Date palm: Difference between revisions
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There is also archeological evidence of date cultivation in [[Mehrgarh]] around 7000 BCE, a Neolithic civilization in western [[Pakistan]]. Evidence of cultivation is continually found throughout later civilizations in the Indus Valley, including the [[Harappa]]n period 2600 to 1900 BCE. (Kenoyer 2005). |
There is also archeological evidence of date cultivation in [[Mehrgarh]] around 7000 BCE, a Neolithic civilization in western [[Pakistan]]. Evidence of cultivation is continually found throughout later civilizations in the Indus Valley, including the [[Harappa]]n period 2600 to 1900 BCE. (Kenoyer 2005). |
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In later times, traders spread dates around South West [[Asia]], northern [[Africa]], and [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. Dates were introduced into [[Mexico]] and [[California]] by the Spaniards |
In later times, traders spread dates around South West [[Asia]], northern [[Africa]], and [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. Dates were introduced into [[Mexico]] and [[California]] by the Spaniards in 1765, around [[Misión San Ignacio Kadakaamán|Mission San Ignacio]]. |
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A date palm [[cultivar]], known as [[Judean date palm]], is renowned for its long-lived [[orthodox seed]], which successfully sprouted after accidental storage for 2000 years.<ref>{{Cite news|last = Hanson| first = Wendy|title = Date palm seed from Masada is the oldest to germinate|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|pages =|date = 2008-06-13|url = http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/13/science/sci-methuselah13}}</ref> This particular seed was reputed to be the [[oldest viable seed]] until the sprouting of [[silene stenophylla]] seeds more than 30,000 years old, but the upper survival time limit of properly stored seeds remains unknown.<ref>{{cite web|last = Bonner|first = Franklin T.|authorlink =|title = Chapter 4 Storage of Seeds|work = Woody Plant Seed Manual,USDA FS Agriculture Handbook 727| publisher = National Seed Laboratory, 5675 Riggins Mill Rd, Dry Branch, GA 31020|date = April 2008|url = http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/Chapter%204.pdf|format = PDF|doi =|accessdate = 2008-06-21}}</ref> |
A date palm [[cultivar]], known as [[Judean date palm]], is renowned for its long-lived [[orthodox seed]], which successfully sprouted after accidental storage for 2000 years.<ref>{{Cite news|last = Hanson| first = Wendy|title = Date palm seed from Masada is the oldest to germinate|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|pages =|date = 2008-06-13|url = http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/13/science/sci-methuselah13}}</ref> This particular seed was reputed to be the [[oldest viable seed]] until the sprouting of [[silene stenophylla]] seeds more than 30,000 years old, but the upper survival time limit of properly stored seeds remains unknown.<ref>{{cite web|last = Bonner|first = Franklin T.|authorlink =|title = Chapter 4 Storage of Seeds|work = Woody Plant Seed Manual,USDA FS Agriculture Handbook 727| publisher = National Seed Laboratory, 5675 Riggins Mill Rd, Dry Branch, GA 31020|date = April 2008|url = http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/Chapter%204.pdf|format = PDF|doi =|accessdate = 2008-06-21}}</ref> |
Revision as of 10:54, 9 February 2013
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2009) |
Date palm | |
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Dates on date palm | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
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Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | |
Species: | P. dactylifera
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Binomial name | |
Phoenix dactylifera |
Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit. Although its place of origin is unknown because of long cultivation, it probably originated from lands around Iraq.[1] It grows 70–75 feet in height,[2] growing singly or forming a clump with several stems from a single root system. The leaves are 4–6 m long, with spines on the petiole, and pinnate, with about 150 leaflets; the leaflets are 30 cm long and 2 cm wide. The full span of the crown ranges from 6 to 10 m. Dates contain 20–70 calories each, depending on size and species.
Etymology
The species name dactylifera "date-bearing" comes from Ancient Greek dáktulos "date" (also "finger")[3] and the stem of the Latin verb ferō "I bear".[4]
History of dates
Dates have been a staple food of the Middle East and the Indus Valley for thousands of years. They are believed to have originated around Iraq, and have been cultivated since ancient times from Mesopotamia to prehistoric Egypt, possibly as early as 4000 BCE. The Ancient Egyptians used the fruits to make date wine, and ate them at harvest. There is archaeological evidence of date cultivation in eastern Arabia in 6000 BCE. (Alvarez-Mon 2006).
There is also archeological evidence of date cultivation in Mehrgarh around 7000 BCE, a Neolithic civilization in western Pakistan. Evidence of cultivation is continually found throughout later civilizations in the Indus Valley, including the Harappan period 2600 to 1900 BCE. (Kenoyer 2005).
In later times, traders spread dates around South West Asia, northern Africa, and Spain and Italy. Dates were introduced into Mexico and California by the Spaniards in 1765, around Mission San Ignacio.
A date palm cultivar, known as Judean date palm, is renowned for its long-lived orthodox seed, which successfully sprouted after accidental storage for 2000 years.[5] This particular seed was reputed to be the oldest viable seed until the sprouting of silene stenophylla seeds more than 30,000 years old, but the upper survival time limit of properly stored seeds remains unknown.[6]
Dates
The fruit is known as a date.[7] The fruit's English name (through Old French), as well as the Latin species name dactylifera, both come from the Greek word for "finger," dáktulos, because of the fruit's elongated shape. Dates are oval-cylindrical, 3–7 cm long, and 2–3 cm diameter, and when ripe, range from bright red to bright yellow in colour, depending on variety. Dates contain a single stone about 2–2.5 cm long and 6–8 mm thick. Three main cultivar groups of date exist: soft (e.g. 'Barhee', 'Halawy', 'Khadrawy', 'Medjool'), semi-dry (e.g. 'Dayri', 'Deglet Noor', 'Zahdi'), and dry (e.g. 'Thoory'). The type of fruit depends on the glucose, fructose and sucrose content.
The date palm is dioecious, having separate male and female plants. They can be easily grown from seed, but only 50% of seedlings will be female and hence fruit bearing, and dates from seedling plants are often smaller and of poorer quality. Most commercial plantations thus use cuttings of heavily cropping cultivars. Plants grown from cuttings will fruit 2–3 years earlier than seedling plants.
Dates are naturally wind pollinated but in both traditional oasis horticulture and in the modern commercial orchards they are entirely pollinated manually. Natural pollination occurs with about an equal number of male and female plants. However, with assistance, one male can pollinate up to 100 females. Since the males are of value only as pollinators, this allows the growers to use their resources for many more fruit producing female plants. Some growers do not even maintain any male plants as male flowers become available at local markets at pollination time. Manual pollination is done by skilled labourers on ladders. In some areas such as Iraq the pollinator climbs the tree using a special climbing tool that wraps around the tree trunk and the climber's back to keep him attached to the trunk while climbing. Less often the pollen may be blown onto the female flowers by a wind machine.
Parthenocarpic cultivars are available but the seedless fruit is smaller and of lower quality.[citation needed]
Dates ripen in four stages, which are known throughout the world by their Arabic names kimri (unripe), khlal (full-size, crunchy), rutab (ripe, soft), tamar (ripe, sun-dried).
Dates are an important traditional crop in Iraq, Arabia, and north Africa west to Morocco and are mentioned more than 50 times in the Bible. In Islamic culture, dates and yogurt or milk are traditionally the first foods consumed for Iftar after the sun has set during Ramadan. Dates (especially Medjool and Deglet Noor) are also cultivated in America in southern California, Arizona and southern Florida in the United States and in Sonora and Baja California in Mexico.
Date palms can take 4 to 8 years after planting before they will bear fruit, and produce viable yields for commercial harvest between 7 to 10 years. Mature date palms can produce 80–120 kilograms (176–264 lb) of dates per harvest season, although they do not all ripen at the same time so several harvests are required. In order to get fruit of marketable quality, the bunches of dates must be thinned and bagged or covered before ripening so that the remaining fruits grow larger and are protected from weather and pests such as birds.
Cultivars of dates
A large number of date cultivars are grown. The most important are:
- Aabel — common in Libya.
- Ajwah — from the town of Medina in Saudi Arabia, it is the subject of a famous Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad.
- Al-Barakah — from Saudi Arabia.
- Amir Hajj or 'Amer Hajj' — from Iraq, these are soft with a thin skin and thick flesh, sometimes called "the visitor's date" because it is a delicacy served to guests.
- 'Abid Rahim (Arabic: عبد رحيم), from Sudan. In Nigeria it is called Dabino and used by Muslims to break their fast.
- Barakawi (Arabic: بركاوي), from Sudan.
- Barhee or (barhi) (from Arabic barh, a hot wind) — these are nearly spherical, light amber to dark brown when ripe; soft, with thick flesh and rich flavour. One of the few varieties that are good in the khalal stage when they are yellow (like a fresh grape as opposed to dry, like a raisin).
- Bireir (Arabic: برير) — from Sudan.
- Datça Date - Turkey
- Deglet Noor (Arabic: دڤلة النور 'date of light') — so named because the centre appears light or golden when held up to the sun. This is a leading date in Libya, Algeria, the USA, and Tunisia, and in the latter country it is grown in inland oases and is the chief export cultivar. It is semi-dry and not very sweet.
- Derrie or 'Dayri' (the 'Monastery' date) — from southern Iraq — these are long, slender, nearly black, and soft.
- Empress — developed by the DaVall Family in Indio California USA from a seedling of 'Thoory'. It is large, and is softer and sweeter than 'Thoory'. It generally has a light tan top half and brown bottom half.
- Fardh or Fard - common in Oman, deep dark brown, tender skin, sweet flavor, small seed. Keeps well when well packed.
- Ftimi or 'Alligue' — these are grown in inland oases of Tunisia.
- Holwah (Halawi) (Arabic: 'sweet') — these are soft, and extremely sweet, small to medium in size.
- Haleema — in Hoon, Libya (Haleema is a woman's name).
- Hayany — from Egypt (Hayani) (Hayany is a man's name) — these dates are dark-red to nearly black and soft.
- Honey — Unknown
- Iteema — common in Algeria.
- Khajur — common in India / Pakistan.
- Kenta — common in Tunisia.
- Khadrawy (Arabic: 'green') — a cultivar favoured by many Arabs, it is a soft, very dark date.
- Khalasah (Arabic: 'quintessence') — one of the most famous palm cultivars in Saudi Arabia, famous for its sweetness level that is not high nor low, thus, suits most people. Its fruit is called 'Khlas'. Its famous place is 'Huffuf' (Al-Ahsa) and 'Qatif' in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (Al-Sharqheyah).
- Khastawi (Khusatawi, Kustawy) — this is the leading soft date in Iraq; it is syrupy and small in size, prized for dessert.
- Maktoom (Arabic: 'hidden') — this is a large, red-brown, thick-skinned, soft, medium-sweet date.
- Manakbir — a large fruit that ripens early.
- Medjool or (Mejhool) (Arabic: مجهول 'unknown') — from Morocco, also grown in the USA, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the Palestinian territories and Israel; a large, sweet and succulent date.
- Migraf (Mejraf) — very popular in Southern Yemen, these are large, golden-amber dates.
- Mgmaget Ayuob — from Hoon, Libya.
- Mishriq (Arabic: 'East' — مشرق) — from Sudan and Saudi Arabia.
- Mozafati — from Iran, where it is mainly grown in Kerman province, and often named "Bam (Mozafati) dates", after a city in that province. It is a dark, soft and sweet date of medium size. It is exceptionally well-suited for fresh consumption, because of its long shelf life. At a temperature of −5 degrees Celsius (23 °F) it can be kept for up to 2 years. It accounts for 10% of total Iranian date crop. (100,000 tons[vague], of which 30% is exported).
- Nabtat-seyf — in Saudi Arabia.
- Rotab — from Iran, they are dark and soft.
- Sag‘ai — from Saudi Arabia.
- Saidy (Saidi) — soft, very sweet, these are popular in Libya.
- Sayer (Sayir) (Arabic: 'common') — these dates are dark orange-brown, of medium size, soft and syrupy.
- Sekkeri — (lit. sugary) (Arabic: سكري) Dark brown skin; distinctly sweet and soft flesh, from Saudi Arabia, it is the most expensive kind.
- Sellaj — (Arabic: سلّج)in Saudi Arabia.
- Tagyat — common in Libya.
- Tamej — in Libya.
- Thoory (Thuri) — popular in Algeria, this dry date is brown-red when cured with a bluish bloom and very wrinkled skin. Its flesh is sometimes hard and brittle but the flavour described as sweet and nutty.
- Umeljwary — in Libya.
- Umelkhashab — Brilliant red skin; bittersweet, hard white flesh (Saudi Arabia).
- Zahidi (Arabic: '[Of the] ascetic') — these medium size, cylindrical, light golden-brown semi-dry dates are very sugary, and sold as soft, medium-hard and hard.
- Zaghloul (Arabic: زغلول) -Dark red skin, long, and very crunchy when served fresh (as they invariably are), their sugar content is so high that it desiccates the mouth. The variety is essentially exclusive to Egypt, where it is subject to an element of nationalist sentiment (Saad Zaghloul being a major Egyptian national hero).
The Gaza Strip, especially Deir al-Balah, "Village of Dates", is known for its exceptionally sweet red dates. There are more than 100 known cultivars in Iraq.[clarification needed] It should be noted, however, that a cultivar can have several names depending on the locality.
Production
Top Twenty Dates Producers — 2009 (1000 metric tonnes) | |
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Saudi Arabia | 1,350.00 |
Iran | 1,088.04 |
Egypt | 1,052.40 |
United Arab Emirates | 759.00 |
Pakistan | 735.28 |
Algeria | 600.70 |
Iraq | 507.00 |
Sudan | 339.30 |
Oman | 278.59 |
Libya | 160.10 |
Tunisia | 145.00 |
China | 140.00 |
Morocco | 72.00 |
Yemen | 56.76 |
Niger | 37.79 |
Turkey | 25.28 |
Israel | 22.19 |
Qatar | 21.60 |
Mauritania | 20.00 |
Chad | 18.78 |
World Total | (more than) 7462.51 |
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[8] |
Food uses
Nutritional value per 100 grams | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | 1,178 kJ (282 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
75.03 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sugars | 63.35 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dietary fiber | 8 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.39 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.45 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Water | 20.53 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[10] |
Dry or soft dates are eaten out-of-hand, or may be pitted and stuffed with fillings such as almonds, walnuts, candied orange and lemon peel, tahini, marzipan or cream cheese. Pitted dates are also referred to as stoned dates. Partially dried pitted dates may be glazed with glucose syrup for use as a snack food. Dates can also be chopped and used in a range of sweet and savory dishes, from tajines (tagines) in Morocco to puddings, ka'ak (types of Arab cookies) and other dessert items. Date nut bread, a type of cake, is very popular in the United States, especially around holidays. Dates are also processed into cubes, paste called "'ajwa", spread, date syrup or "honey" called "dibs" or "rub" in Libya, powder (date sugar), vinegar or alcohol. Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East.[11][12] Recent innovations include chocolate-covered dates and products such as sparkling date juice, used in some Islamic countries as a non-alcoholic version of champagne, for special occasions and religious times such as Ramadan.
Dates can also be dehydrated, ground and mixed with grain to form a nutritious stockfeed. Dried dates are fed to camels, horses and dogs in the Sahara. In northern Nigeria, dates and peppers added to the native beer are believed to make it less intoxicating.
Young date leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, as is the terminal bud or heart, though its removal kills the palm. The finely ground seeds are mixed with flour to make bread in times of scarcity. The flowers of the date palm are also edible. Traditionally the female flowers are the most available for sale and weigh 300–400 grams. The flower buds are used in salad or ground with dried fish to make a condiment for bread.
Dates provide a wide range of essential nutrients, and are a very good source of dietary potassium. The sugar content of ripe dates is about 80%; the remainder consists of protein, fiber, and trace elements including boron, cobalt, copper, fluorine, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc.[13] The glycemic index for three different varieties of dates are 35.5 (khalas), 49.7 (barhi) and 30.5 (bo ma'an).[14]
In India and Pakistan, North Africa, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire, date palms are tapped for the sweet sap, which is converted into palm sugar (known as jaggery or gur), molasses or alcoholic beverages. In North Africa the sap obtained from tapping palm trees is known as lāgbī. If left for a sufficient period of time (typically hours, depending on the temperature) lāgbī easily becomes an alcoholic drink.[citation needed] Special skill is required when tapping the palm tree so that it does not die.
In Southeast Spain (where a large date plantation exists including UNESCO protected Palmeral of Elche) dates (usually pitted with fried almond) are served wrapped in bacon and shallow fried.
It is also used to make Jallab.
Cultural reference
Represents the provincial tree of Balochistan (Pakistan) (unofficial).
Other uses of the plant
In large parts of Northern India the local species of wild date palm, Phoenix sylvestris, is tapped for palm wine, while in Pakistan and other regional countries in the region it is now mostly tapped for jaggery and palm syrup production. Wild date palms are also tapped in large parts of Africa for palm wine. the process of palm tapping involves the cutting of the unopened flower stalk and then fastening a bottle gourd, clay or plastic vessel on to it. The palm sap then collects in the vessel and is harvested in the early morning hours. If a few drops of lime juice are added to the palm sap, fermentation can be stopped and the sap can then be boiled into palm syrup, palm sugar and jaggery.
Date seeds are soaked and ground up for animal feed. Their oil is suitable for use in soap and cosmetics. They can also be processed chemically as a source of oxalic acid. The seeds are also burned to make charcoal for silversmiths, and can be strung in necklaces. Date seeds are also ground and used in the manner of coffee beans, or as an additive to coffee.
Stripped fruit clusters are used as brooms. In Pakistan, a viscous, thick syrup made from the ripe fruits is used as a coating for leather bags and pipes to prevent leaking.
Date palm sap is used to make palm syrup and numerous edible products derived from the syrup.
Date palm leaves are used for Palm Sunday in the Christian religion. In North Africa, they are commonly used for making huts. Mature leaves are also made into mats, screens, baskets and fans. Processed leaves can be used for insulating board. Dried leaf petioles are a source of cellulose pulp, used for walking sticks, brooms, fishing floats and fuel. Leaf sheaths are prized for their scent, and fibre from them is also used for rope, coarse cloth, and large hats. The leaves are also used as a lulav in the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.
Date palm wood is used for posts and rafters for huts; it is lighter than coconut and not very durable. It is also used for construction such as bridges and aqueducts, and parts of dhows. Leftover wood is burnt for fuel.
Where craft traditions still thrive, such as in Oman, the palm tree is the most versatile of all indigenous plants, and virtually every part of the tree is utilized to make functional items ranging from rope and baskets to beehives, fishing boats, and traditional dwellings.[citation needed]
When Muslims break fast in the evening meal of Ramadan, it is traditional to eat a date first.
Dates have a high tannin content and are used in traditional medicine as a detersive (having cleansing power) and astringent in intestinal troubles.[citation needed] The seed powder is also used in some traditional medicines.[citation needed]
Diseases
Date Palms are susceptible to a disease called Bayoud disease, which is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. This disease, which kills many of the popular older cultivars like Deglet Noor, has led to a major decline in production where it is present, notably Morocco and western Algeria. However, new cultivars resistant to the disease are being developed.
Date palm genome
In 2009, a team of researchers at the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar published a draft version of the date palm genome (Khalas variety).[15][16]
Types of date
Several types of dates can be found in Arabia, some of them are listed here.
English | Arabic | English | Arabic | English | Arabic | English | Arabic |
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Afandi | أفندي | Jebaily | جبيلي | Maktoomi | مكتومي | Sawaida | سويدا |
Ajwah | عجوة | Kaekah | كعيكه | Menaify | منيفي | Shael | شهل |
Anbarah | عنبرة | Khalas | خلاص | Meskany | مسكاني | Shalaby | شلابي |
Baidh | بيض | Khoudry | خضري | Mushkouh | مشوكة | Shoukry | شقري |
Barny | برني | Khuzab | خصاب | Rabiyah | ربيعة | Sofry | صفري |
Berhi | برحي | Lounah | لونة | Rasoudiah | رشوديه | Sukkary | سكري |
Gharr | غر | Lubanah | لبانة | Safawy | صفاوي | Suqaey | صقعي |
Helwah | حلوة | Mabroom | مبروم | Sahishy | شيشي | Wananah | ونانة |
Helya | حلية | Madjoul | مجدول | Sariyah | سارية | Zaewy | ذاوي |
Gallery
-
Ammari
-
Angou
-
Arichti
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Bejjou
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Bisr Helou
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Gounda
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Gousbi
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Branch of Hamraya dates
-
Hissa
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Hissa
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Kenta
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Kentichi
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Lagou
-
Touzerzayet from Tunisia
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Trounja
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Date palm with fruits at the Abdul Aziz Date Farm in Medina.
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Ripe and dry dates fruit bunches at the Khurram Abdullah Bajwa Date Farm in Medina.
See also
- Cretan Date Palm
- Date and walnut loaf
- Date cultivation in Dar al-Manasir
- Grocer's itch
- Jaggery
- Judean date palm
- Jujube
- List of fruits
- Orthodox seed
References
- ^ Morton, J. 1987. Date. p. 5–11. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton. Miami, FL. — Purdue University. Center for New Crops and Plants Products.
- ^ http://www.buzzle.com/articles/arabian-desert-plants.html
- ^ δάκτυλος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ fĕro. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ Hanson, Wendy (2008-06-13). "Date palm seed from Masada is the oldest to germinate". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Bonner, Franklin T. (April 2008). "Chapter 4 Storage of Seeds" (PDF). Woody Plant Seed Manual,USDA FS Agriculture Handbook 727. National Seed Laboratory, 5675 Riggins Mill Rd, Dry Branch, GA 31020. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ "Date Palm." 15 October 2008. HowStuffWorks.com.
- ^ "Food and Agricultural commodities production". FAOSTAT. 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Das, Bhagwan; Sarin, J. L. (1936). "Vinegar from Dates". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 28 (7): 814. doi:10.1021/ie50319a016.
- ^ Forbes, Robert James (1971). "Studies in Ancient Technology".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Walid Al-Shahib, Richard J. Marshall (2003). "The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future?". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 54 (4): 247–259.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12070575, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 12070575
instead. - ^ Date Palm Genome Drafted Science Daily, January 14, 2010, Retrieved August 30, 2010
- ^ Date Palm Draft Sequence Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, updated April 7, 2010, Retrieved August 30, 2010
External links
- INC, International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation
- Date Palm Cultivation (Food and Agriculture Organization)
- Date Palm Products (Additional information from the FAO)
- Date Palm entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Articles needing cleanup from May 2009
- Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from May 2009
- Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2009
- Phoenix (plant)
- Trees of Africa
- Flora of North Africa
- Flora of the Sahara
- Trees of the Middle East
- Flora of Western Asia
- Flora of Egypt
- Flora of Libya
- Flora of Pakistan
- Flora of the United Arab Emirates
- Tropical agriculture
- Plants and pollinators
- Medicinal plants
- Garden plants of Africa
- Garden plants of Asia
- Ornamental trees
- Drought-tolerant trees
- Desert fruit
- Tropical fruit