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'''Anatomically modern human''' (AMH) or '''early modern human''' (EMH) in [[paleoanthropology]] refers to early [[specimen]]s of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' that are anatomically like contemporary humans.
⚫
{{Refimprove|date=August 2009}}


⚫
Anatomically modern humans evolved from one or more populations of [[archaic Homo sapiens]] in the [[Middle Paleolithic]], about 200,000 years ago. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans (with archaic futures) are the [[Omo remains]] that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150 [[annum|ka]]. Remains from [[Qafzeh]] and [[Skhul]] in Israel that are about 200 ka old are also often considered in discussion of this subject.
⚫
'''Anatomically modern human''' (AMH) or '''early modern human''' in [[paleoanthropology]] refers to early individuals of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' with an appearance similar to that of modern humans.
⚫
Anatomically modern humans evolved from [[archaic Homo sapiens]] in the [[Middle Paleolithic]], about 200,000 years ago. The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]'', i.e. the subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'' that includes all modern humans. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans are the [[Omo remains]] that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150kya and remains from [[Skhul]] in Israel that are 90kya.

⚫
==Anatomy==
⚫
[[File:Sapiens neanderthal comparison.jpg|thumb|right|460px|Anatomical comparison of the Skulls of anatomically modern humans and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' ]]
⚫
Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their immediate ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features. Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more [[gracile]] frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent [[brow ridge]]s (protruding layers of bone above the [[eye socket]]). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens.

⚫
AMH also have a vertical [[forehead]] whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_9/human_evolution.html Encarta, Human Evolution]</ref> According to [[Desmond Morris]], the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through [[eyebrow]] movements and forehead skin wrinkling.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body|chapter=The Brow|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA22,M1|last=Desmond Morris|authorlink=Desmond Morris|year=2007|isbn=0312338538}}</ref>


==Early modern humans==
==Early modern humans==
[[File:Skhul.JPG|thumb|right|250px| [[Skhul V]] exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits]]
[[File:Skhul.JPG|thumb|right|250px| [[Skhul V]] exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits]]
The [[Omo remains|Omo]], [[homo sapiens idaltu|Hertho]], [[Skhul remains|Skhul]] and [[Jebel Qafzeh remains]] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" because their skeletal remains exhibit a mix of [[archaic homo sapiens|archaic]] and modern traits. Skhul V for example, has prominent brow ridges and a projecting face. However the brain case of Skhul V is distinct from that of the Neanderthals and is similar to the brain case of modern humans.
The [[Omo remains|Omo]], [[homo sapiens idaltu|Hertho]], [[Skhul remains|Skhul]] and [[Jebel Qafzeh remains]] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" sometime as [[Archaic Homo sapiens|archaic humans]] because they skeletal remains exhibit a mix of [[archaic homo sapiens|archaic]] and modern traits.
⚫
===Directly dated early modern humans (EMH)===
34 elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 in [[Tianyuan Cave]], [[Chima]]. [[Carbon-14|14C]] dated 42-39 ka ''Tianyuan 1'' [[holotype]] are oldest, directly dated EMH bones in in eastern Eurasia. Tianyuan 1 exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features and few archaic [[trait]]s. Late archaic human traits, such as a large [[hamulus]] length, anterior to posterior dental proportions and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] pattern imply [[multiregional evolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0702169104
| year = 2007
| month = Apr
| author = Shang, H; Tong, H; Zhang, S; Chen, F; Trinkaus, E
| title = An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China
| volume = 104
| issue = 16
| pages = 6573–8
| issn = 0027-8424
| pmid = 17416672
| pmc = 1871827
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17416672
| format = Free full text
}}</ref>


The oldest European EMH remains are from [[Peştera cu Oase]] near the [[Iron Gates]] in the [[Danubian corridor]]. ''Oase 1'' [[holotype]] revealed specific traits combining a variety of archaic ''Homo'', derived early modern humans]], and possibly [[Neanderthal]] features. Modern human attributes , placing it close to European early modern humans among [[Late Pleistocene]] samples. The fossil belongs to the few findings in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen <sup>14</sup>C averaging to 34,950, +990, and&nbsp;–890 B.P.<ref name=Trinkhaus2>{{Cite journal
In Europe, the early modern humans were the [[Cro-Magnon]].
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.2035108100
| year = 2003
| month = Sep
| author = Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J
| title = An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania
| volume = 100
| issue = 20
| pages = 11231–6
| issn = 0027-8424
| pmid = 14504393
| pmc = 208740
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14504393
| format = Free full text
| quote = "When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and&nbsp;–890 B.P."
}}</ref>


[[Kostenki]] dated 32,000 c14 years, but my be older and related to older continuous culture.
⚫
==Origins of modern humans==

{{Main|Recent African origin|Multiregional evolution}}
===African EMH===
There are two competing models that describe the origin of contemporary and recent humans. The mainstream view, known as the [[recent African origin]] model, holds that all existing human populations are descended from anatomically modern humans who lived in Africa 50-60[[kya]]. This model is supported by multiple and independent lines of evidence, such as the fossil record and genetics. The other theory known as the [[multiregional hypothesis]], is held by a minority of scientists. According to the multiregional model, the various human populations around the world evolved from local archaic hominids such as [[homo erectus]]. The multiregional model posits that human populations achieved anatomical modernity independently, by [[convergent evolution]].
The human remains ''Nazlet Khater 2'' (NK2) was the earliest modern human skeleton from Egypt around 32,000 years old.<ref>http://wysinger.homestead.com/badarians.html</ref><ref>Étude anthropologique du squelette du Paléolithique supérieur de Nazlet Khater 2 (Égypte)
ISBN 9789058677051 </ref><ref>The Oxford history of ancient Egypt
By [[Ian Shaw (Egyptologist)|Ian Shaw]] [http://books.google.com/books?id=J-rIO6BBh6IC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Nazlet+Khater&source=bl&ots=ViOOt6LT6v&sig=nCgXc9zeDwaZu2HCNk1YoGFPQk4&hl=en&ei=WcV_Su3pIJXONbOz0OEC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=Nazlet%20Khater&f=false]</ref> by the Belgian Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project. Statistical analysis on a dataset of mandible dimensions of 220 specimens suggest that variability between African populations during the early periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations and the results indicate a strong association between the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1006/jhev.2000.0421
| year = 2000
| month = Sep
| author = Pinhasi, R; Semal, P
| title = The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations
| volume = 39
| issue = 3
| pages = 269–88
| issn = 0047-2484
| pmid = 10964529
| journal = Journal of human evolution
}}</ref> The African EMH differ greatly from earliest European EMH; however, they are dated to a similar period. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913
| title = Early Modern Humans
| year = 2005
| author = Trinkaus, Erik
| journal = Annual Review of Anthropology
| volume = 34
| pages = 207
}}</ref> Comparing ''Nazlet Khater 2'' and ''Oase 1'' I. Crevecoeur conclude: "both specimens exhibit distinctly archaic morphological aspects in their mandibles and/or molars, and their expressions of these archaic features vary. These specimens therefore emphasize both the persistence of non-modern morphological aspects in these early "modern" humans, and the variable natures of the mosaics of derived modern human and retained archaic human features..."<ref>From the nile to the danube : A comparison of the Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 early modern human mandibles; Anthropologie; Crevecoeur I; ISSN 0323-1119; 2004, vol. 42, no3, pp. 203-213 [11 page(s) (article)] (1 p.3/4)</ref> NK2 Skeleton is early exmple of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis. The multiple lesions of NK 2 express a coercive life style during previous works on mining [[chart]] in perhaps world oldest Nazlet Khater mine.<ref>Paleoanthropology Society Abstracts 2007 Meetings Version Crearted: Wed 07 Mar 2007 11:07:29</ref>

[[Hofmeyr Skull]] is dated to calendar 36,200 +-3,200 years south specimen. Morphometrically similar to EEMH. Younger date and uniqueness among African specimens suggest that EEMH population/geno/phenotype spread rapidly reaching afters 39k Phalagian episode to southern end of Africa in just 3000 years.<ref>sources: [[Hofmeyr Skull]]</ref> Hoverer due to lack of the context to earth other specimen implementations reasons should be considered with caution.

==Origins of or evolution to modern humans==
There are two major competing models on this subject: [[Recent African origin]] and [[Multiregional evolution]].

⚫
==Anatomy==
⚫
{{Refimprove|date=September 2009}}
⚫
[[File:Sapiens neanderthal comparison.jpg|thumb|right|460px|Anatomical comparison of the Skulls of present day [[Caucasoid]] and unspecified ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History ]]
Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features, but the differences are fuzzy.

⚫
Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more [[gracile]] frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent [[brow ridge]]s (protruding layers of bone above the [[eye socket]]). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens.

⚫
AMH also have a vertical [[forehead]] whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_9/human_evolution.html Encarta, Human Evolution]</ref>{{Refimprove|cited below references to Desmond Morris book 'The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body chapter The Brow do has any relation to AMH, Is any paleo-context there?|date=August 2009}} According to [[Desmond Morris]], the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through [[eyebrow]] movements and forehead skin wrinkling.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body|chapter=The Brow|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA22,M1|last=Desmond Morris|authorlink=Desmond Morris|year=2007|isbn=0312338538}}</ref>


==Modern human behavior==
==Modern human behavior==
See:
{{Main|Behavioral modernity}}
{{Main|Behavioral modernity}}
There is considerable debate regarding whether the earliest anatomically modern humans behaved similarly to recent or existing humans. Modern human behaviors characteristic of recent humans include fully modern language, the capacity for abstract thought and the use of symbolism to express cultural creativity. There are two opposing hypothesis regarding the origins of modern behavior. Some scholars argue that humans achieved anatomical modernity first, around 200kya, and only later did they adopt modern behaviors around 50kya. This hypothesis is based on the limited record of fossils from periods before 50kya and the abundance of human artifacts found after 50kya. Proponents of this view distinguish "anatomically modern humans" from "behaviorally modern humans".<ref name="mellars">{{cite journal|authorlink=Paul Mellars|last=Mellars |first=Paul|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0510792103v1|title=Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago?|year=2006|doi=10.1073/pnas.0510792103|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|pages=9381|pmid=16772383}}</ref>

The opposing view is that humans achieved anatomical and behavioral modernity simultaneously. For example, proponents of this view argue that humans had evolved a lightly built skeleton during the transition to anatomical modernity, and this could have only occurred through increased human cooperation and the increased use of technology, traits characteristic of modern behavior.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 32: Line 93:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Pietrusewsky/anth310/labs/Lab05.pdf EARLY AND LATE “ARCHAIC“HOMO SAPIENS AND “ANATOMICALLY MODERN” HOMO SAPIENS]
*[http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Pietrusewsky/anth310/labs/Lab05.pdf EARLY AND LATE “ARCHAIC“HOMO SAPIENS AND “ANATOMICALLY MODERN” HOMO SAPIENS]
*[http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?]
*[http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?]
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/sapiens.html Homo sapiens, Museum of Natural History]
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/sapiens.html Homo sapiens, Museum of Natural History]

Revision as of 03:01, 14 September 2009

Anatomically modern human (AMH) or early modern human (EMH) in paleoanthropology refers to early specimens of Homo sapiens that are anatomically like contemporary humans.

Anatomically modern humans evolved from one or more populations of archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans (with archaic futures) are the Omo remains that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include Homo sapiens idaltu from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150 ka. Remains from Qafzeh and Skhul in Israel that are about 200 ka old are also often considered in discussion of this subject.

Early modern humans

Skhul V exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits

The Omo, Hertho, Skhul and Jebel Qafzeh remains are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" sometime as archaic humans because they skeletal remains exhibit a mix of archaic and modern traits.

Directly dated early modern humans (EMH)

34 elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 in Tianyuan Cave, Chima. 14C dated 42-39 ka Tianyuan 1 holotype are oldest, directly dated EMH bones in in eastern Eurasia. Tianyuan 1 exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features and few archaic traits. Late archaic human traits, such as a large hamulus length, anterior to posterior dental proportions and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis morphological pattern imply multiregional evolution.[1]

The oldest European EMH remains are from Peştera cu Oase near the Iron Gates in the Danubian corridor. Oase 1 holotype revealed specific traits combining a variety of archaic Homo, derived early modern humans]], and possibly Neanderthal features. Modern human attributes , placing it close to European early modern humans among Late Pleistocene samples. The fossil belongs to the few findings in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen 14C averaging to 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P.[2]

Kostenki dated 32,000 c14 years, but my be older and related to older continuous culture.

African EMH

The human remains Nazlet Khater 2 (NK2) was the earliest modern human skeleton from Egypt around 32,000 years old.[3][4][5] by the Belgian Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project. Statistical analysis on a dataset of mandible dimensions of 220 specimens suggest that variability between African populations during the early periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations and the results indicate a strong association between the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible.[6] The African EMH differ greatly from earliest European EMH; however, they are dated to a similar period. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred.[7] Comparing Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 I. Crevecoeur conclude: "both specimens exhibit distinctly archaic morphological aspects in their mandibles and/or molars, and their expressions of these archaic features vary. These specimens therefore emphasize both the persistence of non-modern morphological aspects in these early "modern" humans, and the variable natures of the mosaics of derived modern human and retained archaic human features..."[8] NK2 Skeleton is early exmple of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis. The multiple lesions of NK 2 express a coercive life style during previous works on mining chart in perhaps world oldest Nazlet Khater mine.[9]

Hofmeyr Skull is dated to calendar 36,200 +-3,200 years south specimen. Morphometrically similar to EEMH. Younger date and uniqueness among African specimens suggest that EEMH population/geno/phenotype spread rapidly reaching afters 39k Phalagian episode to southern end of Africa in just 3000 years.[10] Hoverer due to lack of the context to earth other specimen implementations reasons should be considered with caution.

Origins of or evolution to modern humans

There are two major competing models on this subject: Recent African origin and Multiregional evolution.

Anatomy

Anatomical comparison of the Skulls of present day Caucasoid and unspecified Homo neanderthalensis at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features, but the differences are fuzzy.

Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more gracile frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent brow ridges (protruding layers of bone above the eye socket). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens.

AMH also have a vertical forehead whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.[11]

According to Desmond Morris, the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through eyebrow movements and forehead skin wrinkling.[12]

Modern human behavior

See:

Main article: Behavioral modernity

See also

References

  1. ^ Shang, H; Tong, H; Zhang, S; Chen, F; Trinkaus, E (2007). "An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (16): 6573–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702169104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1871827. PMID 17416672. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J (2003). "An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (20): 11231–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ http://wysinger.homestead.com/badarians.html
  4. ^ Étude anthropologique du squelette du Paléolithique supérieur de Nazlet Khater 2 (Égypte) ISBN 9789058677051
  5. ^ The Oxford history of ancient Egypt By Ian Shaw [1]
  6. ^ Pinhasi, R; Semal, P (2000). "The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations". Journal of human evolution. 39 (3): 269–88. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0421. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 10964529. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Trinkaus, Erik (2005). "Early Modern Humans". Annual Review of Anthropology. 34: 207. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913.
  8. ^ From the nile to the danube : A comparison of the Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 early modern human mandibles; Anthropologie; Crevecoeur I; ISSN 0323-1119; 2004, vol. 42, no3, pp. 203-213 [11 page(s) (article)] (1 p.3/4)
  9. ^ Paleoanthropology Society Abstracts 2007 Meetings Version Crearted: Wed 07 Mar 2007 11:07:29
  10. ^ sources: Hofmeyr Skull
  11. ^ Encarta, Human Evolution
  12. ^ Desmond Morris (2007). "The Brow". The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body. ISBN 0312338538. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
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