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Revision as of 21:59, 16 August 2013

Nelson City
Whakatū
Unitary authority
A view of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand"
A view of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand"
Flag of Nelson City
Flag
Nickname(s): 
Top of the South, Sunny Nelson
Motto: 
Palmam qui meruit ferat
Country New Zealand
Unitary authorityNelson City
Settled by Europeans1841
Founded byArthur Wakefield
Named forHoratio Nelson
ElectoratesNelson
Government
 • MayorAldo Miccio
 • Deputy MayorAli Boswijk
Area
 from Rai Saddle to Stoke
 • Territorial445 km2 (172 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2018)[1]
 • Territorial52,400
 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)
 • Urban
67,500
DemonymNelsonian
Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)
Postcode
7010, 7011, 7020
Area code03
Websitenelsoncitycouncil.co.nz
Southern suburbs of Nelson (right) and the nearby town of Richmond (left) seen from the air.

Nelson is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay, and is the economic and cultural centre of the Nelson region. Established in 1841, it is the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand and the oldest in the South Island and was proclaimed a city by royal charter in 1858.

Nelson was named in honour of the Admiral Horatio Nelson who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle and Trafalgar Street is the main shopping axis of the city. Inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians.

Nelson city is bordered to the west and south-west by the Tasman District Council and the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District Council. The city does not include Richmond, the region’s second-largest settlement. The town of Richmond has close on 14,000 residents while the Nelson City has a population of around 42,888 ranking it as New Zealand’s 9th most populous city and the geographical centre of New Zealand.

Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene, Each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum, World of Wearable Art now showcases winning designs alongside a collection of classic cars.

Nelson's Māori name, Whakatū,[2] means 'build', 'raise', or 'establish'. Nelson is one of the few New Zealand cities to have its own flag.

History

Early settlement

Settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori.[3] There is evidence the earliest settlements in New Zealand are around the Nelson-Marlborough regions. The earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are the Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Tumatakokiri, Ngāti Apa and Rangitane tribes.

Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population and quickly displaced them.

New Zealand Company

Planning

Diocese of Nelson Christ Church Cathedral on Church Hill, central Nelson.

The New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy cheaply from the Māori some 200,000 acres (810 km2) which they planned to divide into one thousand lots and sell (at a considerable profit) to intending settlers. The Company earmarked future profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers and their families, and for the construction of public works. However by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold. Despite this the Colony pushed ahead.

Three ships sailed from London under the command of Captain Arthur Wakefield. Arriving in New Zealand, they discovered that the new Governor of the colony, William Hobson, would not give them a free hand to secure vast areas of land from the Māori or indeed to decide where to site the colony. However, after some delay, Hobson allowed the Company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the site now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. But it had a major drawback: it lacked suitable arable land; Nelson City stands right on the edge of a mountain range while the nearby Waimea Plains amount to only about 60,000 acres (240 km2), less than one third of the area required by the Company plans.

The Company secured a vague and undetermined area from the Māori for £800 that included Nelson, Waimea, Motueka, Riwaka and Whakapuaka. This allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841. When the four first immigrant ships – Fifeshire, Mary-Ann, Lord Auckland and Lloyds – arrived three months later, they found the town already laid out with streets, some wooden houses, tents and rough sheds. Within 18 months the Company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men, 872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners.

Notably, the early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau (Upper Moutere) and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with a small number of Bavarian Catholics.

Problems with land

After a brief initial period of prosperity, the lack of land and of capital caught up with the settlement and it entered a prolonged period of relative depression. The labourers had to accept a cut in their wages. Organised immigration ceased (a state of affairs that continued until the 1850s). By the end of 1843, artisans and labourers began leaving Nelson; by 1846, some 25% of the immigrants had moved away.

The pressure to find more arable land became intense. To the south-east of Nelson lay the wide and fertile plains of the Wairau Valley. The New Zealand Company tried to claim that they had purchased the land. The Māori owners stated adamantly that the Wairau Valley had not formed part of the original land sale and made it clear they would resist any attempts by the settlers to occupy the area. The Nelson settlers led by Arthur Wakefield and Henry Thompson attempted to do just that. This resulted in the Wairau Affray, where 22 settlers died. The subsequent Government enquiry exonerated the Māori and found that the Nelson settlers had no legitimate claim to any land outside Tasman Bay. Public fears of a Māori attack on Nelson lead to the formation of the Nelson Battalion of Militia in 1845.

City

Church Steps (sometimes called the Cawthron Steps) from Trafalgar Street up to the 60's bell tower of Nelson's Christ Church Cathedral

Nelson township was managed by the Nelson Provincial Council through a Board of Works constituted by the Provincial Government under the Nelson Improvement Act 1856 until 1874. It was proclaimed a Bishop's See and city under letters patent by Queen Victoria on 27 September 1858,[4] the second New Zealand city proclaimed in this manner after Christchurch. Edmund Hobhouse[5] was the first Bishop. The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 stated that Nelson was constituted a city on 30 March 1874.

Coat of Arms

Nelson City has a Coat of Arms. The Coat of Arms were obtained in 1958 from the Royal College of Heralds to mark the Centenary of Nelson as a City. The Blazon of the Arms is; "Barry wavy Argent and Azure a Cross Flory Sable on a Chief also Azure a Mitre proper And for the Crest on a Wreath of the Colours Issuant from a Mural Crown proper a Lion rampant Gules holding between the fore paws a Sun in splendour or. The supporters On the dexter side a Huia Bird and on the sinister side a Kotuku both proper."

Motto "Palmam qui meruit ferat"

Translation of the blazon. The shield is the first thing described. "Barry wavy" means there is an equal number of horizontal bars each of which is in a wave shape. "Argent" means silver and "Azure" means blue which gives the colours of the bars. On these is placed cross. If the cross is not further described then the arms are of equal length. "Flory" means that each arm terminates in a fleur-de-lis. "Sable" means black and this is the colour of the cross. A "Chief" is a broad stripe at the top of the shield and this is coloured blue ("azure".) On the chief is a bishop’s mitre and "proper" means that the mitre is shown in its natural colours. The crest is the part above the shield. The "wreath of the colours" is the twisted material on which the crown sits and the colours are those of the shield; that is, silver and blue. The "Mural Crown" which is a crown made from masonry or bricks and represents city walls or towers sits on the wreath. Again "proper" means the crown is in natural colour. This crown is often found on city coats of arms. Standing on the crown is a "lion rampant" which is a heraldic lion standing erect and his colour is red ("gules"). In his front paws he is holding the sun and "in splendour" just means the sun has rays depicted. The colour of the Sun is (naturally) gold ("Or"). The helmet and mantling shown above the shield is not normally part of the blazon and is left to the artist to depict. The same is true for what the supporters stand on.

The Supporters. These are the creatures on either side of the shield. The dexter side is the right side from the shield carrier’s point of view but the left side for a viewer and this side has a Huia bird. On the other side is a Kotuku or New Zealand White Heron bird. Again "proper" means both these birds are shown in their natural colours.

The motto which was Lord Nelson's motto may be translated "Let him, who has earned it, bear the palm". It is also the motto of the Royal Naval College.

Nelson Province

From 1853 until 1876, when provincial governments were abolished, Nelson was the capital of Nelson Province. The provincial anniversary date for Nelson Province is 1 February and a public holiday is celebrated on the nearest Monday.[6]

Geography

The Nelson region comprises two unitary authorities - Nelson City, administered by the Nelson City Council, and Tasman District, administered by the Tasman District Council, based in Richmond 15 kilometres to the southwest. It is between Marlborough, another unitary authority, to the east, and the West Coast Regional Council to the west.

For some while,[when?] there has been talk about amalgamating the two authorities in order to streamline and render more financially economical the existing co-operation between the two councils,[7][8][9] exemplified by similar action in the creation of Nelson Tasman Tourism,a jointly owned tourism promotion organisation.[10]

Nelson has beaches and a sheltered harbour. The harbour entrance is protected by a Boulder Bank, a natural, 13 km bank of rocks transported south from Mackay Bluff via longshore drift. The bank creates a perfect natural harbour which enticed the first settlers although the entrance was narrow. The wreck of the Fifeshire on Arrow Rock (now called Fifeshire Rock in memory of this disaster) in 1842 proved the difficulty of the passage.[11] A cut was later made in the bank in 1906 which allowed larger vessels access to the port.

The creation of Rocks Road around the waterfront area after the Tahunanui slump[12] in 1892 increased the effects of the tide on Nelson city's beach, Tahunanui, and removed sediment. This meant the popular beach and adjoining car park were being eroded (plus the sand dunes) so a project to replace these sands was put in place[13] and has so far proved a success, with the sand rising a considerable amount and the dunes continuing to grow.

Central Business District

Nelson i-SITE at Millers Acre Centre

The Central Business District (CBD) of Nelson is bounded by Halifax Street to the north, Rutherford Street to the west, Collingwood Street to the east, and Selwyn Place to the south.[14] Other major streets within the CBD include Trafalgar Street, Bridge Street and Hardy Street.

Suburbs

The town of Richmond (population over 14,000) has become attached to Nelson's southern suburbs and is now considered an outlying suburb of Nelson City.

National parks

Nelson is surrounded by mountains on three sides with Tasman Bay on the other and the region is the gateway to Abel Tasman National Park, Kahurangi National Park, Lakes Rotoiti and Rotoroa in the Nelson Lakes National Park. It is a centre for both ecotourism and adventure tourism and has a high reputation among caving enthusiasts due to several prominent cave systems around Takaka Hill and Mounts Owen and Arthur, which hold the largest and deepest explored caverns in the southern hemisphere.

Climate

Nelson has a temperate oceanic climate, with coolish (but not cold) winters and cool summers. Nelson has rainfall throughout the year (there is no dry season) and has fewer frosts due to the highly marine geography of New Zealand. Winter is the stormiest time, when gales and storms are more common. Nelson has one of the best climates of all major New Zealand centres,[15] earning the nickname 'Sunny Nelson' with an annual average total of over 2400 hours of sunshine.[16] The highest recorded temperature in Nelson is 36.3 °C (97 °F), the lowest −6.6 °C (20 °F).

Climate data for Nelson
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.4
(63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13
(55) 		12.9
(55.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.8
(46.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 72
(2.8) 		57
(2.2) 		78
(3.1) 		86
(3.4) 		77
(3.0) 		85
(3.3) 		86
(3.4) 		90
(3.5) 		73
(2.9) 		92
(3.6) 		82
(3.2) 		75
(3.0) 		970
(38.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 9 8 10 10 11 10 12 13 13 13 12 12 133
Mean monthly sunshine hours 254 242 196 189 156 150 155 166 188 223 236 250 2,405
Source: NIWA Climate Data[17]
Climate data for Nelson (2000-2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9) 		23.5
(74.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.2
(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		5.9
(42.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.0
(48.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.6
(2.03) 		36.3
(1.43) 		41.7
(1.64) 		54.4
(2.14) 		130.0
(5.12) 		125.6
(4.94) 		50.7
(2.00) 		90.0
(3.54) 		98.1
(3.86) 		79.4
(3.13) 		41.2
(1.62) 		110.8
(4.36) 		1,111.7
(43.77)
Source: WeatherOnline Climate Data[18]

Geographical centre of New Zealand

The marker at the "Centre of New Zealand".

The geographical "centre of New Zealand" allegedly lies in Nelson;[19] on a hilltop near the centre of the city. This is the point "zero, zero" from which the first trigonometrical surveys were started in the 1870s by John Spence Browning, the Chief Surveyor for Nelson. From this 360 degree viewpoint, the zero, zero points in neighbouring geodetic survey regions (including Wellington in the North Island) could be triangulated and a better survey of the whole of New Zealand constructed. In 1962, the gravitational centre (including Stewart Island and some smaller islands in addition to the North and South Island, but excluding the Chathams) of New Zealand lay in a patch of unremarkable dense scrub in a forest in Spooners Range near Tapawera, 35 kilometres south-west of Nelson: 41°30′S 172°50′E / 41.500°S 172.833°E / -41.500; 172.833 (Geographical Centre of New Zealand).[20]

Demographics

A map showing population density in the Nelson Region at the 2006 census.

Nelson City's total population rose from 41,568 in 2001 to 42,888 in 2006, while Tasman District's rose from 41,352 to 44,625, to exceed that of Nelson City for the first time.[21]

Figures released on 23 April 2007 by Statistics New Zealand showed that 3,774 people born in the United Kingdom and Ireland lived in the Nelson City Council area and made up 9.1% of its population[22] - the highest proportion of residents from the United Kingdom and Ireland in New Zealand - with another 9.5% born overseas. Although Statistics New Zealand no longer keeps statistics for numbers of residents born in Germany, the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Wellington has stated that a greater proportion German speakers live in the Nelson region than anywhere else in New Zealand. There was a 23.7% rise in the number of Asians living in Nelson City and a 35.4% rise in Tasman District.

A burgeoning group of people are now living in Nelson and commute to Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch or Dunedin on a weekly basis. These people are able to enjoy the lifestyle opportunities that Nelson offers while still having a high earning career.[23]

Economy

The Nelson Tasman economy is based on the ‘big four’ industries; seafood, horticulture, tourism and forestry. Port Nelson is the biggest fishing port in Australasia. There are also a range of growth industries, including art and craft, aviation, engineering technology, and information technology. The region is sixth in terms of GDP growth in the 2007-10 period.[24]

The sub-national GDP of the Nelson Tasman region (Nelson City and Tasman District) was estimated at US$3.4 billion in 2010, 1.8% of New Zealand's national GDP.[24][25]

Nelson is home to various business agencies that serve the city and its surrounds,[26] including Nelson Tasman Tourism (NTT),[27] which aims to promote the region and help advertisers reach visitors from New Zealand and overseas,[28] and the Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency (EDA), which works to "coordinate, promote, facilitate, investigate, develop, implement, support and fund initiatives relating to economic development [and] employment growth ... within the Nelson region ..."[29][30]

Nelson is or has been the headquarters for a number of companies including:

In 2013, Nelson Mayor Aldo Miccio worked on a proposal that would see Australian call centres for companies such as Gen-i and Xero relocated to Nelson. The plan was in response to Australian companies moving call and contact centres out of Asia because their Australian customers preferred English-speaking centres. If the plan was successful, Mr Miccio expected 100 to 300 jobs paying $50,000-plus in the first year to be created in Nelson.[31]

Government

Local

Further information: Mayor of Nelson, New Zealand

As a unitary authority, the Nelson City Council has the combined responsibilities and functions of both a territorial (local) and regional council. This is different from most other local authorities in New Zealand. More often a regional council is a separate organisation with several territorial authorities (city or district councils) within its borders. Other unitary authorities are the Auckland Council, Gisborne District Council, Marlborough District Council, Tasman District Council and the Chatham Islands Council.

The Nelson City Council currently holds its elections under the First Past the Post electoral system once every three years, with the most recent election held on 9 October 2010, and the next due on 12 October 2013. Electors vote by indicating their choice for Mayor by placing a tick beside one of the names and the person who receives the most votes becomes Mayor. Councillors are elected the same way, with the 12 candidates who each receive the most votes becoming Councillors. Voters in this system may vote for no more than 12 candidates. The elections are conducted by post over a three week period to make it as convenient as possible for people to vote.

The other option permitted under the Local Electoral Act 2001, but not currently used in Nelson, is the Single Transferable Vote system. Electors vote by ranking candidates in order of preference by placing a number beside each candidate’s name. The elector can vote for one or up to the total number of candidates on the paper. The number of votes required for a candidate to be elected, the quota, depends on the number of positions to be filled and the number of valid votes.

Under the Local Electoral Act 2002, the Nelson City Council can resolve to change the electoral system to be used for the next two elections, and it must review this decision every six years. A referendum was held in 2003 to decide which electoral system would be used for the 2004 and 2007 Nelson City Council elections. The outcome was that the First Past the Post system was retained. The 2008 review retains that system for the 2010 and 2013 elections.[32]

As of 9 October 2010, the current council members are:-

Mayor Aldo Miccio
Deputy Mayor Ali Boswijk
Councillors Ian Barker
Gail Collingwood
Ruth Copeland
Eric Davy
Kate Fulton
Paul Matheson
Jeff Rackley
Pete Rainey
Rachel Reese
Derek Shaw
Mike Ward

National

Nelson is covered by one general electorate: Nelson and one Maori electorate: Te Tai Tonga.

As of the 2008 general election, Nelson is held by Nick Smith of the National Party. The Maori electorate Te Tai Tonga, which covers the entire South Island and part of Wellington in the North Island, is currently held by the Maori Party and represented by Rahui Katene.

Education

Main article: List of schools in Nelson, New Zealand

Secondary schools

Tertiary institutions

Nelson hosts two Tertiary Education Institutions, the main one being Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology. The institute has two main campuses, one in Nelson and the other in Blenheim, in the neighbouring Marlborough region. The Institute has been providing tertiary education in the Nelson-Marlborough region for the last 100 years.[33] Nelson also has a University of Canterbury College of Education campus which currently has an intake two out of every three years for the Primary sector.

Media

Broadcasting

The city is served by all major national radio and television stations, with terrestrial television (both analogue and Freeview) and FM radio. Local radio stations include Classic Hits FM (formerly Radio Nelson), More FM (formerly Fifeshire FM), ZM and community station Fresh FM. The city has one local television station, Mainland Television.

Print

The Nelson Examiner was the first newspaper published in the South Island. It was established by Charles Elliott (1811-1876) in 1842, within a few weeks of New Zealand Company settlers arriving in Nelson.[34] Other early newspapers were The Colonist and the Nelson Evening Mail. Today the major daily newspaper is the Nelson Mail, which is part of the Fairfax Group. The city is also served by the Nelson Weekly, a locally-owned community newspaper.

Transport

Air Transport

Nelson Airport is located southwest of the city, at Annesbrook. The airport operates a single terminal and 1,347-metre (4,420 ft) runway, and is the sixth-busiest airport in New Zealand. Approximately 1.2 million people use the airport terminal annually and the airport averages 90 aircraft movements every day, with a plane taking off or landing every 4.5 minutes during scheduled hours. It is primarily used for domestic flights, with regular flights to and from Auckland, Blenheim, Christchurch, Kapiti Coast, Palmerston North and Wellington. Nelson Airport is home to Air Nelson, which operates and maintains New Zealand’s largest domestic airline fleet and was also the headquarters of Origin Pacific Airways until their collapse in 2006. Sounds Air offers flights from Nelson to Wellington. In 2006, the airport received restricted international airport status to facilitate small private jets.

Maritime Transport

Port Nelson is the maritime gateway for the Nelson, Tasman and Marlborough regions and a vital hub for economic activity. The following shipping companies call at Port Nelson:

Public Transport

Nelson has four bus routes within its urban area, forming loops into the city's suburbs from a hub at Wakatu Square. There is also a separate service to Richmond which is outside Nelson's official territorial boundary but which is part of the Nelson urban area. Both InterCity Coachlines and Nakedbus.com provide daily services into Nelson from around the South Island.

Rail Transport

Nelson is only one of three major urban areas in New Zealand without a rail connection - the others being Taupo and Queenstown. The Nelson Section was an isolated, 42 gauge, government-owned railway line between Nelson and Glenhope. It operated for 79 years between 1876 and 1955. The only sign of rail activity in Nelson today is a short heritage operation run by the Nelson Railway Society from Founders Heritage Park using their own line between Wakefield Quay Station and Grove Station. The society has proposed future extensions of their line, possibly into or near the city centre. There have been several proposals to connect Nelson to the South Island rail network, but none have come to fruition.

Road Transport

The Nelson urban area is served by State Highway 6, which runs in a north to southwest direction. The highway travels through the city and nearby town of Richmond, continuing southwest across the plains of the Wairoa and Motueka Rivers.

Panoramas

A panorama of Nelson City from the Centre of New Zealand monument
The Boulder Bank is an unusual natural formation in Nelson

Culture and the arts

As the major regional centre, the city offers many lodgings, restaurants, and unique speciality shopping such as at the Jens Hansen Goldsmiths where "The One Ring" in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy was designed.[35]

The first rugby union match in New Zealand took place at the Botanic Reserve in Nelson on 14 May 1870, between the Nelson Suburbs and Nelson College, and an informative commemorative plaque was renovated at the western edge of the grassed area by Nelson City Council in 2006.[citation needed]

Events and Festivals

Several major events take place:

Architecture

The tallest building in Nelson is the Rutherford Hotel located on the west edge of Trafalgar Square. Unlike many towns and cities in New Zealand, Nelson has retained many Victorian buildings in its historic centre and the South Street area has been designated as having heritage value.[49]

Surviving historic buildings

Amber House

Museums

The Nelson region houses several museums.

Parks and zoo

Nelson has a large number and variety of public parks and reserves maintained at public expense by Nelson City Council.[51] Major reserves include Grampians Reserve, close to the suburb of Braemar, and the botanical Reserve in the east of Nelson, close to The Wood.

Natureland Zoological Park is a small zoological facility close to Tahunanui Beach. The facility is popular with children, where they can closely approach wallabies, monkeys, meerkats, llamas and alpacas, Kune Kune pigs, otters, and peacocks. There are also turtles, tropical fish and a walk through aviary.[52] Although the zoo nearly closed in 2008, the Orana Wildlife Trust took over its running instead.[citation needed] It looked like[to whom?] a bright future ahead for Natureland and its staff but since the repeated earthquakes in Christchurch in 2011 and the damage to Orana Park, Orana Wildlife Trust are uncertain of the future of Natureland.[53]

Sport

Major teams

Major venues

Sister cities

References and notes

  1. ^ "Subnational Population Estimates: At 30 June 2019". Statistics New Zealand. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020. For urban areas, "Subnational population estimates (UA, AU), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996, 2001, 2006–18 (2017 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  2. ^ "NZ government Māori Language Commission". Retrieved 25 August 2007. [dead link]
  3. ^ Lowe, David J. (2008). "Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update" (PDF). University of Waikato. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  4. ^ "Civic symbols". Nelson City Council. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  5. ^ "Nelson's Landmark Cathedral". Prow. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  6. ^ Department of Labour - NZ public holiday dates 2006–2009
  7. ^ "News". Tasman District Council. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  8. ^ Moorjani, Anita. "Home » Tasman District Libraries". Taslib.govt.nz. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  9. ^ "Home » Tasman District Council". Tdc.govt.nz. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  10. ^ [1][dead link]
  11. ^ Nelson - the early years
  12. ^ Paul C Denton, Mike R Johnston, Soils & Foundations Ltd, Nelson (12 May 2002). "Housing Development on a Large, Active Landslide: The Tahunanui Slump Story, Nelson, New Zealand". Geo-Logic Ltd.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Beach Erosion Project
  14. ^ "Where is Nelson?". Nelson City Council. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  15. ^ [2]
  16. ^ "Mean Monthly Sunshine". NIWA. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  17. ^ "Climate Data". new Zealand: NIWA. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  18. ^ "Nelson Climate Data". New Zealand: WeatherOnline. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  19. ^ "The earliest version of this article first appeared in NZ Science Teacher 71 21-23 1992". Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  20. ^ "Nelson City Council website: gravitational centre". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  21. ^ By the Numbers
  22. ^ Amber, George. "Location Map of Amber House B&B in Nelson, New Zealand surrounded by Abel Tasman, Kahurangi and Nelson Lakes National Parks". New Zealand: Amber House. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  23. ^ Pearson, Anna (5 November 2012). "Long commute no deterrent". Nelson Mail. Fairfax. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/opinion/editorial/8868115/Diversity-puts-region-on-sound-footing
  25. ^ "Regional Gross Domestic Product". Statistics New Zealand. 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  26. ^ "Business". Tasman. Tasman District Council. 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  27. ^ "Nelson NZ". Nelson Tasman Tourism. NTT. 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  28. ^ "Advertise with us". Nelson Tasman Tourism. NTT. 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  29. ^ "Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency". Business: EDA. Tasman District Council. 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  30. ^ "home page". EDA. Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency. 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  31. ^ Basham, Laura (23 March 2013). "Nelson's future: a centre for calls?". Nelson Mail. Fairfax. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  32. ^ http://www.nelsoncitycouncil.co.nz/assets/Our-council/Downloads/RADn1302640v8GovernanceStatementAugust201226Jul2012.pdf
  33. ^ "Development of tertiary education". Prow. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  34. ^ "Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle". Papers Past. National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Mātauranga Aotearoa. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  35. ^ "The Real Movie Ring". Jens Hansen Contemporary Gold and Silversmith. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  36. ^ "Fibre Spectrum".
  37. ^ Nelson Tasman Tourism - Visitor Information
  38. ^ Nelson Market
  39. ^ "The Suter Gallery". Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  40. ^ "Nelson Arts Festival". Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  41. ^ Victory Village awarded 2010 New Zealand Community of the Year
  42. ^ "Nelson Jazz Fest". Nelson Jazz Fest. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  43. ^ "22nd Annual Nelson Kite Festival – It's On". Itson.co.nz. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  44. ^ "Home". Nelson Regatta. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  45. ^ "Adam Chamber Music Festival 2013, chamber music Nelson, New Zealand". Music.org.nz. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  46. ^ "Evolve Festival of Opportunities | Evolve Festival is a celebration for health and wellbeing in the heart of Nelson City". Evolvefestival.co.nz. 24 February 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  47. ^ "McCashin's Taste Nelson". tastenelson. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  48. ^ "Home". Nelson Winter Festival. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  49. ^ http://www.nelsoncitycouncil.co.nz/south-street/
  50. ^ "Fairfield House". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  51. ^ Nelson City Council - Reserves and Parks
  52. ^ Natureland Zoo, Nelson, New Zealand
  53. ^ Future of Natureland again in doubt
  • A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies 1909.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nelson Region.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Nelson (New Zealand)".
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