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Outer Manchuria is in light red on this map. Some also consider the island of Sakhalin to be part of Outer Manchuria.

Outer Manchuria (formerly known as Priamurye Приаму́рье in Russia),^[1] is the an unofficial term for the territory claimed by Qing Empire and Russia. Russia officially received this territory by the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860. ( See Amur Annexation ). The northern part of the area was also in dispute between 1643 and 1689 (see Russian–Manchu border conflicts). The area comprises the present-day Russian areas of Primorsky Krai, southern Khabarovsk Krai, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and Amur Oblast. Another Chinese claim also adds the island of Sakhalin.

According to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, the Sino-Russian border was the Stanovoy Mountains and the Argun River, establishing Outer Manchuria as a part of Qing Dynasty China. After losing the Opium War, a series of treaties were forced upon the Qing Dynasty gave away land and ports to the European powers, these were known as the Unequal Treaties. Starting with the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860, the Sino-Russian border was realigned on the Amur and Ussuri rivers, in Russia's favour. As a result, China lost Outer Manchuria, as well as access to the Sea of Japan.

Name

The term "Outer Manchuria" and its counterpart "Inner Manchuria", by analogy of Outer and Inner Mongolia, was invented to prove Chinese claims to Russian territory and never used in scientific literature. Commonly accepted terms are "Northern Manchuria" and "Soutehrn Manchuria", respectively. The critics of this analogy, however, suggest though Mongols under the Qing Empire were a recognized ethnic group, 'Manchus' were an ethnic group constructed by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, mainly for the purposes of military conquest in China;^{[citation needed]} according to this view, there were no Manchus north of the Nen River and the Songhua River, so that region cannot properly be called "Outer Manchuria" and the term from this perspective is considered to be a neologism.

Place names

Today there still exist certain reminders of the ancient Manchu domination in English-language toponyms: for example the Sikhote-Alin, the great coastal range; the Khanka Lake; Amur and Ussuri Rivers; Yam Alin; Miao-Shan Alin; Il-Kuri Alin^{[clarification needed]}; the Greater Khingan, Lesser Khingan and others small ranges and the Shantar coastal archipelago. Note that Evenks, speaking a closely related language, comprise a significant part of indigenous population. These areas never belonged to China, and the Chinese claims to them originated only after the proclamation of the Republic of China.

History

Northeast of the Qing Empire on a French map from 1734

Different ancient nations lived in this area. The original inhabitants apparently were the Mohe and other Tungus tribes. Other entities occupying parts of this area include the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo and Balhae, whose territories extended from the northern Korean peninsula to the southern and central parts of inner and outer Manchuria.

According to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, the Manchu-Russian border was the Argun River and the Stanovoy Mountains until the Pacific coast. This latter was defined differently in the three versions of the Treaty, viz. Latin, Russian and Manchu. The eastern end of the boundary was generally held to be the Uda river, so leaving Outer Manchuria to China. However, Outer Manchuria was ceded by the Qing Dynasty to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860. A small region to the north of the Amur known as the Sixty-Four Villages, east of the Heilongjiang river, was kept by the Qing Empire according to the Treaty of Aigun, but invaded and annexed by Russia in 1900.

Outer Manchuria formed part of the Far Eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945. During the Chinese Civil War Chinese communist forces began the war with large amounts of Inner Manchuria already in their hands; in 1949 the victorious communists established the People's Republic of China.

In 2004, Russia agreed to transfer Yinlong Island as well as one half of Heixiazi Island (zh:黑瞎子岛) to China, ending a long-standing border dispute between Russia and China. Both islands are found at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, and were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders, but it has also sparked different degrees of discontents on both sides. Russians, especially Cossack farmers of Khabarovsk who would lose their plowlands on the islands, were unhappy about the apparent loss of territory. The transfer has been ratified by both the Chinese National People's Congress and the Russian State Duma. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site 14 October 2008.

Disputes

Outer Manchuria is regarded by some Manchu, and for that matter Han Chinese, as territory that was unfairly taken away.^{[citation needed]} However, outstanding boundary issues between China and Russia have been officially settled. Article 6 of the 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship provides that the contracting parties, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation, have no territorial claims.

As the Republic of China now based in Taiwan has never recognized the People's Republic of China or its border treaties with other countries, some Chinese maps published in Taiwan still consider the entire Heixiazi Island and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River to be Chinese territories, although these maps do show Outer Manchuria, sometimes called "lost territories in the Northeast (China)" (東北失地), to be Russian territory.

Notes

^ Now Priamurye usually refers to a narrower region of Amur Oblast and parts of Khabarovsk Krai

External links

1903 illustrated article - Russia in Manchuria

[1] Now Priamurye usually refers to a narrower region of Amur Oblast and parts of Khabarovsk Krai

[1]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 {{ChineseText}}
-'''Outer Manchuria''' (formerly known as ''Priamurye'' Приаму́рье in Russia),<ref>Now ''Priamurye'' usually refers to a narrower region of Amur Oblast and parts of Khabarovsk Krai</ref> is the territory ceded by [[Qing Empire]] to [[Russia]] in the [[Treaty of Aigun]] in 1858 and the [[Treaty of Peking]] in 1860. ( See [[Amur Annexation]] ). The northern part of the area was also in dispute between 1643 and 1689 (see [[Russian–Manchu border conflicts]]). The area comprises the present-day Russian areas of [[Primorsky Krai]], southern [[Khabarovsk Krai]], the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] and [[Amur Oblast]]. Another interpretation also adds the island of [[Sakhalin]].
+'''Outer Manchuria''' (formerly known as ''Priamurye'' Приаму́рье in Russia),<ref>Now ''Priamurye'' usually refers to a narrower region of Amur Oblast and parts of Khabarovsk Krai</ref> is the an unofficial term for the territory claimed by [[Qing Empire]] and [[Russia]]. Russia officially received this territory by the [[Treaty of Aigun]] in 1858 and the [[Treaty of Peking]] in 1860. ( See [[Amur Annexation]] ). The northern part of the area was also in dispute between 1643 and 1689 (see [[Russian–Manchu border conflicts]]). The area comprises the present-day Russian areas of [[Primorsky Krai]], southern [[Khabarovsk Krai]], the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] and [[Amur Oblast]]. Another Chinese claim also adds the island of [[Sakhalin]].
 According to the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] in 1689, the Sino-Russian border was the [[Stanovoy Mountains]] and the [[Argun River (Asia)|Argun River]], establishing Outer Manchuria as a part of [[Qing Dynasty]] China.
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ==Name==
-The term "Outer Manchuria" and its counterpart "Inner Manchuria" were coined by analogy with Outer and Inner [[Mongolia]], and also refers to the parts under Chinese jurisdiction as the "inner" part, and those parts not under Chinese jurisdiction as the "outer" part. The very few critics of this analogy, however, suggest though Mongols under the [[Qing]] Court were a recognized ethnic group, 'Manchus' were an ethnic group constructed by [[Nurhaci]] in the early 17th century, mainly for the purposes of military conquest in China;{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} according to this view, there were no Manchus north of the [[Nen River]] and the [[Songhua River]], so that region cannot properly be called "Outer Manchuria" and the term from this perspective is considered to be a [[neologism]]. This perspective, however, has no major support anywhere outside of Russia, and even there it is generally considered to be only ultra-nationalistic grandstanding with no factual basis or scholarly merit, conjured up primarily for the purposes of propaganda, justification of unequal treaties and past national wrongs,  obfuscation of historical facts, and the obstruction of justice sought thereof.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
+The term "Outer Manchuria" and its counterpart "Inner Manchuria", by analogy of Outer and Inner Mongolia, was invented to prove Chinese claims to Russian territory and never used in scientific literature. Commonly accepted terms are "Northern Manchuria" and "Soutehrn Manchuria", respectively. The critics of this analogy, however, suggest though Mongols under the [[Qing]] Empire were a recognized ethnic group, 'Manchus' were an ethnic group constructed by [[Nurhaci]] in the early 17th century, mainly for the purposes of military conquest in China;{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} according to this view, there were no Manchus north of the [[Nen River]] and the [[Songhua River]], so that region cannot properly be called "Outer Manchuria" and the term from this perspective is considered to be a [[neologism]].
 ==Place names==
-Today there still exist certain reminders of the ancient [[Manchu]] domination in English-language [[toponym]]s: for example the [[Sikhote-Alin]], the great coastal range; the [[Khanka]] Lake; [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri]] Rivers; [[Yam Alin]]; [[Miao-Shan Alin]]; [[Il-Kuri Alin]]{{Clarify|date=January 2012}}; the [[Greater Khingan]], [[Lesser Khingan]] and others small ranges and the [[Shantar]] coastal [[archipelago]]. Note that [[Evenks]], speaking [[Tungusic languages|a closely related language]], comprise a significant part of indigenous population.
+Today there still exist certain reminders of the ancient [[Manchu]] domination in English-language [[toponym]]s: for example the [[Sikhote-Alin]], the great coastal range; the [[Khanka]] Lake; [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri]] Rivers; [[Yam Alin]]; [[Miao-Shan Alin]]; [[Il-Kuri Alin]]{{Clarify|date=January 2012}}; the [[Greater Khingan]], [[Lesser Khingan]] and others small ranges and the [[Shantar]] coastal [[archipelago]]. Note that [[Evenks]], speaking [[Tungusic languages|a closely related language]], comprise a significant part of indigenous population. These areas never belonged to China, and the Chinese claims to them originated only after the proclamation of the Republic of China.
 ==History==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 Different ancient nations lived in this area. The original inhabitants apparently were the [[Mohe people|Mohe]] and other [[Tungusic people|Tungus]] tribes. Other entities occupying parts of this area include the ancient Korean kingdoms of [[Goguryeo]] and [[Balhae]], whose territories extended from the northern Korean peninsula to the southern and central parts of inner and outer Manchuria.
-According to the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] in 1689, the Sino-Russian border was the [[Argun River, Asia|Argun River]] and the [[Stanovoy Mountains]] until the [[Pacific]] coast. This latter was defined differently in the three versions of the Treaty, ''viz.'' [[Latin]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Manchu]]. The eastern end of the boundary was generally held to be the [[Uda River (Khabarovsk Krai)|Uda]] river, so leaving Outer Manchuria to [[China]]. However, Outer Manchuria was ceded by the [[Qing Dynasty]] to [[Russia]] in the [[Treaty of Aigun]] of 1858 and the [[Treaty of Peking]] of 1860. A small region to the north of the Amur known as the [[Sixty-Four Villages East of the River|Sixty-Four Villages, east of the Heilongjiang river]], was kept by China according to the [[Treaty of Aigun]], but invaded and annexed by [[Russia]] in 1900. From 1860 to 1917 Outer Manchuria was part of the [[Russian Empire]]. After the [[October Revolution]] of 1917 the [[Japan]]ese and a group of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]s (see [[Green Ukraine]]) tried to gain control of this region, but in 1920, the [[Far East Republic]] was established which became a buffer republic between Russia and Japan, before it was absorbed into the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] two years later.
+According to the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] in 1689, the Manchu-Russian border was the [[Argun River, Asia|Argun River]] and the [[Stanovoy Mountains]] until the [[Pacific]] coast. This latter was defined differently in the three versions of the Treaty, ''viz.'' [[Latin]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Manchu]]. The eastern end of the boundary was generally held to be the [[Uda River (Khabarovsk Krai)|Uda]] river, so leaving Outer Manchuria to [[China]]. However, Outer Manchuria was ceded by the [[Qing Dynasty]] to [[Russia]] in the [[Treaty of Aigun]] of 1858 and the [[Treaty of Peking]] of 1860. A small region to the north of the Amur known as the [[Sixty-Four Villages East of the River|Sixty-Four Villages, east of the Heilongjiang river]], was kept by the Qing Empire according to the [[Treaty of Aigun]], but invaded and annexed by [[Russia]] in 1900.
 <!-- During the 1930s and [[World War II]], the [[Japanese Imperial Army]], [[Kwantung Army]] and other members of the [[Strike North Group]] (Japanese supporters of conquest of lands in Siberia) outlined the [[Japanese strategic planning for mainland Asia (1905-1940)|"Ohtsu" or "B" Operation]], a plan to invade the [[Soviet Far East]]. The plan implied the occupation of [[Khabarovsk]] and the [[Primorsky Krai]], the [[Okhotsk Sea]] coast, [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], [[Ulan Ude]] (East Baikal area), and [[Outer Mongolia]]. The concept was of occupation, or a defensive buffer against the USSR.
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 Outer Manchuria formed part of the Far Eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for [[Operation August Storm|the Soviet assault]] on [[Manchukuo|Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria]] in 1945. During the [[Chinese Civil War]] Chinese communist forces began the war with large amounts of Inner Manchuria already in their hands; in 1949 the victorious communists established the [[People's Republic of China]].
-In 1959 tension arose between [[China|Chinese]] Inner Manchuria and Russian Outer Manchuria over the interpretation of the treaties of [[Treaty of Aigun|Aigun]] and [[Treaty of Peking|Peking]]. This was as much an attempt to undo European [[colonialism]] as an ideological split between [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. In 1969, tensions led to considerable loss of human lives in an open military conflict for control of the [[Damansky Island]].
 In 2004, Russia agreed to transfer [[Yinlong Island]] as well as one half of [[Heixiazi Island]] ([[:zh:黑瞎子岛]]) to China, ending a long-standing border dispute between Russia and China. Both islands are found at the confluence of the Amur and [[Ussuri]] Rivers, and were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders, but it has also sparked different degrees of discontents on both sides. Russians, especially [[Cossack]] farmers of [[Khabarovsk]] who would lose their plowlands on the islands, were unhappy about the apparent loss of territory. The transfer has been ratified by both the Chinese [[National People's Congress]] and the Russian [[State Duma]]. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site 14 October 2008.
@@ Line 41: / Line 39: @@
 ==Disputes==
-Outer Manchuria is regarded by some [[Manchus|Manchu]], and for that matter [[Han Chinese]], as territory that was unfairly taken away.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} However, outstanding boundary issues between [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[Russia]] have been officially settled and relations are cordial. Article 6 of the [[2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship]] provides that the contracting parties, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation, have no territorial claims.
+Outer Manchuria is regarded by some [[Manchus|Manchu]], and for that matter [[Han Chinese]], as territory that was unfairly taken away.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} However, outstanding boundary issues between [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[Russia]] have been officially settled. Article 6 of the [[2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship]] provides that the contracting parties, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation, have no territorial claims.
 As the [[Republic of China]] now based in [[Taiwan]] has never recognized the [[People's Republic of China]] or its border treaties with other countries, some Chinese maps published in Taiwan still consider the entire Heixiazi Island and the [[Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River]] to be Chinese territories, although these maps do show Outer Manchuria, sometimes called "lost territories in the Northeast (China)" ({{lang|zh|東北失地}}), to be Russian territory.