Bloc Québécois: Difference between revisions
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===Coalition attempt=== |
===Coalition attempt=== |
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On 26 March 2011, Bloc Québécois leader Duceppe stated that Conservative leader Stephen Harper had in 2004 tried to form a [[coalition government]] with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals intended to form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP.<ref>{{cite news|last=Payton|first=Laura|title=Harper wanted 2004 coalition: Duceppe|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadavotes2011/story/2011/03/26/cv-kickoff-bloc.html|accessdate=26 March 2011|newspaper=CBC News|date=26 March 2011}}</ref> Two months after the 2004 federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with BQ leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader [[Jack Layton]] in a Montreal hotel.<ref name=gazetteCoalition/> On 9 September 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to then-[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Adrienne Clarkson]], stating, |
On 26 March 2011, Bloc Québécois leader Duceppe stated that Conservative leader Stephen Harper had in 2004 tried to form a [[coalition government]] with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals intended to form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP.<ref>{{cite news|last=Payton|first=Laura|title=Harper wanted 2004 coalition: Duceppe|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadavotes2011/story/2011/03/26/cv-kickoff-bloc.html|accessdate=26 March 2011|newspaper=CBC News|date=26 March 2011}}</ref> Two months after the 2004 federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with BQ leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader [[Jack Layton]] in a Montreal hotel.<ref name=gazetteCoalition/> On 9 September 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to then-[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Adrienne Clarkson]], stating, |
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{{Quote|We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise, this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority.<ref name=gazetteCoalition>{{cite news|title=Harper, Layton, Duceppe sought 'co-opposition' in 2004 letter to GG|url=http://www.canada.com/news/Harper+Layton+Duceppe+sought+opposition+2004+letter/4511865/story.html#ixzz1Htw6yDVP|publisher=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=27 March 2011 |
{{Quote|We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise, this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority.<ref name=gazetteCoalition>{{cite news|title=Harper, Layton, Duceppe sought 'co-opposition' in 2004 letter to GG |url=http://www.canada.com/news/Harper+Layton+Duceppe+sought+opposition+2004+letter/4511865/story.html#ixzz1Htw6yDVP |publisher=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=27 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20150606203155/http://www.canada.com/news/Harper+Layton+Duceppe+sought+opposition+2004+letter/4511865/story.html |archivedate=6 June 2015 }}</ref>}} |
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On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the Governor General consult with them before deciding to call an election.<ref name=Harpercoalition>{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Andrew|title=Bloc leader accuses Harper of lying about coalition|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/962240--bloc-leader-accuses-harper-of-lying-about-coalition?bn=1|accessdate=27 March 2011|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=26 March 2011}}</ref> At the news conference, Harper said: "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government, despite the letter written to the Governor General.<ref name=gazetteCoalition/> Harper said, "This is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort."<ref name=Harpercoalition/> |
On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the Governor General consult with them before deciding to call an election.<ref name=Harpercoalition>{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Andrew|title=Bloc leader accuses Harper of lying about coalition|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/962240--bloc-leader-accuses-harper-of-lying-about-coalition?bn=1|accessdate=27 March 2011|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=26 March 2011}}</ref> At the news conference, Harper said: "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government, despite the letter written to the Governor General.<ref name=gazetteCoalition/> Harper said, "This is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort."<ref name=Harpercoalition/> |
Revision as of 16:31, 28 August 2015
Template:Infobox Canadian political party The Bloc Québécois (French pronunciation: [blɔk kebekwa], Quebec Bloc) is a federal political party in Canada devoted to the protection of Quebec's interests in the House of Commons of Canada, and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was formed by Members of Parliament who defected from the federal Progressive Conservative Party and Liberal Party. BQ founder Lucien Bouchard was a cabinet minister in the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney. The BQ seeks to create the conditions necessary for the political secession of Quebec from Canada and campaigns actively only within the province during federal elections. English-speaking Canadians commonly refer to the party as "the Bloc"; the party is sometimes known as the BQ in the English-speaking media. The party has been described as social-democratic[1] and separatist.[2][3] The Bloc won four seats in the 2011 federal election, fewer than the 12 required for official party status in the House of Commons, and by August 2014 had been reduced to two seats due to resignations and expulsions. It remains a registered political party, but is currently tied with the two-seat Green Party and Strength in Democracy as the smallest party in the House of Commons of Canada. It has strong informal ties to the Parti Québécois (PQ, whose members are known as "Péquistes"), the provincial party that advocates for the secession of Quebec from Canada and its independence, but the two are not linked organizationally. As with its provincial counterpart, the Bloc Québécois has been supported by a wide range of voters in Quebec, from large sections of organised labour to more conservative rural voters.[4][5] Members and supporters are known as Bloquistes (French: [blɔkist]) (English: Bloquists).
Positions and ideologies
An incomplete list of Bloc Québécois political positions. Among other things the Bloc Québécois has advocated for:
- Quebec sovereignty, up to independence, specifically repeal of the Clarity Act and opposition to the Muskrat Falls hydroelectric project.[6][7][8][9]
- Environmentalism, specifically supporting the Kyoto Accord.[10][11][12]
- Abortion rights.[13]
- LGBT rights,[14] specifically the legalization of same-sex marriage.[15]
- Decriminalization of cannabis.[16]
- Legalization of assisted suicide.[17]
- Abolition of the Canadian Senate.[18]
- Withdrawal of Canadian troops from Afghanistan.[19][20]
- Opposition to Canadian participation in the Iraq War in 2003.[21]
- Abolition of the Monarchy[22]
History
Origins
The Bloc Québécois was formed in 1990 as an informal coalition of Progressive Conservative and Liberal Members of Parliament from Quebec, who left their original parties around the time of the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord. The party was intended to be temporary and was given the goal of the promotion of sovereignty at the federal level. The party aimed to disband following a successful referendum on secession from Canada. As with most parties, it has gained and lost prominent supporters over the years.[23]
The initial coalition that led to the Bloc was headed by Lucien Bouchard, who had been federal Minister of the Environment in the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney.[23] Bouchard abandoned the government in May 1990 in response to the report of a commission headed by Jean Charest that suggested changes to the Meech Lake Accord. Bouchard felt the recommendations for change undermined the objectives and spirit of the accord. According to The Secret Mulroney Tapes he was fired by Prime Minister Mulroney. Bouchard was joined by five of his fellow Tories, Nic Leblanc, Louis Plamondon, Benoît Tremblay, Gilbert Chartrand, and François Gérin, along with two Liberals, Gilles Rocheleau and Jean Lapierre. The first Bloquiste candidate to be elected was Gilles Duceppe, then a union organizer, in a by-election for the Montreal riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie on 13 August 1990.[23][24] He ran as an independent, since the Bloc had not been registered as a federal party. Jean Lapierre renounced separatism and rejoined the Liberals during the leadership of Paul Martin.
First election
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Bloc_Quebecois_1990s.svg/300px-Bloc_Quebecois_1990s.svg.png)
In the 1993 federal election, the Bloc won 54 seats (out of 75) in Quebec, sweeping nearly all of the francophone ridings. Because the opposition vote in the rest of Canada was split between the Reform Party, the Progressive Conservative Party, and the New Democratic Party, the Bloc narrowly won the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, and therefore became the official opposition. While Reform finished second in the national popular vote, the Bloc's heavy concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger than Reform's concentration in the West.[25]
Soon after the new Parliament was sworn in, Bouchard announced that Bloquiste MPs would only speak French on the floor of the House of Commons, a policy that remains in force to this day. This was out of necessity; although Bouchard and most of the Bloc's founding members were fluently bilingual in French and English, Bouchard had discovered that most of his large caucus could not speak English well enough to use it in debate.
The election of such a relatively large number of Bloquistes was the first of The Three Periods, a plan intended to lay out the way to sovereignty created by PQ leader Jacques Parizeau. Parizeau became Premier of Quebec in the Quebec election of 1994 (the second of the Three Periods).
Because the Bloc was the official opposition, it had considerable privileges over the other parties although all of its MPs had been elected in one province. For instance, Question Periods during the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity. However, the governing Liberals regarded Reform as their main opposition on non-Quebec matters. Also, in 1995, when Bouchard garnered an invitation to meet visiting US President Bill Clinton by virtue of being Opposition Leader, Reform leader Preston Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.[26]
1995 Quebec referendum
In 1995, the PQ government called the second referendum on independence in Quebec history. The Bloc entered the campaign for the Oui (Yes) side (in favour of sovereignty). The Oui side's campaign had a difficult beginning, so the leadership of the campaign was shifted from PQ leader Jacques Parizeau to Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard. Bouchard was seen as more charismatic and more moderate, and therefore more likely to attract voters.[27]
A "tripartite agreement" mapping out the plan for accession to independence was written and signed by the leaders of the Parti Québécois, the Bloc Québécois and the Action démocratique du Québec on 12 June 1995.[28] It revived René Lévesque's notion that the referendum should be followed by the negotiating of an association agreement between an independent Quebec and the rest of Canada. This provision was inspired by Bouchard. Parizeau had previously wanted a vote simply on independence. The difference became moot when 50.6% of voters taking part in the referendum rejected the sovereignty plan. An overwhelming "Non" vote in Montreal tipped the balance.
The day after the referendum, Parizeau stepped down as PQ leader and Premier of Quebec. Bouchard left federal politics and succeeded Parizeau in both posts on 26 January 1996.
New leaders
Following Bouchard's departure from Ottawa, Michel Gauthier became leader of the Bloc. In the wake of the referendum defeat, Gauthier proved unable to hold the fractious caucus together and resigned as leader just one year later. Gilles Duceppe, who had served as interim leader after Bouchard stepped down, became leader of the Bloc in 1997 and remained leader up until 2011, resigning after the 2011 federal election.[29][30]
Gilles Duceppe announced on 11 May 2007 that he would run for the leadership of the Parti Québécois to replace André Boisclair, who resigned on 8 May 2007, after the poor performance in the March 2007 Quebec provincial election and internal dissent forced him to step down. Duceppe announced the next day that he was withdrawing from the race, and that he would support Pauline Marois who had also announced her intention to run.[31]
Declining fortunes
In the 1997 federal election, the Bloc Québécois dropped to 44 seats, losing official opposition status to the Reform Party. The 1997–2000 term was marked by the Bloc's fight against the passage of the Clarity Act, the attempt by Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (himself a Quebecer who represented a strongly nationalist riding) and Stéphane Dion, a Quebec minister in Chrétien's cabinet, to codify the Supreme Court of Canada's 1998 decision that Quebec could not secede unilaterally.[32]
In the 2000 election, the Bloc dropped further to 38 seats, despite polling a larger percentage of the vote than at the previous election. One factor was the forced merger of several major Quebec cities, such as Montreal, Quebec City and Hull/Gatineau. The merger was very unpopular in those areas, resulting in Liberal wins in several of the merged areas. This was still more than the number of seats the Liberals had won in Quebec. However, the Liberals won several subsequent by-elections during the life of the resulting Parliament, until the Liberals had held the majority of Quebec's seats in the Commons for the first time since the 1984 federal election. From then to the subsequent election, the Bloc continued to denounce the federal government's interventions in what the Bloc saw as exclusively provincial jurisdictions. The Bloc credits its actions for the uncovering of what has since become the sponsorship scandal.[33]
Comeback
The Bloc continued to slide in most of the 2003 opinion polls following the 2003 Quebec election which was won by the federalist Quebec Liberal Party led by Jean Charest. However, things changed during the winter of 2003. The federalist Charest government lost popularity. Then, in February 2004, the Auditor General of Canada uncovered the sponsorship scandal, suggesting illegality in the spending of federal monies in Quebec in support of Canadian unity. As well, the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien passed party financing legislation that resulted in the Bloc receiving millions of dollars in subsidies that helped to stabilize its organization.[34]
For the 2004 election the Bloc adopted the slogan Un parti propre au Québec, a play on words that can be translated either as "A party of Quebec's own" ("a party proper to Quebec") or as "A clean party in Quebec". The Bloc won 54 seats in the House of Commons, tying its previous record from the 1993 campaign. For the 2006 election, the Bloc used the slogan Heureusement, ici, c'est le Bloc! ("Fortunately, the Bloc is here!").[35] The Bloc were expected to easily win more than 60 seats at the start of the campaign, and they did in fact take six seats from the Liberals. However, the unexpected surge of the new Conservative Party of Canada in parts of Quebec, particularly in and around Quebec City, led to the Bloc losing eight seats to the Tories. Coupled with an additional loss to André Arthur, an independent candidate, the Bloc recorded a net loss of three seats.[36]
The Conservative Party won a plurality (but not a majority) of seats in the House of Commons, thus forming a minority government. There was persistent speculation as to the possibility of the Bloc forming alliances with other opposition parties to wrest the government away from the Conservatives. Duceppe, whose leadership was confirmed after the election, maintained that the Bloc would continue to co-operate with other opposition parties or with the government when this advantaged Quebec, but would not participate in a federal government.[citation needed]
On 2 May 2006, a poll revealed that for the first time, the Conservatives were ahead of the Bloc among Quebec voters (34% against 31%)[citation needed]. Duceppe announced the Bloc would support Prime Minister Stephen Harper's budget that same day. By October polls showed that the Bloc was up to mid forties whereas the Conservatives fell into the teens behind Liberals in their poll numbers in Quebec[citation needed].
Slight gains
The Bloc made slight gains following the 2008 federal elections as they won 49 seats, one more than the amount they had before the previous parliament was dissolved. In that election, they used the slogan "Présent pour le Québec" (Present for Quebec). Although they made small gains in relation to the amount of seats at dissolution, they fell by 2 seats to 49 in comparison to the 51 they received in 2006. Also, the proportion of popular votes in the province was down 4 points to 38.1%, the Bloc's lowest score since 1997.
In a speech in front of his supporters following the election, BQ leader Gilles Duceppe claimed to have achieved his objectives, adding: "without the Bloc Québécois tonight, Mr. Harper would have formed a majority government".[37]
At the end of November 2008, the Bloc indicated that it would support a possible Motion of No Confidence against the governing Conservatives by the two other opposition parties, and would support the resulting Liberal-NDP coalition government at least until June 2010, without actually being part of the government.[38]
Coalition attempt
On 26 March 2011, Bloc Québécois leader Duceppe stated that Conservative leader Stephen Harper had in 2004 tried to form a coalition government with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals intended to form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP.[39] Two months after the 2004 federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with BQ leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton in a Montreal hotel.[40] On 9 September 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to then-Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, stating,
We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise, this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority.[40]
On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the Governor General consult with them before deciding to call an election.[41] At the news conference, Harper said: "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government, despite the letter written to the Governor General.[40] Harper said, "This is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort."[41]
One month later, on 4 October, journalist Mike Duffy, (later appointed as a Conservative senator by Harper in December 2008), said "It is possible that you could change prime minister without having an election," and that some Conservatives wanted Harper as prime minister. The next day Layton walked out on talks with Harper and Duceppe, accusing them of trying to replace Paul Martin with Harper as prime minister. Both Bloc and Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations.[40]
Loss of official party status
In the 2011 federal election, in the wake of a surge of support for the New Democratic Party, the Bloc received less than a quarter of the popular vote in Quebec (and less than 6% of the national vote), lost 44 of the 47 seats it held at parliament's dissolution, and only added one seat, which had been vacated by a Bloc Québécois member six months prior to the election. The seats lost included that of Duceppe, who resigned as party president and leader. It also lost all but one of its seats in Montreal. With few exceptions, the Bloc's seats were won by the NDP, though the Bloc did not suffer as severe a beating as the one it handed the PCs 18 years earlier.
By winning only four seats the Bloc failed to reach the minimum of 12 seats required for official party status in the House of Commons. MPs without official party status are treated as independents and must sit in the back row of the opposition benches. They are permitted just a few questions each week in question period and cannot sit as voting members on parliamentary committees.[42][43]
Elected to Parliament in this election were incumbents Louis Plamondon, André Bellavance, Maria Mourani and rookie MP Jean-François Fortin. When the 41st Canadian Parliament convened on 2 June 2011, Plamondon became the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader.[44] Vivian Barbot served as interim leader and party president following Duceppe's resignation until the party's 2011 leadership election.[45]
Leadership election, 2011
The Bloc Québécois leadership election campaign to choose a permanent successor to Duceppe began on 17 September 2011 and concluded on 11 December[46] with the election of former MP for Hochelaga Daniel Paillé as party leader.[47][48] Plamondon, the longest-serving member of the Commons, served as parliamentary leader during Paillé's tenure as he did not have a seat.
On 28 February 2013, Claude Patry defected from the New Democratic Party and joined the Bloc, quoting his disagreement with the New Democratic Party on the subject of Quebec sovereignty, bringing the party's total seats in Parliament up to five.[49]
The caucus fell back to 4 MPs on 12 September 2013 when Mourani, the party's only remaining member from Montreal, was expelled for her comments criticizing the Parti Québécois government's proposed Charter of Quebec Values.[50]
Leadership election, 2014
Paillé stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 due to health reasons.[51] A leadership election was held the following June.[52]
Hardliner Mario Beaulieu, a former president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste who had never been either a Member of Parliament or a member of Quebec's National Assembly, was elected party leader after running on a platform of prioritizing Quebec independence above all else. He defeated BQ Member of Parliament André Bellavance, who had campaigned on a platform of broadening the Bloc beyond being a coalition of sovereigntists and had been endorsed by the rest of the party's caucus.[53]
Defections
On 12 August 2014, the caucus was reduced to three MPs when the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader, Jean-François Fortin, quit the party to sit as an independent saying that the Bloc Québécois he had joined no longer exists and that Beaulieu had destroyed its credibility.[54] On 25 August 2014, former interim parliamentary leader and failed leadership contender André Bellavance also resigned, reducing the Bloc to two MPs – one of whom, Claude Patry, has announced that he will not be running for re-election.[55] On December 31, 2014, the party's vice president, Annie Lessard, resigned after a personality conflict with Leader Mario Beaulieu.[56]
Return of Duceppe
With only two seats left in parliament and with the party languishing in the polls a few months before an expected election campaign, it was announced June 10, 2015 that Gilles Duceppe would be returning to lead the party into the campaign while Beaulieu would relinquish the leadership but remain party president.[57] The party executive agreed on June 9, 2015, to split the positions of president and party leader in order to facilitate Duceppe's return. The changes were approved by the party's general council on July 1.[58][59][60][61]
Relationship to Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois has close ties to the Bloc and shares its principal objective of independence for Quebec. The two parties have backed each other during election campaigns, and prominent members of each party often attend and speak at the other's public events. In addition, the majority of each party's membership holds membership in both parties. However, on an organizational level the parties are separate entities – the Bloc is not the federal wing of the Parti Québécois, nor the PQ the provincial wing of the Bloc.
Lucien Bouchard has been the leader of both parties. Michel Gauthier, once Bloc's leader, was a PQ member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1981 until 1988. Former party leader Daniel Paillé was also a PQ member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1994 to 1996, and a BQ member of Parliament from 2009 to 2011.
Party leaders
Picture | Name | Term start | Term end | Riding while leader | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Lucien Bouchard | 25 July 1990 | 16 January 1996 | Lac-Saint-Jean | First leader |
![]() |
Gilles Duceppe (interim) | 16 January 1996 | 17 February 1996 | Laurier—Sainte-Marie | Interim leader |
Michel Gauthier | 17 February 1996 | 15 March 1997 | Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean | ||
![]() |
Gilles Duceppe | 15 March 1997 | 2 May 2011 | Laurier—Sainte-Marie | |
Vivian Barbot (interim) | 2 May 2011 | 11 December 2011 | Served as interim leader and president of the party.[45] Louis Plamondon was acting leader in the House of Commons. | ||
![]() |
Daniel Paillé | 11 December 2011 | 16 December 2013 | Stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 due to health reasons.[51] | |
vacant | 16 December 2013 | 25 June 2014 | André Bellavance was acting leader in the House of Commons until 26 February 2014, when he declared his candidacy for leader.[62] Jean-François Fortin replaced Bellavance as leader in the House of Commons. Party vice president Annie Lessard was the acting president of the party.[63] | ||
Mario Beaulieu | 25 June 2014 | 10 June 2015 | Elected leader on 14 June 2014, and assumed the role on 25 June 2014. Relinquishes the party leadership on 10 June 2015 but remains party president.[57] | ||
![]() |
Gilles Duceppe | 10 June 2015[64] | Returns as leader but not as party president.[57] Officially Leader since 10 June; position later ratified by general council on 1 July.[58][59] |
Election results
Election | # of candidates nominated | # of seats won | # of total votes | % of popular vote (Canada) | % of popular vote (Quebec) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1993 | 75 | 54 | 1,846,024 | 13.5% | 49.3% |
1997 | 75 | 44 | 1,385,821 | 10.7% | 37.9% |
2000 | 75 | 38 | 1,377,727 | 10.7% | 39.9% |
2004 | 75 | 54 | 1,680,109 | 12.4% | 48.9% |
2006 | 75 | 51 | 1,553,201 | 10.5% | 42.1% |
2008 | 75 | 49 | 1,379,628 | 10.0% | 38.1% |
2011 | 75 | 4 | 889,788 | 6.0% | 23.4% |
See also
- Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet
- List of political parties in Canada
- List of subjects related to the Quebec independence movement
- Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec
- Politics of Canada
- Politics of Quebec
- Quebec nationalism
- Secessionist movements of Canada
- Timeline of Quebec history
References
- ^ The BQ is described as social-democratic:
- Steven Staples (3 October 2006). Missile Defence: Round One. James Lorimer & Company. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-55028-929-9.
- Geoffrey Evans; Nan Dirk de Graaf (28 March 2013). Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-966399-6.
- Anne Westhues (20 September 2006). Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-88920-504-8.
- John Loughlin; John Kincaid; Wilfried Swenden (18 July 2013). Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 1-136-72762-0.
- M. O. Dickerson; Thomas Flanagan, M. O. Dickerson, Brenda O'Neill; Thomas Flanagan; Brenda O'Neill (11 March 2009). An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach. Cengage Learning. p. 120. ISBN 0-17-650042-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Paul Orlowski (21 June 2011). Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century. Springer. p. 123. ISBN 978-94-007-1418-2.
- William Cross (1 January 2011). Political Parties. UBC Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7748-4111-5.
- Kevin Farnsworth; Zoë M. Irving (2011). Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems. The Policy Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-84742-827-1.
- ^ Rand Dyck (8 March 2011). Canadian Politics: Concise. Cengage Learning. p. 211. ISBN 0-17-650343-9.
- ^ Geoffrey Evans; Nan Dirk de Graaf (28 March 2013). Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-966399-6.
- ^ "Boisclair gets emotional talking about homophobia". CTV News. 4 March 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ "Results suggest rift between urban, rural voters". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
- ^ http://www.timescolonist.com/business/leader-mario-beaulieu-wants-to-bring-immigrants-to-the-separatist-cause-1.1800917
- ^ "MPs reject Clarity Act repeal in 283–5 vote". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "Trudeau knocks Mulcair for 50-plus-1 stance on separation". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ Heinrich, Jeff (20 April 2013). "Bloc Québécois look to future for success". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ "Opposition MPs pass Kyoto bill despite Tory resistance". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 February 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Prentice defends oilsands following National Geographic article". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "Duceppe wades into asbestos mining debate". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ "Motion on when life begins splits Conservative caucus". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ "Commons approves transgender rights bill". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "Same-sex rights – Canada timeline". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- ^ Khoo, Lisa (May 2001). "Up in smoke? Canada's marijuana law and the debate over decriminalization". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- ^ "Assisted suicide voted down by MPs". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "MPs vote against NDP motion to abolish Senate". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "Bloc to spur Afghanistan vote". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "Government will fall if Afghan mission doesn't end in 2009, Bloc warns". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 August 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "PM says Canada won't fight in Iraq". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 March 2003. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ http://www.blocquebecois.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Programme.pdf (Page 10)
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{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b Chung, Andrew (26 March 2011). "Bloc leader accuses Harper of lying about coalition". Toronto Star. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
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- ^ a b http://www.cbc.ca/m/news/canada/montreal/gilles-duceppe-officially-named-leader-of-bloc-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-1.3135046
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{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "BELLAVANCE, André, B.A." Parliement of Canada. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
- ^ "Bloc Québécois PARLINFO". Parliament of Canada.
- ^ "DUCEPPE, Gilles". House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
External links
- Template:Fr icon Bloc Québécois website
- 2011 election platform
- Text of the 1995 tripartite agreement
- Template:Fr icon SRC dossier on the constitutional saga
- Use dmy dates from September 2012
- 1991 establishments in Quebec
- History by political party
- Political parties established in 1991
- Bloc Québécois
- Secessionist organizations in Canada
- Social democratic parties in Canada
- Political parties of minorities
- Organizations based in Montreal
- Pro-independence parties
- Republicanism in Canada