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The [[Omo remains|Omo]], [[homo sapiens idaltu|Hertho]], [[Skhul remains|Skhul]] and [[Jebel Qafzeh remains]] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" sometime as [[Archaic Homo sapiens|archaic humans]] because they skeletal remains exhibit a mix of [[archaic homo sapiens|archaic]] and modern traits.
The [[Omo remains|Omo]], [[homo sapiens idaltu|Hertho]], [[Skhul remains|Skhul]] and [[Jebel Qafzeh remains]] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" sometime as [[Archaic Homo sapiens|archaic humans]] because they skeletal remains exhibit a mix of [[archaic homo sapiens|archaic]] and modern traits.
===Directly dated early modern humans (EMH)===
===Directly dated early modern humans (EMH)===
34 elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 in [[Tianyuan Cave]], [[Chima]]. [[Carbon-14|14C]] dated 42-39 ka ''Tianyuan 1'' [[holotype]] are oldest, directly dated EMH bones in in eastern Eurasia. Tianyuan 1 exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features and few archaic [[trait]]s. Late archaic human traits, such as a large [[hamulus]] length, anterior to posterior dental proportions and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] pattern imply [[multiregional evolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal
34 bone elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 discovery in [[Tianyuan Cave]], [[China]]. [[Carbon-14|Radiocaron]] dated to 42-39 ka, bones of [[holotype]] ''Tianyuan 1'', are oldest, directly dated EMH fragments found in eastern Eurasia. ''Tianyuan 1'' exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features, and few archaic [[trait]]s. Late archaic human traits (such as a large [[hamulus]] length, anterior to posterior dental proportions, and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis) [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] pattern imply [[multiregional evolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0702169104
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0702169104
| year = 2007
| year = 2007

Revision as of 03:40, 14 September 2009

Anatomically modern human (AMH) or early modern human (EMH) in paleoanthropology refers to early specimens of Homo sapiens that are anatomically like contemporary humans.

Anatomically modern humans evolved from one or more populations of archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans (with archaic futures) are the Omo remains that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include Homo sapiens idaltu from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150 ka. Remains from Qafzeh and Skhul in Israel, about 200 ka old, are described usually as anatomically modern, Qafzeh-Skhul type, humans.

Early modern humans

Skhul V exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits

The Omo, Hertho, Skhul and Jebel Qafzeh remains are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" sometime as archaic humans because they skeletal remains exhibit a mix of archaic and modern traits.

Directly dated early modern humans (EMH)

34 bone elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 discovery in Tianyuan Cave, China. Radiocaron dated to 42-39 ka, bones of holotype Tianyuan 1, are oldest, directly dated EMH fragments found in eastern Eurasia. Tianyuan 1 exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features, and few archaic traits. Late archaic human traits (such as a large hamulus length, anterior to posterior dental proportions, and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis) morphological pattern imply multiregional evolution.[1]

The oldest European EMH remains are from Peştera cu Oase near the Iron Gates in the Danubian corridor. Oase 1 holotype revealed specific traits combining a variety of archaic Homo, derived early modern humans]], and possibly Neanderthal features. Modern human attributes , placing it close to European early modern humans among Late Pleistocene samples. The fossil belongs to the few findings in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen 14C averaging to 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P.[2]

Kostenki dated 32,000 c14 years, but my be older and related to older continuous culture.

African EMH

The human remains Nazlet Khater 2 (NK2) was the earliest modern human skeleton from Egypt around 32,000 years old.[3][4][5] by the Belgian Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project. Statistical analysis on a dataset of mandible dimensions of 220 specimens suggest that variability between African populations during the early periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations and the results indicate a strong association between the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible.[6] The African EMH differ greatly from earliest European EMH; however, they are dated to a similar period. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred.[7] Comparing Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 I. Crevecoeur conclude: "both specimens exhibit distinctly archaic morphological aspects in their mandibles and/or molars, and their expressions of these archaic features vary. These specimens therefore emphasize both the persistence of non-modern morphological aspects in these early "modern" humans, and the variable natures of the mosaics of derived modern human and retained archaic human features..."[8] NK2 Skeleton is early exmple of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis. The multiple lesions of NK 2 express a coercive life style during previous works on mining chart in perhaps world oldest Nazlet Khater mine.[9]

Hofmeyr Skull is dated to calendar 36,200 +-3,200 years south specimen. Morphometrically similar to EEMH. Younger date and uniqueness among African specimens suggest that EEMH population/geno/phenotype spread rapidly reaching afters 39k Phalagian episode to southern end of Africa in just 3000 years.[10] Hoverer due to lack of the context to earth other specimen implementations reasons should be considered with caution.

Origins of or evolution to modern humans

There are two major competing models on this subject: Recent African origin and Multiregional evolution.

Anatomy

Anatomical comparison of the Skulls of present day Caucasoid and unspecified Homo neanderthalensis at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features, but the differences are fuzzy.

Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more gracile frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent brow ridges (protruding layers of bone above the eye socket). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens.

AMH also have a vertical forehead whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.[11]

According to Desmond Morris, the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through eyebrow movements and forehead skin wrinkling.[12]

Modern human behavior

See:

Main article: Behavioral modernity

See also

References

  1. ^ Shang, H; Tong, H; Zhang, S; Chen, F; Trinkaus, E (2007). "An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (16): 6573–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702169104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1871827. PMID 17416672. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J (2003). "An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (20): 11231–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ http://wysinger.homestead.com/badarians.html
  4. ^ Étude anthropologique du squelette du Paléolithique supérieur de Nazlet Khater 2 (Égypte) ISBN 9789058677051
  5. ^ The Oxford history of ancient Egypt By Ian Shaw [1]
  6. ^ Pinhasi, R; Semal, P (2000). "The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations". Journal of human evolution. 39 (3): 269–88. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0421. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 10964529. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Trinkaus, Erik (2005). "Early Modern Humans". Annual Review of Anthropology. 34: 207. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913.
  8. ^ From the nile to the danube : A comparison of the Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 early modern human mandibles; Anthropologie; Crevecoeur I; ISSN 0323-1119; 2004, vol. 42, no3, pp. 203-213 [11 page(s) (article)] (1 p.3/4)
  9. ^ Paleoanthropology Society Abstracts 2007 Meetings Version Crearted: Wed 07 Mar 2007 11:07:29
  10. ^ sources: Hofmeyr Skull
  11. ^ Encarta, Human Evolution
  12. ^ Desmond Morris (2007). "The Brow". The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body. ISBN 0312338538. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

External links

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