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m →‎2013: Replaced {{OR}} and {{cn}} on "slavers and bankers" quote with two more copies of ref 73. Would've thought one was enough for both paragraphs, but perhaps this is more explicit.
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| accessdate = 2009-05-07 }}</ref> At the [[European Parliament election, 2004]], Dieudonné was candidate of the extreme left-wing party "Euro-Palestine", but left a few months after the election because of disagreements with its leaders.<ref>[http://www.europalestine.com/article.php3?id_article=1410 ''Dieudonné sur une pente très glissante''], Euro-Palestine, 29 October 2004</ref>
| accessdate = 2009-05-07 }}</ref> At the [[European Parliament election, 2004]], Dieudonné was candidate of the extreme left-wing party "Euro-Palestine", but left a few months after the election because of disagreements with its leaders.<ref>[http://www.europalestine.com/article.php3?id_article=1410 ''Dieudonné sur une pente très glissante''], Euro-Palestine, 29 October 2004</ref>


The Islamic regime of Iran openly declares its support for Dieudonné M'bala M'bala{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}.
Dieudonné is the director of Les Ogres website, which denies the official version of the 9/11 events.
Dieudonné is the director of Les Ogres website, which denies the official version of the 9/11 events.
Following this television appearance, a Dieudonné show in Lyon (at La Bourse du Travail) on 5 February 2004 was picketed and a bottle containing a corrosive product was thrown in the venue, injuring a spectator.<ref>[http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/vie-sociale/video/2495493001012/incident-spectacle-dieudonne.fr.html Incident spectacle Dieudonné] [[Institut National de l'Audiovisuel|INA]] clip</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101477502-dieudonne-chahute-a-lyon |title=Dieudonné chahuté à Lyon|publisher=[[Libération]] |date=2004-02-04 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> On 11 November, Dieudonné organized a debate with four rabbis of [[Naturei Karta]] in the Théâtre de la Main d'Or in Paris.<ref>[http://www.prochoix.org/frameset/news_2004/netourei.html ''Dieudonné n’est pas antisémite : il aime les Juifs intégristes''], prochoix.org, 24 November 2004</ref>
Following this television appearance, a Dieudonné show in Lyon (at La Bourse du Travail) on 5 February 2004 was picketed and a bottle containing a corrosive product was thrown in the venue, injuring a spectator.<ref>[http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/vie-sociale/video/2495493001012/incident-spectacle-dieudonne.fr.html Incident spectacle Dieudonné] [[Institut National de l'Audiovisuel|INA]] clip</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101477502-dieudonne-chahute-a-lyon |title=Dieudonné chahuté à Lyon|publisher=[[Libération]] |date=2004-02-04 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> On 11 November, Dieudonné organized a debate with four rabbis of [[Naturei Karta]] in the Théâtre de la Main d'Or in Paris.<ref>[http://www.prochoix.org/frameset/news_2004/netourei.html ''Dieudonné n’est pas antisémite : il aime les Juifs intégristes''], prochoix.org, 24 November 2004</ref>

Revision as of 00:29, 10 January 2014

Dieudonné M'bala M'bala
Dieudonné in 2009
Born (1966-02-11) 11 February 1966 (age 58)
Fontenay-aux-Roses, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Occupation(s)Comedian, politician.

Dieudonné M'bala M'bala (born 11 February 1966), generally known by his stage name Dieudonné (French: [djø.dɔ.ne]), is a controversial French comedian, actor, and political activist. His father is from Cameroon and his mother is French.

Dieudonné initially achieved success with a Jewish comedian, Élie Semoun, humorously exploiting racial stereotypes. At that time, he campaigned against racism and unsuccessfully presented himself in the 1997 and 2001 legislative elections in Dreux against the National Front, a party which he perceived as racist. Dieudonné was then a famous comedian and actor, acting in popular comedies such as Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra.[1][2]

On 1 December 2003, Dieudonné performed a sketch in a TV show about a Nazi Israeli settler. Critics argued that he had "crossed the limits of antisemitism" and some organizations sued him. Dieudonné refused to apologize and denounced even more zionism and the Jewish lobby, arguing that he had "mocked a Mullah in [his] previous show and that [he] should be allowed to make fun of zionist extremists in the same manner."[3]

Dieudonné was progressively banned from mainstream medias and many of his shows were cancelled by local authorities.[4][5][6] Dieudonné approached Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the National Front he had fought earlier in his life, who became the godfather of one of his daughters. Dieudonné became a close friend of Alain Soral, a controversial writer with whom he shares many anti-establishment views. He bid to become president of France in the 2007 elections under the "anti-zionist party". Dieudonné's provocations culminated with the appearance of holocaust denier Robert Faurisson in one of his show in 2008.,[5][7] he has described Holocaust remembrance as "memorial pornography". He has been convicted in court eight times on antisemitism charges.[8][9]

Boycotted by most media, but active on the internet and in his Parisian theater, Dieudonné has continued to have a wide appeal.[10] His quenelle signature gesture became viral in 2013. When footballer Nicolas Anelka made a quenelle in December 2013, French Interior Minister Manuel Valls stated that Dieudonne was "no longer a comedian" but was rather an "anti-Semite and racist" and that he would seek to ban all Dieudonné's public gatherings as they amounted to a public safety risk.[9]

Personal life

Dieudonné M'bala M'bala was born in Fontenay-aux-Roses, Hauts-de-Seine, the son of a white French painter and retired sociologist from Brittany who exhibits as a painter under the name Josiane Grué, and a black accountant from Ekoudendi, Cameroon.[11][12] His parents divorced when he was one, and he was brought up by his mother. He attended Catholic school, though his mother was a New Age Buddhist.[13] Dieudonné lives with Noémie Montagne who works as his producer,[14] and has five children with her.[15]

Acting career

After getting his baccalaureate in computer science, Dieudonné began writing and practicing routines with his childhood friend Jewish comedian and actor Élie Semoun. They performed in local cafés and bars, while Dieudonné worked as a salesman, selling cars, telephones, and photocopy machines. In 1992, a Paris comedian spotted them and helped them stage their first professional show.[13] In the 1990s, they appeared on stage and on television together. In 1997, the scenic duo "Élie et Dieudonné" split and each went on a solo theater career. In 1998, they reunited in a screen comedy, Le Clone,[16] which was a failure critically and financially. From the mid-1990s Dieudonné appeared in several French film comedies mostly in supporting roles. His most successful screen appearance to date was in Alain Chabat's box-office hit Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra in 2002, in 2004 he appeared in Maurice Barthélémy's box office bomb Casablanca Driver.

Dieudonné's successful one-man shows include Pardon Judas (2000), Le divorce de Patrick (2003), and 1905 (2005). Other one-man shows were Mes Excuses (2004), Dépôt de bilan (2006) and J'ai fait l'con (2008), all understood as attacks on political and social opponents and defences of his own positions. Anti-Zionist statements made within and around these productions led to intense controversy and numerous lawsuits.[17] Following the 2005 civil unrest in France, Dieudonné also penned a play called Émeutes en banlieue (Riots in the Suburbs, February 2006). In 2009, and surrounded by scandals (see below, "Political activities"), Dieudonné launched two one-man shows: Liberté d’expression and Sandrine. While the latter was a follow-up to Le divorce de Patrick (Sandrine is Patrick's ex-wife), the former was conceived as a series of itinerant "conferences" on "free speech".[18] Started on 18 June 2010 in his theater, Dieudonné's most recent show to date, Mahmoud (standing for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad) is set to an openly antisemitic tone,[19] caricaturing Jews, slavery and "official" versions of history.[20]

Dieudonné's production company first acted under the name "Bonnie Productions" and now under the name "Les productions de la Plume."

In 2012 Dieudonné made his directorial debut in a film called "L’Antisémite" ("The Anti-Semite"),[21] which stars him as a violent and alcoholic character who dresses as a Nazi officer at a party, and also features the Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson, as well as imagery that mocks the Auschwitz concentration camp.[22] The movie, which was produced by the Iranian Documentary and Experimental Film Center and is also known by the title "Yahod Setiz," was canceled at the Cannes Film Festival's Marché du Film, where it was to be screened.[23] The film is to be commercialized on the internet and sold to subscribers of Dieudonné's activities.[24]

Théâtre de la Main d'Or

Dieudonné is the owner of the Théâtre de la Main d'Or in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, which is used for both stand-up comedy and political events by himself and friends.

Political activities and Views

Beginnings

Dieudonné was initially active on the anti-racist left. In the 1997 legislative election, he fought with his party "Les Utopistes" in Dreux against National Front candidate Marie-France Stirbois and received 8 percent of the vote.[25] Verbally and in demonstrations, he also supported migrants without a residence permit (the so-called "sans papiers") and the Palestinians.

2002–2006

Dieudonné in 2006

Since 2002, Dieudonné has attracted attention by increasingly polemical statements. In an interview for the magazine Lyon Capitale in January 2002, he described "the Jews" as "a sect, a fraud, which is the worst of all, because it was the first" and said he preferred "the charisma of bin Laden to that of Bush".[26] He subsequently failed to maintain his bid for running for the 2002 presidential election.[27]

On 1 December 2003, he appeared live on a television show, disguised as a parody of an Israeli settler wearing military fatigues and a hat of Haredi (Orthodox) Jews. The sketch climaxed with a Hitler salute, after which Dieudonné shouts out a word. According to Dieudonné, he shouted "Israël", in the persona of the settler. In the following days, some news agencies stated that he shouted "Isra – Heil" or "Heil Israel".[28][29] He was cleared of charges of antisemitism in a Paris court after the judge said this was not an attack against Jews in general but against a type of person "distinguished by their political views".[30] At the European Parliament election, 2004, Dieudonné was candidate of the extreme left-wing party "Euro-Palestine", but left a few months after the election because of disagreements with its leaders.[31]

Dieudonné is the director of Les Ogres website, which denies the official version of the 9/11 events. Following this television appearance, a Dieudonné show in Lyon (at La Bourse du Travail) on 5 February 2004 was picketed and a bottle containing a corrosive product was thrown in the venue, injuring a spectator.[32][33] On 11 November, Dieudonné organized a debate with four rabbis of Naturei Karta in the Théâtre de la Main d'Or in Paris.[34]

On 16 February 2005, he declared during a press conference in Algiers that the Central Council of French Jews CRIF (Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France) was a "mafia" that had "total control over French policy exercise", called the commemoration of the Holocaust "memorial pornography" ("pornographie mémorielle"), and claimed that the "Zionists of the Centre National de la Cinématographie" which "control French cinema" prevented him from making a film about the slave trade.[35][36] Dieudonné was also trying to appear as a spokesman for French blacks, but, after some initial sympathy, notably from the novelist Calixthe Beyala, the journalists Antoine Garnier and Claudy Siar, as well as the founding members of the Conseil représentatif des associations noires (CRAN), he increasingly met with their rejection.[37]

Throughout 2005 and 2006, Dieudonné was often in the company of the senior Front National members Bruno Gollnisch,[38] Frédéric Châtillon,[39] and Marc George (also known as Marc Robert), the man who would conduct his electoral campaigns in 2007 and 2009.[40] Dieudonné also frequently appeared together with the conspiracy theorist Thierry Meyssan and the former Marxist and current right-wing radical Alain Soral, a confidant of Marine and Jean-Marie Le Pen.[41] Under the influence of Soral's writings and polemics, Dieudonné was acquainted with his militant antisemitism of French nationalist inspiration.[42] In May 2006, he gave a lengthy interview to the far-right monthly Le Choc du mois.[43] Demonstrating shoulder to shoulder with Islamists, he also marched on 11 February 2006 in the Parisian demonstration against the Muhammad cartoons and traveled at the end of August 2006 with Châtillon, Meyssan and Soral in Lebanon, to meet MPs and fighters of the Hezbollah.[39] Some Jews reacted angrily to his comments on this tour. In April 2005, Dieudonné went to Auschwitz.[44] In May 2006 he was involved in a fight with two teenage Jews in Paris, one of whom he sprayed with tear gas. Dieudonné claimed that the teenagers attacked him first; both parties pressed charges,[45] but the lawsuits were not pursued. In France and abroad, Dieudonné became increasingly perceived as an extremist of a type until then uncommon in Europe: in the introduction to a March 2006 interview, The Independent called him a "French Louis Farrakhan... obsessed with Jews".[46]

2007–2009

Dieudonné wanted to finally represent politically these ever radicalized positions in the 2007 presidential election, but for logistical reasons he could not maintain his candidacy, whose campaign was conducted by Marc Robert (a.k.a. Marc George).[47] The convicted Holocaust denier Serge Thion wrote for his campaign web site under the pseudonym "Serge Noith", as did also the longtime secretary of the Holocaust denier Roger Garaudy, Maria Poumier. After the end of his candidacy, Dieudonné appeared several times publicly in the company of Jean-Marie Le Pen and traveled to Cameroon with Le Pen's wife Jany.[48] However, officially, Dieudonné called for the election of anti-globalization militant José Bové, despite Bové's asking Dieudonné not to do so.[49]

In July 2008, Jean-Marie Le Pen became godfather to Dieudonné's third child. Philippe Laguérie, a traditionalist Catholic priest, officiated at the baptism which was held in the Saint-Éloi congregation in Bordeaux.[50]

On 26 December 2008, at an event at the Parc de la Villette in Paris, Dieudonné awarded the Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson an "insolent outcast" prize [prix de l'infréquentabilité et de l'insolence]. The award was presented by one of Dieudonné's assistants, Jacky, dressed in a concentration camp uniform with a yellow badge. This caused a scandal[51] and earned him his sixth court conviction to date. On 29 January 2009, he celebrated the 80th birthday of Faurisson in his theater, in the midst of a representative gathering of Holocaust deniers, right-wing radicals, and radical Shiites.[52] Dieudonné and Faurisson further appeared together in a video making fun of the Holocaust and its commemoration.[53]

On Saturday 21 March 2009, Dieudonné announced that he would run for the 2009 European Parliament election in the Île-de-France at the head of an "anti-communitarist and anti-Zionist" party. Other candidates on his party's electoral list are Alain Soral and the Holocaust denier and former member of Les Verts Ginette Skandrani (also known as Ginette Hess),[54] while Thierry Meyssan and Afrocentrist Kémi Seba, founder of the "Tribu Ka" are members of the party[55] but do not run. The campaign would be conducted again by Marc George.[56] In spite of the association of Dieudonné's party with the Shiite Centre Zahra,[57] whose president Yahia Gouasmi also runs on his list,[58] his candidacy was supported by Fernand Le Rachinel, a former high ranking executive of the Front National and official printer of the party.[59] In early May 2009, the French government studied the possibility of banning the party,[60][61] but on 24 May, Justice minister Rachida Dati acknowledged that, in spite of moral objections, there was no legal ground to do so.[62] On 28 May, it became known that Carlos "the Jackal" also expressed his hope Dieudonné would make it to Strasbourg.[63] The Parti antisioniste finally scored 1.30% of the votes.[64]

2010–2012

On 9 May 2012, Police in Brussels, Belgium, stopped Dieudonné mid-performance after determining that his performance contravened local laws, and forced the cancellation of two more shows, but in Nov 2013, a Brussels Justice found that the comedian was not using anti-Semitic slurs or inciting racial hatred during his show interrupted in May 2012.[65] On 21 June, Dieudonné complained against the Brussels police.[66] On 12 May 2012, event producer Evenko forced the cancellation of Dieudonné's shows in Montreal, Canada, on 14, 15, 16, and 17 May, citing "contractual conflicts".[67] In late May 2012, a screening of Dieudonné's directorial debut, "L’Antisémite" ("The Anti-Semite"), was canceled at the Marché du Film, the market held at the Cannes Film Festival.[12]

2013

Dieudonné released a song and dance called "Shoananas", performed to the tune of the 1985 children's video and song by Annie Cordy, Cho Ka Ka O (Chaud Cacao or Hot Chocholate in English),[68] which itself by today's standards might be considered politically incorrect.[69] The term "Shoananas" is a portmanteau of Shoa, the Hebrew word for Holocaust, and ananas, the French word for pineapple.[70]

Dieudonné started a trend among his supporters of getting photographed making an ambiguous gesture he invented and dubbed the "quenelle". For some it is just a vulgar gesture of opposition to French institutions, for others it is an antisemitic gesture and was dubbed a "convoluted Nazi salute".

In December, while performing onstage, Dieudonné was recorded saying about prominent French Jewish radio journalist Patrick Cohen: "Me, you see, when I hear Patrick Cohen speak, I think to myself: ‘Gas chambers…too bad."[71]

Radio France, Cohen’s employer, announced on 20 December that it had alerted authorities that Dieudonné had engaged in "openly anti-Semitic speech", and various French anti-racism watchdog groups filed complaints.[71]

French Interior Minister Manuel Valls announced he would try to legally ban public performances by Dieudonné. Valls stated that Dieudonne was "no longer a comedian" but was rather an "anti-Semite and racist" who fell afoul of France's laws against incitement to racial hatred.

"Despite a conviction for public defamation, hate speech and racial discrimination, Dieudonné M’Bala M’Bala no longer seems to recognise any limits," Valls wrote.

"Consequently, the interior minister has decided to thoroughly examine all legal options that would allow a ban on Dieudonné’s public gatherings, which no longer belong to the artistic domain, but rather amount to a public safety risk."[9]

On December 31, Dieudonné released a 15 minute video proposing that "2014 will be the year of the quenelle!".[72] In it, Dieudonné attacks "bankers" and "slavers", so as not to say "Jews"[73] and end up in a lawsuit, and calls upon his followers, "quenelleurs"—those who listen and follow him—towards a hatred of Jews[73].

"Antisemite? I'm not of that opinion," he says in the video. "I'm not saying I'd never be one... I leave myself open to that possibility, but for the moment, no." Later, he added, "I don't have to choose between the Jews and the Nazis."[72][73]

2014

On January 6, France's interior minister Manuel Valls said that performances considered anti-Semitic may be banned by local officials. In support of this, Valls sent a 3-page circular to all prefects of Police in France on January 6 entitled, "The Struggle Against Racism and Antisemitism - demonstrations and public reaction - performances by Mr. Dieudonné M’Bala M’Bala ". With respect to freedom of speech in France and banning scheduled performances ahead of time, Valls wrote: "The struggle against racism and antisemitism is an essential concern of government, and demands vigorous action." He takes note of the liberty of expression in France, but goes on to say that in exceptional circumstances, the police are invested with the power to prohibit an event if its intent is to prevent "a grave disturbance of public order" and cites the 1933 law supporting this. [74]

Within hours, Bordeaux became the first French city to ban Dieudonné when mayor Alain Juppé canceled a local appearance planned as part of a scheduled national tour, [75] followed closely by Nantes, Tours, Orleans, Toulouse, Limoges, and Biarritz. Paris has it under study, but the show in Switzerland will go on as scheduled, while other cities are still studying the situation.[76] Some officials from both sides of the political spectrum have reservations about the legal validity of the Valls circular, and believe that cancellations could leave their cities liable for judgments of millions of euros in damages to Dieudonné if he sues and wins, as actually occurred in La Rochelle in 2012.[77]

The quenelle gesture

Main article: Quenelle (gesture)

The quenelle invented by Dieudonné is a gesture consisting of a downward straight arm touched at the shoulder by the opposite hand. The gesture has also been described as a reverse Nazi salute.[78] In French, quenelle normally refers to a type of dumpling. Images of the quenelle became viral in 2012, with many individuals posing while performing the quenelle in photos posted to the internet.[79] Dieudonné claims that the gesture is an anti-establishment protest. Officially, French authorities have said the gesture is too vague to take any action against Dieudonné.[80] In December 2013, the French Minister for Sport Valérie Fourneyron publicly criticised the footballer Nicholas Anelka for using the gesture as a goal celebration in an English Premier League match.[81] French international and NBA basketball player Tony Parker also came under fire during the same time period for his use of the gesture.[82] On 30 December 2013, Parker apologized for making the gesture, saying that the photograph had been taken three years earlier and that he had been unaware at the time that it had any anti-Semitic connotation.[83] An official January 2014 circular issued by Interior Minister Manuel Valls besides laying out a legal justification for banning antisemitic performances by Dieudonné also specifically linked the quenelle gesture to antisemitism and extremism.[74]

Court convictions

  • On 14 June 2006, Dieudonné was sentenced to a penalty of 4,500 Euro for defamation after having called a prominent Jewish television presenter a "secret donor of the child-murdering Israeli army".[84]
  • On 15 November 2007, an appellate court sentenced him to a 5,000 Euro fine because he had characterized "the Jews" as "slave traders" after being attacked in his theater le Théâtre de la Main d'Or.[85]
  • On 26 June 2008, he was sentenced in the highest judicial instance to a 7,000 Euro fine for his characterization of Holocaust commemorations as "memorial pornography".[35]
  • On 27 February 2009, he was fined 75,000 Canadian dollars in Montreal for defamatory statements against the singer and actor Patrick Bruel after he called him a "liar" and an "Israeli soldier".[86]
  • On 26 March 2009, Dieudonné was fined a total of 3,000 Euros for defamation after having criticised Elisabeth Schemla, a Jewish journalist who ran the now defunct Proche-Orient.Info website. He declared on 31 May 2005 that the website wanted to "eradicate Dieudonné from the audiovisual landscape" and had said of him that "he's an anti-Semite, he's the son of Hitler, he will exterminate everyone".[87]
  • On 27 October 2009, he was sentenced to a fine of 10,000 Euros for "public insult of people of Jewish faith or origin" related to his show with Robert Faurisson.[88]
  • On 8 June 2010, he was sentenced to a fine of €10,000 for defamation towards the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism, which he had called "a mafia-like association that organizes censorship".[89]
  • On 10 October 2012, he was fined €887,135 for tax evasion. According to the French revenue service, Dieudonné failed to pay part of his taxes from 1997 to 2009.[citation needed].

Publications

  • Lettres d'insulte, illustrations by Tignous, Le Cherche-midi, 2002, (ISBN 2862747971)
  • Peut-on tout dire?, Interviews conducted by Philippe Gavi and Robert Ménard, in parallel with Bruno Gaccio, Editions Mordicus, 2010, (ISBN 978-2-918414-00-1)

Bibliography

Books
  • Anne-Sophie Mercier, La vérité sur Dieudonné, Plon, 2005; reissued in 2009 as Dieudonné démasqué, Seuil.
  • Olivier Mukuna, Dieudonné. Entretien à cœur ouvert, Éditions EPO, 2004
Articles
  • Jürg Altwegg, Die große Show der Auschwitz-Lügner als Duett eines Komikers mit dem Geschichtsfälscher Robert Faurisson, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 6 January 2009, p. 36
  • Agathe André, Mon réveillon chez les Faurissons. Charlie Hebdo n° 864, 7 January 2009, p. 2

References

  1. ^ The Independent
  2. ^ Lexpress.fr
  3. ^ Leparisien.fr
  4. ^ Lexpress.fr
  5. ^ a b Lefigaro.fr
  6. ^ Metronews.fr
  7. ^ Francebleu.fr
  8. ^ The Daily Mail
  9. ^ a b c France24.com
  10. ^ Hugh Schofield (31 December 2013) Dieudonne: The bizarre journey of a controversial comic BBC. Retrieved 7 January 2014
  11. ^ The New York Times
  12. ^ a b Maïa de la Baume (22 June 2012). "A French Jester Who Trades in Hate". The New York Times.
  13. ^ a b Tom Reiss (19 November 2007). "Letter from Paris: Laugh Riots. The French star who became a demagogue". The New Yorker.
  14. ^ "Interdit de casino, " Dieudonné sera quand même là lundi, accompagné d'un huissier ! " – Actualité Dunkerque – Nord – La Voix du Nord". Lavoixdunord.fr. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  15. ^ "Dieudonné – Biography". Imdb.com. 11 February 1966. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  16. ^ "Le clone (1998)". Imdb.com. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  17. ^ Dieudonné : rappel des principaux faits entourant la polémique, Observatoire du communautarisme, 26 February 2005
  18. ^ Dieudonné donne une "conférence" dans un car, Le Nouvel Observateur, 18 March 2009
  19. ^ Dieudonné de retour dans un spectacle qui s'en prend ouvertement aux juifs, Agence France Presse, 18 June 2010
  20. ^ Dieudonné, la croisade du bouffon, Lesoir.be, 10 August 2010
  21. ^ Vladislav Davidzon (26 June 2012). "L'Antisémite, Banned at Cannes. A new French film is worth watching if only for its portrayal of aesthetic corruption propelled by bigotry". Tablet Magazine.
  22. ^ Richard Brody (11 April 2012). "Dieudonné's I-Rant". The New Yorker.
  23. ^ Dave Itzkoff (25 May 2012). "Screening of Comedy 'The Anti-Semite' Is Canceled at Cannes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  24. ^ AFP (25 May 2012). "Cannes: le film de Dieudonné annulé". Le Figaro (in French).
  25. ^ Dieudonné – Bouffon de cour, voir.ca (reissued on Vigile.net), 14 June 2007
  26. ^ Dieudonné jugé raciste en cassation, L'Express, 25 October 2007
  27. ^ Et si Dieudonné n'avait jamais existé... desourcesure.com, 24 March 2009
  28. ^ Là où la blague blesse, libération, 20 February 2004
  29. ^ Dieudonné, la promo par le pire, 24 heures, 7 January 2009
  30. ^ "French comic 'not anti-Semitic'". BBC. 27 May 2004. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  31. ^ Dieudonné sur une pente très glissante, Euro-Palestine, 29 October 2004
  32. ^ Incident spectacle Dieudonné INA clip
  33. ^ "Dieudonné chahuté à Lyon". Libération. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  34. ^ Dieudonné n’est pas antisémite : il aime les Juifs intégristes, prochoix.org, 24 November 2004
  35. ^ a b Dieudonné, star de la semaine judiciaire, Le Figaro, 26 June 2008
  36. ^ A Alger, l'humoriste qualifie la commémoration de la Shoah de "pornographie mémorielle", aidh.org, February 2005
  37. ^ Stephen Smith, Géraldine Faes: Noir et Français!, Éditions du Panama, April 2006, ISBN 2-7557-0106-4; Bernhard Schmid: Reise nach Beirut. Trend-online, 2005
  38. ^ Dieudonné et ses fans du FN amnistia.info, 21 December 2006
  39. ^ a b Châtillon, Le GUD des autres, Bakchich.info, 13 November 2006
  40. ^ Dieudonné, côté obscur, Libération, 2 January 2009
  41. ^ Dieudonné, le comique tripier; Alain Soral: Le sous-Marine du Front National, Amnistia.net, 28 February 2005 & 4 December 2006
  42. ^ Laugh Riots, The New Yorker, 19 November 2007
  43. ^ Cover of Le Choc du mois, May 2006 issue, prominently featuring Dieudonné
  44. ^ Video
  45. ^ Dieudonné agressé en Martinique
  46. ^ John Lichfield: "French comic's growing anti-Semitism is no joke", The Sunday Independent, 26 March 2006.
  47. ^ Un coup de tonnerre : Dieudonné se retire de la campagne présidentielle, Bakchich.info, 11 October 2006
  48. ^ Dieudonné guide de Mme Le Pen au Cameroun, grioo.com, 16 March 2007
  49. ^ Dieudonné soutient Bové, qui le récuse, L’Express, 16 January 2007
  50. ^ Le Pen confirme être parrain d'un enfant de Dieudonné Le Nouvel Observateur. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2014 Template:Fr icon
  51. ^ Dieudonné/Faurisson : le parquet de Paris ouvre une enquête préliminaire, Le Nouvel Observateur, 31 December 2008
  52. ^ Les étranges amitiés de Dieudonné, Le Monde, 24. February 2009, reproduced on http://france-israel.hautetfort.com
  53. ^ Dieudonné-Faurisson : le sketch qui fait scandale, agoravox.tv, 25 March 2009
  54. ^ Dieudonné, candidat "antisioniste" aux européennes, Le Monde, 23 March 2009
  55. ^ Dieudonné candidat aux élections européennes, Le Figaro, 22 March 2009
  56. ^ Mationspresse.info
  57. ^ Les amis très particuliers du centre Zahra, L'Express, 27 February 2009
  58. ^ Un Juif avec barbe et chapeau sur l'affiche de Dieudonné, Rue89, 2 June 2009
  59. ^ Le créancier du FN "s'amuse" avec la liste de Dieudonné, Le Monde, 26 May 2009
  60. ^ "Les listes antisionistes de Dieudonné menacées d'interdiction | À la Une | Reuters". Fr.reuters.com. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  61. ^ "France seeks poll bar for comic" by Emma Jane Kirby, BBC News, 5 May 2009
  62. ^ Dati : "on n'a pas trouvé d'éléments" pouvant empêcher Dieudonné de se présenter aux européennes, Le Nouvel Observateur, 24 May 2009
  63. ^ Le terroriste Carlos soutient Dieudonné, Le Parisien, 28 May 2009
  64. ^ La liste "anti-sioniste" de Dieudonné obtient 1,30% en Ile-de-France, Agence France Presse, 8 June 2009
  65. ^ Dhnet.be
  66. ^ Dieudonné porte plainte contre la police de Bruxelles
  67. ^ "B'nai Brith Applauds Evenko Cancellation of Dieudonné M'bala M'bala", Montreal Gazette 12 May 2012
  68. ^ La dieudonnisation des esprits, une (grosse) quenelle qui vient d’en bas [1]
  69. ^ French public radio takes legal action against the latest new anti-Semitic remarks by Dieudonné
  70. ^ In France, quasi-Nazi salute may evade long arm of the law
  71. ^ a b France24.com
  72. ^ a b 2014 sera l'année de la quenelle !!! on YouTube
  73. ^ a b c Guillaume Champeau (2014), La "quenelle" sur Internet, argument de Valls pour interdire Dieudonné, Numerama, archived from the original on 7 Jan 2014 09:00:11 UTC, retrieved January 7, 2014, Attaquant ici "les banquiers", là "les esclavagistes", pour ne pas dire ouvertement "les Juifs" et éviter un procès, Dieudonné entraîne ceux qui l'écoutent et le suivent vers une haine pour les Juifs, dans une vidéo dans laquelle il demande sans transition que 2014 devienne 'l'année de la quenelle'. {{citation}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  74. ^ a b Eric Hacquemand (2014), Voici la circulaire anti-Dieudonné envoyée par Valls aux préfets, Le Parisien, archived from the original on 7 January 2014, retrieved 7 January 2014, He poses personally on the tour poster performing the gesture known as 'the quenelle', a gesture for which his production company has registered intellectual property rights at the National Industrial Property Institute (INPI) and which references his internet publications, without ever having renounced the racist and antisemitic declarations in his publications. And in the exchanges which he has with a portion of his public, his followers, or numerous people known for their antisemitic and extreme ideas, declaring in a message published on January 1 [2014] on the internet site Youtube that he wanted to announce 2014 'beneath the sign of the quenelle' he announces clearly his wish to persist along the same path, despite nine judgments against him. {{citation}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 419 (help)
  75. ^ Associated Press (2014), Dieudonné M'Bala M'Bala's shows can be banned due to perceived anti-Semitism, French official says, Fox News, archived from the original on 7 January 2014, retrieved 6 January 2014
  76. ^ leparisien.fr (2014), INFOGRAPHIE. Les spectacles de Dieudonné interdits les uns après les autres, Le Parisien, archived from the original on 9 January 2014, retrieved 8 January 2014, The effects of the 'anti-Dieudonné' circular didn't take long to become apparent. While the Parisian theater where his show 'Le Mur' has been produced since 1999 is in the process of dropping him, several towns where the show was scheduled to appear are prohibiting the performance one after the other.
  77. ^ leparisien.fr (2014), Dieudonné : des doutes sur la validité de la circulaire Valls, Le Parisien, archived from the original on 9 January 2014, retrieved 9 January 2014
  78. ^ The Daily Mail
  79. ^ France May Ban Black Comedian for Hate Speech
  80. ^ French use Nazi-like salute with impunity
  81. ^ BBC
  82. ^ Abramson, Mitch (29 December 2013). "Spurs guard Tony Parker under fire for 'quenelle' gesture, alleged anti-Semitism". New York Daily News. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  83. ^ ESPN
  84. ^ Dieudonné renonce à faire appel de sa condamnation pour diffamation envers Arthur, La Dépêche du Midi, 19 September 2007
  85. ^ Dieudonné condamné pour propos antisémites, Le Figaro, undated
  86. ^ Dieudonné condamné au Québec à payer 75.000 dollars à Patrick Bruel, Agence France Presse, 28 February 2009
  87. ^ Dieudonné condamné pour diffamation, Le Parisien, 26 March 2009
  88. ^ Amende de 10.000€ pour Dieudonné, Le Figaro, 27 October 2009
  89. ^ Dieudonné condamné pour diffamation envers la Licra, Le Parisien, 8 June 2010

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