.^[7] For security reasons, Władysław traveled under a fake name, Snopkowski (from Polish Snopek, meaning sheaf, as seen in the Vasa's coat of arms).^[7] In his voyage (1624-1625) he was accompanied by Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and other, less notable courtiers.^[7] First, he travelled to Wrocław (Breslau), then Munich, where he met Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.^[7] In Brussels he met Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain; in Antwerp, Rubens.^[7] Near Breda he met Ambrosio Spinola.^[7] It was during his stay with Spinola that he was impressed by the Western military techniques; this was later to be reflected when he became king: military matters were always important to him.^[7] While not a military genius, and surpassed by famous Commonwealth contemporary hetmans like Stanisław Koniecpolski, Władysław was known as a fairly skillful commander on his own. In Rome, he was welcomed by Pope Urban VIII, who congratulated him on his fighting against the Ottomans.^[7] During his stay in Florence he was impressed by opera, and decided to bring this form of art to the Commonwealth, where it was previously unknown.^[7] In Genua and Venice he was impressed by the local shipyards, which resulted in his later attempt to create the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy.^[7]

After returning to Poland, from 1626 to 1629 he would fight against the Swedes in last phase of the Polish-Swedish War.

King

Politics

At first Władysław did not want to have deeper relationships with Habsburgs. In 1633 promised equal treating of Protestants and orthodox and forced Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł (Catholic) to countersign decree threatened him with giving key posts in Commonwealth to Protestants. In 1633/35 nominated Krzysztof Radziwiłł (Calvinist) on the highest posts in country (wojewoda wileński (of Vilnius – capital of Lithuania), grand Lithuanian hetman). However after Protestant nobles blocked his attempt to wage a war against Protestant Sweden, in 1635 at the Armistice of Stuhmsdorf (Treaty of Sztumska Wieś), he renew his father's alliance with Habsburgs.

Władysław IV owed allegiance to the Imperial Habsburgs as a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

Marriages

Władysław was married twice. At the very beginning of 1634, or even at the end of 1633 Władysław asked pope Urban VIII for permission (or better to say promise of permission, since no name was included) to marry a Protestant princess. The pope refused, and speed of this refusal Władysław treated as insult. At the beginning of 1634 Władysław sent Aleksander Przypkowski with a secret mission to king of England Charles I. Envoy had to discuss king's marriage plans and English help for reconstruction of Polish fleet. King's marriage plans were discussed on Senate meeting on 19th of March 1635, but only four bishops were present and only one supported plan. There exist also other documents concerning planned marriage of Wladislaw and Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (also known as the "Winter King"). However, when he was "cheated" during peace talks with Sweden in 1635 - by Polish magnates and nobles, many of them Protestant, by Protestant Swedes and by Protestant representatives of other foreign monarchs against a new war between the Commonwealth and Sweden, a war Władysław pushed for - Władysław changed his mind about marrying a Protestant and decided to seek support from the Catholic factions, especially the Habsburgs.

Another marriage briefly considered in 1636 was to Anna Wiśniowiecka, daughter of Michał Wiśniowiecki and sister of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, of the powerful Polish magnate family of Wiśniowiecki. Although Władysław was quite supportive of the marriage, it was blocked by the Sejm. Anna eventually married Zbigniew Firlej between 1636 and 1638.

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's proposal of marriage between Wladislaw and Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria (sister of future Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor) arrived in Warsaw somewhere during spring 1636. King's trusted, father Walerian (of Franciscan religious order) and voivode Kasper Doenhoff arrived in Regensburg (Polish: Ratyzbona) on 26th of October 1636 with consent and performed negotiations. Archduchess dowry was agreed for 100,000 złoty (currency unit), the Emperor promised to pay dowries of Siegmund III both wives: Anna and Konstance. Additionally the son of Wladislaw and Cecilia Renata was to obtain duchy of Opole and Racibórz in Silesia (księstwo opolsko-raciborskie). However before everything was confirmed and signed Ferdinand II died and Ferdinand III backed from giving the Silesian duchy to the son of Wladislaw. Instead a dowry was written/protected by Bohemian estates of Třeboň (Trebon). The marriage took place in 1637.

After Cecilia's death in 1644, he married the French princess Ludwika Maria Gonzaga de Nevers, daughter of Karol I Gonzaga, prince de Nevers in 1646. He had no heirs. He was succeeded by his half brother and cousin Jan II Kazimierz.

Assessment

Successes

Wladislaw was elected to the Polish throne few months after his father's death in, on 8 November 1632 and crowned on 5 February on the following year. In an attempt to take advantage of confusion expected after the death of the Polish king, Tsar Michael Romanov ordered an attack on the Commonwealth. A Muscovite army (of approximately 34,500) crossed the Commonwealth eastern frontier in October 1632 and laid siege to Smolensk (which was ceded to Poland by Russia in 1618, at the end of the Dymitriad wars). In the war against Russia in 1632-1634 (the Smolensk War), Wladyslaw succeeded in breaking the siege in September 1633 and then in turn surrounded the Russian army, which was then forced to surrender on March 1, 1634. The resulting Peace of Polyanov (Treaty of Polanów), favourable to Poland, confirmed the pre-war territorial status quo. Muscovy also agreed to pay 20,000 rubles in exchange for Wladyslaw's renunciation of all claims to the tsardom and return of the royal insignia, which were in the Commonwealth possession since the Dymitriads. It was during that campaign that Wladislaw started the modernisation program of the Commonwealth army, emphasising the usage of modern infantry and artillery.

Following the Smolensk campaign, the Commonwealth was threatened by another attack by the Ottoman Empire. During the wars against Ottomans in 1633-1634 Wladyslaw moved the Commonwealth army south of the Muscovy border and forced the Turks to come to terms with him. In the resulting treaty, both countries agreed again to curb the border raids by Cossacks and the Tatars, to a shared joint suzerainty (a condominium) over Moldavia and Wallachia (Wołoszczyzna).

After the southern campaign, Commonwealth was threatened from the north. Sweden, weakened by involvement in the Thirty Years' War, agreed to sign the Armistice of Stuhmsdorf (also known as Treaty of Sztumska Wieś) in 1635, favourable to the Commonwealth in terms of territorial concessions.

*The March of the Silenus*, Peter Paul Rubens, 1620s. The painting was purchased in the Spanish Netherlands by Władysław Vasa in 1624.

The king, while Catholic, was very tolerant and didn't support more aggressive policies of the Counter-Reformation. While it can be argued he often played one religious movement against other as a means of conserving his own powers, it is a fact he was in effect one of the most tolerant monarchs of his time.

Patronage

Wladislaus was also a connoisseur of the arts and music. He sponsored many musicians and created the first amphitheater in the Warsaw castle, where during his reign dozens of operas and ballets were performed. He is credited with bringing the very genre of opera to Poland.^[1]^[2] He also collected paintings and invested in decorative architecture; among his most famous sponsored projects is the monument to his father, the Column of Sigismund which became one of the symbols of Warsaw and two palaces in the capital of Poland - Kazanowski Palace and Villa Regia. Wladislaw assembled an important collection of Italian and Flemish Baroque paintings, much of which were lost in the wars after his death.

Notable artists Władysław supported included Tommaso Dolabella,^[2] Peter Danckerts de Rij^[2] and Wilhelm Hondius.^[2]

Władysław IV on Horseback, Rubens workshop (Peter Claesz. de Soutman?)
The Rape of Europa, Guido Reni, 1630s. It was made for King Władysław IV^[8].
Zygmunt's Column constructed in 1644 on the order of King Władysław IV
Władysław's Tower at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (1637)

Failures

Wladislaw used the title of the King of Sweden, although he had no control over Sweden whatsoever and never set foot in that country. He would continue his attempts to regain the Swedish throne, with similar lack of results as his father.

Władysław was criticized for being thrifty; he lived lavishly, spending more then his royal court treasury could afford.^[9] He also dispensed much wealth among his courtiers, who were seen by people further from the court as mooching of the king.^[9]

In internal politics he attempted to strengthen the power of the monarchy, but this was mostly thwarted by the szlachta, who valued their independence and democratic powers. Wladyslaw suffered continuing difficulties caused by the efforts of the Polish Sejm (parliament) to check the King's power and limit his dynastic ambitions. The Szlachta viewed Vladislaus' military dreams as an attempt to strengthen his position during war and thus the Sejm strongly opposed the majority of his plans for war (for example, with Sweden in 1635 or Turks in 1646), and usually thwarted them by denying the funds for military campaigns and withholding its cosignature on the declaration of war. Similarly, Wladislaw's foreign ambitions came to little, as his attempts to mediate in the Thirty Year's War between the warring German and Scandinavian powers came to nothing, and his support for the Habsburgs brought him almost nothing in return.

He attempted to create a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy to secure part of the Baltic Sea, but this plan never succeeded.

Despite his support for religious tolerance, he did fail, however, to resolve the conflict stemming from the Union of Brest split.

In 1638 Władysław proposed that still not paid dowries of his mother and second wife of Zygmunt III would be protected by one of Silesian duchies (preferably opolsko-raciborskie (of Opole-Racibórz)). In 1642 proposed to give Habsburgs his rights to Swedish throne in exchange for giving him Silesia in deposit. Ludovico Fantoni, sent to Vienna in summer 1644 proposed to exchange Wladysław's incomes from Bohemian estates in Treben for duchies opolsko-raciborskie and cieszyńskie (of Cieszyn (Teschen)). At the beginning of 1645, tired by constant stalling of Vienna's court, Władysław said to Emperor's envoy sent to Warsaw, Maximilian Dietrichstein, that Poland will cooperate with Sweden – it was an open threat (that he could take Silesia with Swedes help and against Emperor) pronounced by fact that on 6th of March 1645 Swedish general Lennart Torstensson defeated Emperor's, Bavarian and Saxon forces in battle of Jankov and started march against Vienna. Now Emperor was again ready for discussion and sent Johannes Putz von Adlertum to Warsaw in April 1645 giving him wide prerogatives in transferring rights of duchy opolsko-raciborskie to son of Władysław and Cecylia Renata, Zygmunt Kazimierz as a hereditary fief. Negotiations eventually ended with Habsburgs success and Polish failure. Duchy was given not as a hereditary fief but 50 years long deposit and owner was required to swear allegiance to king of Bohemia (thus it could not be Polish king), but as an exempt Władysław would rule duchy until his son was an adult. Additionally Władysław promised to lend Emperor 1,100,000 złoty (minus still not paid three dowries).

Many historians argue that Wladislaus was very ambitious and dreamed of achieving great fame through conquests, and in the latter years he planned to use the Cossacks to provoke the Turks into attacking Poland so that his military leadership would be indispensable. On various times he set his sights on regaining the Swedish crown, capturing the Russian throne and even conquering the entire Ottoman Empire. He was often able to convince the restless Cossacks to join his side, but with little support from the szlachta and foreign allies (like the Habsburgs), he constantly failed in those attempts, often resulting in unnecessary border wars and diluting the strength of the Commonwealth, which later proved fatal when the country was finally invaded by its neighbours.

Some Polish historians claim that Wladislaus had short temper and when angered, could act to take revenge without considering all consequences. E.g. when Protestant szlachta blocked his plans for war with Sweden in 1635, he turned back to pro-Habsburg politics, sent them military help and married archduchess Cecylia Renata. Had many plans (dynastic, personal, about wars, territorial gains: regaining Silesia, Inflanty (Livonia), incorporation of Ducal Prussia, creation of his hereditary dukedom etc.), some of them with real chances of success, but because of bad luck or objective obstacles almost nothing went as he planned.

Wladislaw died in 1648. His heart and viscera were interred in the Chapel of St. Casimir of Vilnius Cathedral. A year after the death of his son, on the eve of the Khmelnytsky Uprising and The Deluge. He failed to realize his dreams of conquest and he did not reform the Commonwealth. Wladislaw managed to avoid involving the Commonwealth in the bloody Thirty Year's War but his legacy would end the Golden Era of the Commonwealth. The Cossacks, angered because Wladislaw's promises to them failed to materialize, were beginning their greatest revolt against Polish rule, which would be exploited by Swedish invasion.

Ancestors

Gustav I of Sweden

John III of Sweden

Margaret Leijonhufvud

Sigismund III Vasa

Sigismund I the Old

Catherine Jagellonica of Poland

Bona Sforza

Władysław IV Vasa

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles II of Austria

Anna of Bohemia and Hungary

Anna of Austria

Albert V, Duke of Bavaria

Maria Anna of Bavaria