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===Demographic and economic basis===
===Demographic and economic basis===
Although there was broad participation in the protests the leading element consists of young urban professionals, the well-educated and successful working or middle class people. These groups had benefited from growth in the Russian economy until the 2008 economic crisis but were alienated from political participation by Putin's policies. The number of such individuals is large and growing in urban centers and is thought to represent a challenge to continuation of authoritarian rule.<ref name=Bite>{{cite news|title=ndBoosted by Putin, Russia’s Middle Class Turns on Him|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/world/europe/huge-moscow-rally-suggests-a-shift-in-public-mood.html|accessdate=December 11, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 11, 2011|author=Andrew E. Kramer|author2=David M. Herszenhorn|quote=In a 2010 study of Muscovites’ political leanings, Mikhail E. Dmitriyev, president of the Center for Strategic Development, a research organization in Moscow,...“In Moscow, rising incomes correlate with respondents’ saying discontent is rising,” Mr. Dmitriyev wrote. Moscow and other cities, he wrote, are incubating a hostile population, especially of young men. “These are five million individuals dangerously concentrated within a 10-mile proximity around the Kremlin,” he wrote.}}</ref>
According to the New York Times, the leading element has consisted of young urban professionals, the well-educated and successful working or middle class people. These groups had benefited from substantial growth in the Russian economy until the 2008 economic crisis but have been alienated by increasing political corruption as well as recent stagnation in their income. The number of such individuals is large and growing in urban centers and is thought to represent a challenge to continuation of authoritarian rule.<ref name=Bite>{{cite news|title=ndBoosted by Putin, Russia’s Middle Class Turns on Him|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/world/europe/huge-moscow-rally-suggests-a-shift-in-public-mood.html|accessdate=December 11, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 11, 2011|author=Andrew E. Kramer|author2=David M. Herszenhorn|quote=In a 2010 study of Muscovites’ political leanings, Mikhail E. Dmitriyev, president of the Center for Strategic Development, a research organization in Moscow,...“In Moscow, rising incomes correlate with respondents’ saying discontent is rising,” Mr. Dmitriyev wrote. Moscow and other cities, he wrote, are incubating a hostile population, especially of young men. “These are five million individuals dangerously concentrated within a 10-mile proximity around the Kremlin,” he wrote.}}</ref>


==Protests==
==Protests==

Revision as of 17:27, 12 December 2011

2011 Russian protests
Protests on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow on 10 December 2011
Date5 December 2011 (2011-12-05) – present
(4725 days)
Resulted inProtests ongoing
Casualties
Arrestedover 1,000[1][2] (arrested and/ or detained)

The 2011 Russian protests began as a response to the 2011 Russian legislative election process, which many Russian and foreign journalists, political activists and members of the public considered to be flawed.[3] On 10 December 2011, after a week of small-scale demonstrations, Russia saw the biggest protests in Moscow since the 1990s. The focus of the protests have been the ruling party, United Russia, and its leader Vladimir Putin, the current Prime Minister and previous two-term President, who has announced his intention to run again for President in 2012.

While demands were not clear in the first few days of the protests, by 10 December they had coalesced into five main points: freedom for political prisoners; annulment of the election results; the resignation of Vladimir Churov (head of the election commission) and the opening of an official investigation into vote fraud; registration of opposition parties and new democratic legislation on parties and elections; and new democratic and open elections.[4]

Background

According to RIA Novosti, there were more than 1,100 official reports of election irregularities across the country, including allegations of vote fraud, obstruction of observers and illegal campaigning. Members of the A Just Russia, Yabloko and Communist parties reported that voters were shuttled between multiple polling stations to cast several ballots. The Yabloko and Liberal Democratic parties reported that some of their observers had been banned from witnessing the sealing of the ballot boxes and from gathering video footage, and some were groundlessly expelled from polling stations.[5] The ruling United Russia party alleged that the opposition parties had engaged in illegal campaigning by distributing leaflets and newspapers at polling stations and that at some polling stations the voters had been ordered to vote for the Communist party with threats of violence.[5] There were several reports of almost undetectable vote fraud—swapping of final polling station protocols just before final accounting by station chairmen—that happened late at night when most observers were gone.[6][7]

Demographic and economic basis

According to the New York Times, the leading element has consisted of young urban professionals, the well-educated and successful working or middle class people. These groups had benefited from substantial growth in the Russian economy until the 2008 economic crisis but have been alienated by increasing political corruption as well as recent stagnation in their income. The number of such individuals is large and growing in urban centers and is thought to represent a challenge to continuation of authoritarian rule.[8]

Protests

4 December

On 4 November 2011, during the annual Russian March event, representatives of "The Russians" movement declared a protest action planned for election day after polling districts closed.[9] As there was no official rally permit, the action by "The Russians" was unapproved and took place on 4 December at 21:00 in Moscow. The statement of non-recognition of electoral results spread widely. Сitizens were called upon to create self-governing institutions reflecting national interests and were told of falsifications and frauds said to have occurred during the elections. Alexander Belov declared the beginning of the "Putin, go away!" campaign.[10] The protest action, in which several hundreds persons participated, led to running battles with riot police. Leaders of "The Russians" Alexander Belov, Dmitry Dyomushkin, George Borovikov were arrested along with dozens of other nationalists. The head of the banned DPNI organization Vladimir Yermolaev was detained at a voting station where he was an observer. Mass detentions of other public organizations occurred in Moscow. According to police some 258 persons have been detained.[11][12][13]

5–7 December

On 5 December, around 5,000 opponents of the government began protesting in Moscow, denouncing Vladimir Putin and his government and what they believed were flawed elections. Campaigners argued that the elections had been a sham and demanded that Putin step down, whilst some demanded revolution.[3][14] Alexey Navalny, a top blogger and anti-corruption activist who branded Putin's United Russia party as the "Party of Crooks and Thieves”, is credited with initial mobilization of mass protests through postings on his LiveJournal blog and Twitter account. Navalny's agitation was denounced by United Russia as "typical dirty self-promotion" and a profane tweet regarding him originated from Medvedev’s Twitter account.[15]

Many pro-government supporters, including the pro-Putin youth group Nashi, were mobilized on 6 December at the site of the planned demonstration where they made noise in support of the government and United Russia.[16] There was a 15,000-strong rally of Nashi on Manezhnaya Square[17] and a 8,000-strong rally of the Young Guard on Revolution Square.[18] About 500 pro-United Russia activists marched near Red Square.[19] Truckloads of soldiers and police, as well as a water cannon, were deployed ahead of expected anti-government protests. It emerged that 300 protesters had been arrested in Moscow the night before, along with 120 in St. Petersburg.[20] During the night of 6 December, at least 600 protesters were reported to be in Triumphalnaya square chanting slogans against Putin,[3] whilst anti-government protesters at Revolution Square clashed with riot police and interior ministry troops. The police chased around 100 away, arresting some.[21] Protest numbers later reportedly reached over 1,000 at Triumphalnaya Square and dozens of arrests were reported, including Boris Nemtsov, an opposition leader and former deputy prime minister,[22] and Alexey Navalny.[23] Over 250 arrests were made, with police using buses to transport the suspects to police stations to be charged. At least one Russian journalist claimed he was beaten by police officers who stamped on him and hit his legs with batons.[24] Another 200 arrests were reported in St. Petersburg and 25 in Rostov the same night as anti-government demonstrations took place. After three and a half hours, the Moscow protest came to an end.[25]

Attempts to stage a large protest in Moscow on 7 December fizzled out due to a large police presence in the city.[2]

Media coverage

Russia Today team covering protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow on December, 10th.

According to the BBC on 7 December, "State TV channels have ignored the protests, giving coverage only to rallies in support of the government."[26] In contrast, newspapers have mentioned the protests in more depth.[27] The only federal TV station to mention the protests at length before 10 December was the independent, but not broadcast widely, Ren TV.[27] By 10 December, however, breaking with practice in recent years, all the main state-controlled channels were covering the protests, and in a professional and objective manner.[28][29] According to Russian media, workers at state controlled television had refused to broadcast if the protests were not covered.[30] [31]

The Western medias covered the protests extensively starting on 5 December.[32][33][34][35][36] Initial coverage by Fox News was biased and incompetent, using the footage of 2011 Athens riots, showing palm trees, people throwing Molotov cocktails at police, and signs in Greek.[37] Fox claimed it was an error and removed the report from its site.[38]

Symbols

White ribbon emerges as rallying symbol.[39]

The white ribbon emerged in October 2011 as a symbol of opposition and since the elections has picked up momentum. Some Russians have been tying it to their clothing, cars, and other objects, and the motif has appeared on runet and on Twitter.[39] By 10 December, the Dozhd television channel was showing a white ribbon by its on-screen logo. The station's owner, Natalya Sindeyeva, explained this as being a sign of "sincerity", rather than "propaganda", and an attempt to be "mediators" instead of simply journalists.[29] NTV described 10 December as the day of "white ribbons".[29]

Twitter

Twitter users in Russia have reported being overwhelmed by pro-government tweets timed to Bolotnaya Square protest-related tweets.[40] Many tweets seem to have been sent by hijacked computers, though the perpetrator(s) are not yet known.[40]

Reactions

On 7 December, Mikhail Gorbachev, former President of the Soviet Union, said he felt that a new election should be held to quell public anger over the fraudulent election.[41] He said that the number of Russians who believed the election was rigged was rising daily and that the government needed to listen to public opinion to prevent more civil unrest.[26]

Vladimir Putin said that U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's comments on the election "set the tone for some opposition activists" to act "in accordance with the well-known scenario of a color revolution and in their own mercenary political interests", although Clinton stated that they expressed "well-founded concerns about the conduct of the elections."[42] An analyst for the BBC wrote that comments like Putin's blaming the West for street protest were "very much old software."[42]

According to a report in The Wall Street Journal a request was made by Russia's Federal Security Service, the successor to the KGB, to the social media site VKontakte to block opposition groups who 'encourage people to “trash the streets, to organize a revolution.” The request was declined due to the generally peaceful nature of the protests.[43]

10 December

Rally in Pionerskaya Square in Saint Petersburg on 10 December 2011.
Rally in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow on 10 December 2011

Via a Facebook group "Суббота на Болотной площади" (Saturday at Bolotnaya Square),[44] a call was made for a mass protest against the government on Saturday 10 December.[26][45] Prior to the demonstration newspapers commented that tens of thousands of Facebook users had positively responded to invitations to demonstrate in Moscow,[46][47] and, similarly, over 5,000 in St. Petersburg.[48] A permit had originally been issued to the group Solidarnost for a legal demonstration of 300 people in Revolution Square. By 8 December, more than 30,000[44] had accepted the Facebook invitation to attend. After negotiations with the demonstrators an alternative location for a 30,000-person demonstration was authorized by the Moscow government for the demonstration which took place on 10 December on Bolotnaya Square.[49] Prior to the demonstration threats were made by Putin that police and security forces would be deployed to deal with anyone participating in illegal protests in Moscow or other cities, however, the event, when it took place, was peaceful and without attempts by the state to prevent or disrupt it.[50][51] Rapper Noize MC and author Boris Akunin both agreed to address the crowds, the latter flying in specially from Paris for the occasion.[52]

Protesters, December 10th, Bolotnaya Square, signs saying "Stop lying!" and listing the number of votes for each party on one of the polling stations, with United Russia at 19%.

Attempts to disrupt the protests and the organizations supporting them included repeated prank calls to Yabloko and Novaya Gazeta. Russia’s chief public health official, Gennady Onishchenko, warned on Friday that protesters risked respiratory infections such as the flu or SARS.[52] Warnings were issued that the police would be looking for draft dodgers at the protests. Students in Moscow were ordered to report Saturday during the time scheduled for the demonstration to an exam followed by a special class[52] conducted by headmasters regarding "rules of safe behavior in the city." Opposition Twitter posts were spammed by a botnet and a YouTube video, Москва! Болотная площадь! 10 Декабря! (Moscow! Bolotnaya square! 10 December!), was posted of orcs storming a castle shouting, "Russia without Putin." Supporters of the protests responded with guerrilla theater by FEMEN and circulation of a photoshopped image of Putin dressed as Muammar el-Qaddafi.[53]

The Telegraph reported at 10:40 GMT that "Half an hour into what is likely to be Moscow’s biggest demonstration since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia’s biggest state-controlled television station, Channel One, has no mention of the popular unrest on its website."[54] Journalist Andrew Osborn noted a bad 3G telephone signal in Bolotnaya Square, asking "Wonder if they have deliberately shut off in protest area [sic]".[54] The Guardian also reported that mobile internet had been "cut off" in the square.[4]

The Moscow demonstration was generally peaceful ending in the afternoon with the singing of Viktor Tsoi's song "Peremen" meaning "Changes", a perestroika anthem from the 1980s. Reports of the demonstration including its large size and demands for new elections were carried on the evening news in Russia by state controlled media.[50]

Police in Moscow estimated the protest numbers to be around 25,000, whilst the opposition claimed over 50,000 people were present during the demonstration.[55] Other activists claimed as many as 60,000 protesters in Bolotnaya Square, Moscow.[56]

Demands

Protester in Bolotnaya Square, December, 10th. The sign says, "I did not vote for these bastards (United Russia logo), I voted for other bastards (Yabloko, Spravedlivaya Rossiya, CPRF logos). I want votes re-counted."

While particular demands were not apparent in the first few days of the protests, by 10 December they had coallesced into five main points:[4]

  1. Freedom for political prisoners
  2. Annulment of the election results
  3. The resignation of Vladimir Churov, head of the election commission, and an official investigation of vote fraud
  4. Registration of the opposition parties and new democratic legislation on parties and elections
  5. New democratic and open elections

Speakers in Moscow

Various politicians and celebrities addressed the crowd, including:

Other cities

Nizhny Novgorod. Rally against the official results of the Russian legislative election 2011.

Like in Moscow, protests were planned to take place in St. Petersburg, Vladivostok and Kaliningrad, as well as 88 other towns and cities in Russia.[57][58] Smaller protests were reported in Tomsk,[55] Omsk,[59] Arkhangelsk, Murmansk,[59] Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kurgan,[59] Perm, Karelia,[60] Khabarovsk,[61] Kazan[62] and Nizhny Novgorod.[63]

At least 10,000 protesters turned out in St. Petersburg, 3,000 in Novosibirsk,[64] whilst 4,000 others rallied in Yekaterinburg.[65] At least 1,000 people rallied in the port city of Vladivostok on Russia's Pacific coast.[66]

"Sympathy protests" are also being held abroad. In London, the former parliamentary aide accused of being a Russian spy Katia Zatuliveter turned up holding a banner saying: "Russian vote 146 per cent fair".[54]

Arrests

Some sources report only 100 arrests nationwide on 10 December due to the protests, mostly outside Moscow, a significantly smaller number than previous protests.[67] In Kazan, however, at least 100 protesters, mainly in their early 20s, were detained for failure to disperse.[68]

Result

In response to the protests, President Dmitry Medvedev announced over his Facebook account the next day that, while he did not agree with the opposition's demands, he had ordered an investigation into the allegations of electoral fraud. Many thousands of Russian Facebook users responded angrily to his post.[69][70]

24 December

Protesters have scheduled followup demonstrations for 24 December if demands are not met.[71]

Government reactions

President Dmitri Medvedev has ordered an investigation into allegations of vote-rigging, though this has received a cynical response from many opponents on his Facebook page.[72] He also defended the right of people to express their views, while denouncing the street protests.[72] Putin's spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said on 12 December that, "Even if you add up all this so-called evidence, it accounts for just over 0.5 percent of the total number of votes. So even if hypothetically you recognise that they are being contested in court, then in any case, this can in no way affect the question of the vote's legitimacy or the overall results."[72]

References

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  2. ^ a b "UPDATE 1-Russian police block new anti-Putin rally". Reuters. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
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  9. ^ "В день выборов в Москве была пресечена акция протеста националистов / Декабрь / 2011 / Противодействие расизму и радикальному национализму / Новости / Расизм и ксенофобия / СОВА". Sova-center.ru. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
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  49. ^ Мэрия Москвы согласовала митинг с участием 30 тысяч человек Lenta.ru Template:Ru icon
  50. ^ a b J. David Goodman (10 December 2011). "Updates on Protests in Russia" (realtime blog). The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
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  54. ^ a b c Amos, Howard (10 December 2011). "Russian protests: live". The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 December 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ a b Barry, Ellen (10 December 2011). protest in moscow russia in defiance of putin&st=cse "Rally Defying Putin's Party Draws Tens of Thousands". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  56. ^ "Anti-Putin protests erupt across Russia". Al Jazeera. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  57. ^ Gutterman, Steve (9 December 2011). "Protests across Russia to test Putin and opponents". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  58. ^ "Pro-Democracy Protests Put Putin, Russia at Turning Point". Voice of America. 9 December 11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ a b c Text: Thomas Nilsen (10 December 2011). "Election fraud protests in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk". BarentsObserver. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
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  61. ^ Lee Moran. "Russian protests 2011: 'Vladimir Putin's a louse' say demonstrators over alleged election fraud | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  62. ^ May, Robert (10 December 2011). "Hundreds Protest Election Results". The Kazan Herald. Kazan. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
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  65. ^ "Russian protests: live". Telegraph. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  66. ^ "Video: Russia election protests begin in Vladivostok". Telegraph. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  67. ^ "Mass rallies demand Putin quits". mirror.co.uk. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  68. ^ Бронштейн, Борис (10 December 2011). "На площади Свободы задержаны около 100 человек". Новая газета. Казань. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  69. ^ "Russia election: Medvedev Facebook promise draws ire". BBC News. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  70. ^ Lally, Kathy (12 December 2011). "Russians scoff at Medvedev election inquiry". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  71. ^ The Guardian. 10 December 2011 http://www.guardian.co.uk/global/2011/dec/10/russia-elections-putin-protest#block-37. Retrieved 10 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  72. ^ a b c Russian election results will stand, Vladimir Putin spokesman says, Telegraph, retrieved 12/12/2011
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