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* [[Barbara Boggs Sigmund]]<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60160587.html?dids=60160587:60160587&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+10%2C+1990&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=NATION+Barbara+Boggs+Sigmund+Dies&pqatl=google Los Angeles Times]</ref>
* [[Barbara Boggs Sigmund]]<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60160587.html?dids=60160587:60160587&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+10%2C+1990&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=NATION+Barbara+Boggs+Sigmund+Dies&pqatl=google Los Angeles Times]</ref>
* [[Big Boss (Metal Gear)|Big Boss]] ([[Metal Gear]])<ref>''Metal Gear, Konami Computer Entertainment Japan (1987).''</ref>
* [[Big Boss (Metal Gear)|Big Boss]] ([[Metal Gear]])<ref>''Metal Gear, Konami Computer Entertainment Japan (1987).''</ref>
* [[Blaine Anderson]]
* [[Bobby Helms]]<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/indystar/access/1875585861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+15%2C+1996&author=RITA+ROSE&pub=Indianapolis+Star&desc=At+60%2C+Bobby+Helms+still+jingles+and+rocks&pqatl=google Indianapolis Star]</ref>
* [[Bobby Helms]]<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/indystar/access/1875585861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+15%2C+1996&author=RITA+ROSE&pub=Indianapolis+Star&desc=At+60%2C+Bobby+Helms+still+jingles+and+rocks&pqatl=google Indianapolis Star]</ref>
* [[Bruce Peterson]]<ref>[http://www.leemajors.co.uk/a/b_peterson.html Bruce Peterson Bio]''Lee Majors Online''</ref>
* [[Bruce Peterson]]<ref>[http://www.leemajors.co.uk/a/b_peterson.html Bruce Peterson Bio]''Lee Majors Online''</ref>

Revision as of 21:50, 2 February 2012

"Eye pad" and "Eyepad" redirect here. For the product by Apple Inc., see iPad.
Israeli politician Moshe Dayan wearing an eyepatch

An eyepatch or eye pad is a small patch that is worn in front of one eye. It may be a cloth patch attached around the head by an elastic band or by a string, or an adhesive bandage. It is often worn by people to cover a lost or injured eye, but it also has a therapeutic use in children for the treatment of amblyopia. (See orthoptics and vision therapy.) Eyepatches used to block light while sleeping are referred to as a sleep mask.

History

In the years before advanced medicine and surgery, eyepatches were common. They were particularly prevalent among members of dangerous occupations, such as blacksmiths who used them to cover one eye for protection from sparks while working. Sailors would also wear them over one eye above deck and then switch it over in order to be able to see in the dark below deck.[1] David Bowie made it a fashion statement in 1972.

Stereotypical depiction of a pirate with eyepatch

Sailors and pilots

It has been speculated that sailors who often went above and below deck might have used an eye patch to keep one eye adjusted to the darkness below decks.[2] The strong sunlight while above deck on an oceangoing vessel could require minutes of adaptation to the dim lighting below deck. With virtually no light sources below deck, sailors would have to rely heavily upon their eyes to adjust. In the critical moments of modifying the rigging, navigating, and especially during battle, those minutes were too precious. A simple switch of the patch from one eye to the other might have saved time when going between decks. However, this usage of the eyepatch is not supported by any historical records.[citation needed]

Similarly, pilots at one time would also do the same, when flying at night over brightly lit cities, so that one eye could look out, and the other would be adjusted for the dim lighting of the cockpit to read unlit instruments and maps.[3] Some military pilots have worn a lead-lined or gold-lined eyepatch, to protect against blindness in both eyes, in the event of a nuclear blast or laser weapon attack.[4][5][6]

Eye patches are not currently used by military personnel; modern technology has provided an array of other means to preserve and enhance night vision, including red-light and low-level white lights, and night vision devices.[7][8][9]

Eyecare treatment

Amblyopia

A child wearing an adhesive eyepatch to correct amblyopia

Eye patching is used in the orthoptic management[10] of children at risk of lazy eye (amblyopia), especially strabismic or anisometropic[11] amblyopia. These conditions can cause visual suppression of the dissimilar images by the brain, resulting in blindness in an otherwise functional eye. By patching the good eye, the amblyopic eye is forced to function, causing vision to be retained.[10][11]

Extraocular muscle palsy

To initially relieve double vision (diplopia) caused by an extra-ocular muscle palsy, an eye care professional may recommend using an eyepatch. This can help to relieve the dizziness, vertigo and nausea that are associated with this form of double vision.[12][13][14]

Notable eyepatch-wearers

3

See also

References

  1. ^ "Eye eye, matey". Encyclopædia Britannica. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ Mythbusters, episode 71 Mythbusters
  3. ^ Roy Brocklebank (2005). WORLD WAR III – The 1960's Version. Journal of Navigation, 58, pp 341-347 doi:10.1017/S0373463305003413
  4. ^ Nuclear flash eye protection, Steen Hartov
  5. ^ Les Frazier
  6. ^ Laser Weapons
  7. ^ Luria, S. M. (26 AprIl 1985). "IMMEDIATE VISIBILITY AFTER RED AND WHITE ADAPTATION" (PDF). Naval Submarine Research Laboratory. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2011-06-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "A Guide to the U. S. Naval Air Station at Vero Beach" (PDF). Indian River County Main Library,. July 1999. Retrieved 2011-06-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  9. ^ "We Own The Night". Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD). Retrieved 2011-06-01.
  10. ^ a b Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J. Orthoptists' management of amblyopia - a case based survey. Strabismus, 2007, 15(3): 197-203. [Pubmed Link]
  11. ^ a b Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J. Fixation behaviour in the treatment of amblyopia using atropine. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2008; 36 (Suppl 2): A764–A765. [Link]
  12. ^ O'Sullivan, S.B & Schmitz, T.J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-1247-1.
  13. ^ Kernich, C.A. (2006). Diplopia. The Neurologist, 12(4): 229-230
  14. ^ Edlow, Jonathan; Selim, Magdy (2010). Neurology Emergencies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195388589.
  15. ^ The Milwaukee Journal - Jun 27, 1983
  16. ^ [1]Sightseeing Madrid - The Princess of Eboli
  17. ^ The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Nov 4, 2002
  18. ^ St. Louis Post Dispatch
  19. ^ Los Angeles Times
  20. ^ Metal Gear, Konami Computer Entertainment Japan (1987).
  21. ^ Indianapolis Star
  22. ^ Bruce Peterson BioLee Majors Online
  23. ^ a b c d Our favorite eyepatch heroes Maxim magazine
  24. ^ Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966-1968 by Major Daniel P. Bolger
  25. ^ Lord Mowbray and StourtonThe Telegraph
  26. ^ Is Horrible 'Valkyrie' Tom Cruise's Nazi Apologia?Fox News
  27. ^ Dale Chihuly opens Rhode Island school gallery MSNBC
  28. ^ NASA Oral History TranscriptNASA
  29. ^ Sohachi Yamaoka, Date Masamune.
  30. ^ a b c d e Great Moments in Eye PatchesThe New York Times
  31. ^ Bangor Daily News, May 26, 1995
  32. ^ New York Day by Day Miami Herald
  33. ^ Colombia 1993 Lions Club International Amblyopia Prevention Campaign Digital Disability
  34. ^ UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF WHITE BIRD'S FLIGHT Boston Globe Mar 8, 1987
  35. ^ a b Scorsese's film `Journey' whirls through magnificent obsession The San Diego Union
  36. ^ Dreams come true again The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Jan 31, 2000
  37. ^ Fluxus Reader by Ken Friedman publisher Academy Editions ISBN 978-0471978589
  38. ^ Jazz singer George Melly dies ABC News
  39. ^ Ziss, Robert F. (2001). "Author-artist Jack Coggins". Historical Review of Berks County. 66 (2): 76–82. ISSN 0018-2524. OCLC 1589887. Retrieved July 13, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ^ Jan Syrový
  41. ^ Vojenské osobnosti předválečné armády - Armádní generál Jan Syrový
  42. ^ IMDb
  43. ^ José Millán and Terreros Base documental d'Història de Catalunya Contemporary. Biografies.(1800-1931) Biografies. (1800-1931)
  44. ^ Luis Vaz de Camões Catholic Encyclopedia
  45. ^ Parkinson, Roger. The Fox of the North: The Life of Kutuzov, General of War and Peace. (London: Peter Davies, 1976), 11-17.
  46. ^ Momus (April 1998). "Story Of An Eye". Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  47. ^ A LIFE OF PRAYER FOR EWTN STAR STROKES BRING MOTHER ANGELICA FULL CIRCLE Saint Paul Pioneer Press - May 3, 2003
  48. ^ Nicolas-Jacques Conté This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ^ The Scourge of the Pirate Coast QatarVisitor
  50. ^ TV: Focus on Directors; Raoul Walsh Is Rewarding Subject in Channel 13's 'Men Who Made Movies' The New York Times
  51. ^ Ray Sawyer The Spokesman-Review , Dec 22, 1978
  52. ^ Richard W. Rahn, Cato Institute. Accessed December 4, 2008.
  53. ^ Kansas '70s superstars lead lineup of Celebration bands By DAVID BURKE The Herald & Review August 4, 1999
  54. ^ Interview with Ron Hamilton (Patch the Pirate) The Baptist Voice
  55. ^ Sheila Gish Renowned British actress of stage and screen by Carole woods Herald Scotland March 14, 2005
  56. ^ Weir, Henry VIII, p. 262.
  57. ^ The Con Movie
  58. ^ Without Bad Luck, He'd Have No Luck at All by John Branch The New York Times March 24, 2006
  59. ^ POST, WILEY HARDEMAN Texas State Historical Association
  60. ^ 魏略曰：时夏侯渊与惇俱为将军，军中号惇为盲夏侯。惇恶之，照镜恚怒，辄扑镜于地.
  61. ^ Sound of Bounce on Free Throw Anime News Network

External links

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