Haplogroup T (mtDNA): Difference between revisions
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
Haplogroup T is currently found with high concentrations around the eastern [[Baltic Sea]]. According to Oxford Ancestors, Haplogroup T "includes slightly fewer than 10% of modern Europeans. Its many branches are widely distributed throughout southern and western Europe with particularly high concentrations in Ireland and the west of Britain."<ref name="oxfordancestors.com">[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/ Maternal Ancestry], Oxford Ancestors Ltd</ref> According to the [[Genographic Project]]: "Haplogroup T has a very wide distribution, and is present as far east as the [[Indus Valley]] bordering India and Pakistan and as far south as the [[Arabian peninsula]]. It is also common in eastern and northern Europe." <ref name="ReferenceA">[https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm019 Atlas of the Human Journey], The Genographic Project</ref>. |
Haplogroup T is currently found with high concentrations around the eastern [[Baltic Sea]]. According to Oxford Ancestors, Haplogroup T "includes slightly fewer than 10% of modern Europeans. Its many branches are widely distributed throughout southern and western Europe with particularly high concentrations in Ireland and the west of Britain."<ref name="oxfordancestors.com">[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/ Maternal Ancestry], Oxford Ancestors Ltd</ref> According to the [[Genographic Project]]: "Haplogroup T has a very wide distribution, and is present as far east as the [[Indus Valley]] bordering India and Pakistan and as far south as the [[Arabian peninsula]]. It is also common in eastern and northern Europe." <ref name="ReferenceA">[https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm019 Atlas of the Human Journey], The Genographic Project</ref>. |
||
The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in |
The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia <ref>{{cite journal | author = Bedford, 2012 | year = 2012 | title = A Sephardic Signature in Haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA | url = | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 441-448| pmid=22108605 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2011.200}}</ref>. Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Bedford, 2012 | year = 2012 | title = A Sephardic Signature in Haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA | url = | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 441-448| pmid=22108605 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2011.200}}</ref> |
||
Found in Svan population from Caucasus(Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2% |
Found in Svan population from Caucasus(Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2% |
||
Revision as of 12:07, 25 May 2012
Haplogroup T | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | approx. 45,000-50,000 years before present |
Possible place of origin | believed to be Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, and/or modern Syria and Turkey |
Ancestor | JT |
Descendants | T1, T2 |
Defining mutations | 709, 1888, 4917, 8697, 10463, 13368, 14905, 15607, 15928, 16294, 16519[1] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Known Origins
Mitochondrial (mtDNA) Haplogroup T derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup J. Haplogroup T is thought to have originated in Mesopotamia and/or the Fertile Crescent (modern Syria and Turkey) approximately 45,000-50,000 years ago. It was carried by migrants northwest into Europe (at least 10,000 years ago) and east as far as modern Pakistan and India.
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes, who is in Haplogroup T, named the originator of this group "Tara," which means rocky hill in Gaelic. Sykes believes that: "Tara herself lived 17,000 years ago in the northwest of Italy among the hills of Tuscany and along the estuary of the river Arno."[2]
The International Society of Genetic Genealogy gives the following standardized description about mtDNA Haplogroup T and two of its main subclades:
"The mitochondrial Haplogroup T is best characterized as a European lineage. With an origin in the Near East greater than 45,000 years ago, the major sub-lineages of Haplogroup T entered Europe around the time of the Neolithic 10,000 years ago. Once in Europe, these sub-lineages underwent a dramatic expansion associated with the arrival of agriculture in Europe. Today, we find Haplogroup T*, the root Haplogroup for Haplogroup T, widely distributed in Europe."
About subclade T1 they write: "The origin of Haplogroup T1 dates to at least 6,000 years ago, and today, we find Haplogroup T1 distributed in populations living in southeast, central, and northwestern Europe."
Regarding subclade T2: "Haplogroup T2 is one of the older sub-lineages and may have been present in Europe as early as the Late Upper Palaeolithic."
Current distribution
Haplogroup T is currently found with high concentrations around the eastern Baltic Sea. According to Oxford Ancestors, Haplogroup T "includes slightly fewer than 10% of modern Europeans. Its many branches are widely distributed throughout southern and western Europe with particularly high concentrations in Ireland and the west of Britain."[2] According to the Genographic Project: "Haplogroup T has a very wide distribution, and is present as far east as the Indus Valley bordering India and Pakistan and as far south as the Arabian peninsula. It is also common in eastern and northern Europe." [3].
The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia [4]. Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World. [5] Found in Svan population from Caucasus(Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%
Early agriculturalists and pastoralists
The Genographic Project states that early people with Haplogroup T were likely some of the first organized agriculturalists and pastoralists, and that they probably comprised the group which first brought settled agriculture and pastoralism on to the European continent, bringing the "Neolithic Revolution" to Europe; they write: "Although the haplogroup was present during the early and middle Upper Paleolithic, [Haplogroup] T is generally considered one of the main genetic signatures of the Neolithic expansions. While groups of hunter-gatherers and subsistence fishermen had been occupying much of Eurasia for tens of thousands of years, around ten thousand years ago a group of modern humans living in the Fertile Crescent-present day eastern Turkey and northern Syria-began domesticating the plants, nuts, and seeds they had been collecting. What resulted were the world's first agriculturalists, and this new cultural era is typically referred to as the Neolithic. Groups of individuals able to support larger populations with this reliable food source began migrating out of the Middle East, bringing their new technology with them. By then, humans had already settled much of the surrounding areas, but this new agricultural technology proved too successful to ignore, and the surrounding groups quickly copied these new immigrants. Interesting, DNA data indicate that while these new agriculturalists were incredibly successful at planting their technology in the surrounding groups, they were far less successful at planting their own genetic seed. Agriculture was quickly and widely adopted, but the lineages carried by these Neolithic expansions are found at frequencies seldom greater than 20 percent in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia." [3]
Health Issues
Some studies have shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease.[6] However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to diabetes.[7]
A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.[8]
Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced sperm motility in males, although these results have been challenged.[9] According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T represents a weak genetic background that can predispose to asthenozoospermia.[10] However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study.
People of mtDNA Haplogroup T
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009) |
The last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, has been shown to be of Haplogroup T, specifically subclade T2.[11] This was established when genetic testing was done on his remains to authenticate his identity. Assuming all relevant pedigrees are correct, this includes all female-line descendants of his female line ancestor Barbara of Celje (1390-1451), wife of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. This includes a great number of European nobles, including George I of Great Britain and Frederick William I of Prussia (through the Electress Sophia of Hanover), Charles I of England, George III of the United Kingdom, George V of the United Kingdom, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Olav V of Norway, and George I of Greece. Many European royals have been found to be of this mtDNA Haplogroup, in addition to Haplogroup H (mtDNA).
The American outlaw Jesse James has been shown to be of subclade T2.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup T subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.
- T
- T1
- T1a
- T1b
- T2
- T2a
- T2a1
- T2a1a
- T2a1a1
- T2a1b
- T2a1a
- T2a1
- T2b
- T2b1
- T2b2
- T2b3
- T2b3a
- T2b4
- T2b5
- T2b6
- T2c
- T2c1
- T2c1a
- T2c1b
- T2c1
- T2d
- T2e
- T2e1
- T2e2
- T2f
- T2f1
- T2g
- T2a
- T1
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
- ^ a b van Oven, Mannis (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Maternal Ancestry, Oxford Ancestors Ltd
- ^ a b Atlas of the Human Journey, The Genographic Project
- ^ Bedford, 2012 (2012). "A Sephardic Signature in Haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (4): 441–448. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.200. PMID 22108605.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Bedford, 2012 (2012). "A Sephardic Signature in Haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (4): 441–448. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.200. PMID 22108605.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ 30 Mitochondrial haplogroup T is associated with coronary artery disease, Mitochondrion, Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2007, Page 412
- ^ Mitochondrial DNA haplotype ‘T’ carriers are less prone to diabetes, September 6, 2008, Mathilda’s Anthropology Blog
- ^ Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T, David A. Pike, "Elsewhere it has been reported that membership in haplogroup T may offer some protection against Alzheimer Disease (Chagnon et al. 1999; Herrnstadt et al. 2002) and also Parkinson's Disease (Pyle et al. 2005), but the cautionary words of Pereira et al. suggest that further studies may be necessary before reaching firm conclusions."
- ^ Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans
- ^ Ruiz-Pesini E, Lapeña AC, Díez-Sánchez C; et al. (2000). "Human mtDNA haplogroups associated with high or reduced spermatozoa motility". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (3): 682–96. doi:10.1086/303040. PMC 1287528. PMID 10936107.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ ISOGG's Famous DNA
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database
- Haplogroup T
- Discussion List at RootsWeb
- Spread of Haplogroup T, from National Geographic
- Genetic Genealogy: A Personal Perspective on Tara, Karelians and Kent, England
- Analysis of a Haplogroup T sequence (T5/T2)
- Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T
- mtDNA Haplogroup T - Full Genomic Sequence Research Project
- Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T
- NEW short research project/survey for women in haplogroup T
- NEW short research project/survey for men in haplogroup T
- Scientific Journal articles
- Pike DA, Barton TJ, Bauer SL, Kipp E (2010). "mtDNA Haplogroup T Phylogeny Based on Full Mitochondrial Sequences". Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 6 (1).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Molecular instability of the mitochondrial haplogroup T sequences at nucleotide positions 16292 and 16296
- Babalini C, Martínez-Labarga C, Tolk HV; et al. (2005). "The population history of the Croatian linguistic minority of Molise (southern Italy): a maternal view". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 13 (8): 902–12. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201439. PMID 15886710.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, González AM (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula". BMC Evol. Biol. 8: 45. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-45. PMC 2268671. PMID 18269758.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Thomas MG, Barnes I, Weale ME; et al. (2008). "New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle East". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 16 (1): 124–34. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201906. PMID 17712356.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Mitochondrial haplogroup T is associated with coronary artery disease
- Mitochondrial DNA haplotype ‘T’ carriers are less prone to diabetes
- Bedford, F. L. Sephardic Signature in Haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA. European Journal of Human Genetics (DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.200
- Pike DA, Barton TJ, Bauer SL, Kipp E (2010). "mtDNA Haplogroup T Phylogeny Based on Full Mitochondrial Sequences". Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 6 (1).