Creatinine: Difference between revisions
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Cystatin C]] - novel marker of kidney function |
*[[Cystatin C]] - novel marker of kidney function |
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*[[Jaffe_reaction]] - creatinine assay methodology |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 00:15, 24 October 2012
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2007) |
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
2-Amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-one[citation needed] | |
| Systematic IUPAC name
2-Amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ol[citation needed] | |
| Other names
2-Amino-1-methylimidazol-4-ol[citation needed]
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| 3DMet | |
| 112061 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.424 |
| EC Number |
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| KEGG | |
| MeSH | Creatinine |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1789 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C4H7N3O | |
| Molar mass | 113.120 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White crystals |
| Density | 1.09 g cm-3 |
| Melting point | 300 °C (decomp.)[1] |
| 1 part per 12[1] | |
| log P | -1.76 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 12.309 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 1.688 |
| Isoelectric point | 11.19 |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | 290 °C (554 °F) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Creatinine (from the Greek κρέας, flesh, pronounced, krē-'a-tə-nēn, -ən cre·at·i·nine) is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).
Biological relevance
Creatinine is primarily synthesized in the liver from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine. It is then transported through blood to the other organs, muscle, and brain where, through phosphorylation, it becomes the high energy compound phosphocreatine.[2]
Creatinine is chiefly filtered out of the blood by the kidneys (glomerular filtration and proximal tubular secretion). There is little or no tubular reabsorption of creatinine. If the filtering of the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl), which reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The GFR is clinically important because it is a measurement of renal function. However, in cases of severe renal dysfunction, the creatinine clearance rate will be "overestimated" because active secretion of creatinine from the proximal tubule will account for a larger fraction of the total creatinine cleared[clarification needed]. Ketoacids, cimetidine and trimethoprim reduce creatinine tubular secretion and therefore increase the accuracy of the GFR estimate, particularly in severe renal dysfunction. (In the absence of secretion, creatinine behaves like inulin.)
A more complete estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of urea. BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example, a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a pre-renal problem such as volume depletion.
One-percent to two-percent of muscle creatine is converted to creatinine each day.[2] Men tend to have higher levels of creatinine than women because they generally have a greater mass of skeletal muscle.[2] Increased dietary intake of creatine or eating a lot of meat can increase daily creatinine excretion.[2] Vegetarians have been shown to have lower creatinine levels.[3]
Diagnostic use
Serum creatinine
Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function.[2]
A rise in blood creatinine level is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is unsuitable for detecting early-stage kidney disease. A better estimation of kidney function is given by the creatinine clearance (CrCl) test. Creatinine clearance can be accurately calculated using serum creatinine concentration and some or all of the following variables: sex, age, weight and race, as suggested by the American Diabetes Association without a 24-hour urine collection.[4] Some laboratories will calculate the CrCl if written on the pathology request form, and the necessary age, sex, and weight are included in the patient information.
A concern as of late 2010 relates to the adoption of a new analytical methodology, and a possible impact this may have in clinical medicine. All clinical laboratories in the US will soon use a new standardized isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method to measure serum creatinine. IDMS appears to give lower values than older methods when the serum creatinine values are relatively low, for example 0.7 mg/dl. The IDMS method would result in a comparative overestimation of the corresponding calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in some patients with normal renal function. A few medicines are dosed even in normal renal function on that derived GFR. The dose, unless further modified, could now be higher than desired, potentially causing increased drug-related toxicity. To counter the effect of changing to IDMS, new FDA guidelines have suggested limiting doses to specified maximums with carboplatin, a chemotherapy drug.[5]
In a recent Japanese study a lower serum creatinine level was found to be associated with an increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men.[6]
Urine creatinine
Creatinine concentration is also checked during standard urine drug tests. Normal creatinine levels indicate the test sample is undiluted, whereas low amounts of creatinine in the urine indicate either a manipulated test or low individual baseline creatinine levels. Test samples considered manipulated due to low creatinine are not tested, and the test is sometimes considered failed.
Diluted samples may not always be due to a conscious effort of subversion,[citation needed] and diluted samples cannot be proved to be intentional, but are only assumed to be. Random urine creatinine levels have no standard reference ranges. They are usually used with other tests to reference levels of other substances measured in the urine. Diuretics, such as coffee and tea, cause more frequent urination, thus potently decreasing creatinine levels. A decrease in muscle mass will also cause a lower reading of creatinine, as will pregnancy.
Interpretation
In the United States, creatinine is typically reported in mg/dl, whereas, in Canada, Australia [7] and a few European countries, μmol/litre may be used. One mg/dl of creatinine is 88.4 μmol/l.
The typical human reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0.5 to 1.0 mg/dl (about 45-90 μmol/l) for women and 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dl (60-110 μmol/L) for men. While a baseline serum creatinine of 2.0 mg/dl (150 μmol/l) may indicate normal kidney function in a male body builder, a serum creatinine of 1.2 mg/dl (110 μmol/l) can indicate significant renal disease in an elderly female.[citation needed]
The trend of serum creatinine levels over time is more important than absolute creatinine level.
Creatinine levels may increase when ACE inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (or angiotensin receptor blockers, ARBs) are taken. Using both ACEI and ARB concomitantly will increase creatinine levels to a greater degree than either of the two drugs would individually. An increase of <30% is to be expected with ACEI or ARB use.
Chemistry
In chemical terms, creatinine is a spontaneously formed cyclic derivative of creatine. Several tautomers of creatinine exist; ordered by contribution, they are:
- 2-Amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-amino-1-methylimidazol-4-ol)
- 2-Amino-1-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-one
- 2-Imino-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-imino-1-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-ol)
- 2-Imino-1-methylimidazolidin-4-one
- 2-Imino-1-methyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-imino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-ol)
Creatinine starts to decompose around 300°C.
See also
- Cystatin C - novel marker of kidney function
- Jaffe_reaction - creatinine assay methodology
References
- ^ a b Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2571
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, E. Howard (1989). Clinical Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 4, 58–62.
- ^ Delanghe J (1989). "Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians" (PDF). Clin. Chem. 35 (8): 1802–3. PMID 2758659. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
As shown, measured serum and erythrocyte creatine content, and estimated muscle creatine content, are lower in vegetarians than in the reference population
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T (2005). "Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment". Diabetes Care. 28 (1): 164–76. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.164. PMID 15616252.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/ucm228974.htm accessioned 2010 October 22
- ^ Harita, N.; Hayashi, T.; Sato, K. K.; Nakamura, Y.; Yoneda, T.; Endo, G.; Kambe, H. (2008). [care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/3/424 "Lower Serum Creatinine is a New Risk Factor of Type 2 Diabetes: the Kansai Healthcare Study"]. Diabetes Care 32: 424. doi:10.2337/dc08-1265
- ^ Faull R (2007). "Prescribing in renal disease". Australian Prescriber. 30 (1): 17–20.