Ahmadiyya by country: Difference between revisions
Doug Weller (talk | contribs) "sect" seems to be used for the Sunnu and Shia also, isn't derogatory here |
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{{As of|2014}} the community has been established in 206 countries and territories of the world.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands/394216/argyll-christian-to-receive-muslim-peace-prize | title=Argyll’s Magnus MacFarlane-Barrow to receive Muslim peace prize | accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref><ref group="n">Depending on the definition, there are 195 or 196 countries in the world, of which 193 are member states of the United Nations. Under the [[Sovereign state#Constitutive theory|constitutive theory of statehood]] there are 206 sovereign states. There are dozens of territories and colonies that are sometimes erroneously called "countries". See: |
{{As of|2014}} the community has been established in 206 countries and territories of the world.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands/394216/argyll-christian-to-receive-muslim-peace-prize | title=Argyll’s Magnus MacFarlane-Barrow to receive Muslim peace prize | accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref><ref group="n">Depending on the definition, there are 195 or 196 countries in the world, of which 193 are member states of the United Nations. Under the [[Sovereign state#Constitutive theory|constitutive theory of statehood]] there are 206 sovereign states. There are dozens of territories and colonies that are sometimes erroneously called "countries". See: |
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*{{cite web | url=http://geography.about.com/cs/countries/a/numbercountries.htm | title=The Number of Countries in the World | accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref> with concentrations in [[South Asia]], [[West Africa]], [[East Africa]] and [[Indonesia]]. The community is a minority Muslim sect in almost every country of the world. On the other hand, it has spread to most countries of the world. |
*{{cite web | url=http://geography.about.com/cs/countries/a/numbercountries.htm | title=The Number of Countries in the World | accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref> with concentrations in [[South Asia]], [[West Africa]], [[East Africa]] and [[Indonesia]]. The community is a minority Muslim sect in almost every country of the world. On the other hand, it has spread to most countries of the world.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} In some countries, it is practically illegal to be an Ahmadi Muslim. For instance, in [[Pakistan]], following the [[Ordinance XX]], Ahmadis cannot call themselves Muslims, profess the Islamic creed publicly or call their places of worship mosques. Together, these factors make it difficult to estimate the Ahmadiyya population for both the community itself and as well as independent organizations. For this reason, the community gives a figure of "tens of millions";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html | title=An Overview | accessdate=March 4, 2014 | date= | publisher=Al Islam}}</ref> however, most independent sources variously estimate the population to be at least 10 to 20 million<ref name="ahmadi">See: |
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*{{Cite book|title=Breach of Faith|last1=|first1=|quote=Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate|authorlink=|volume=|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=|isbn=|page=8|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-jgWU83CCIOZyAPJjoDYCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=March 29, 2014 | date=June 2005}} |
*{{Cite book|title=Breach of Faith|last1=|first1=|quote=Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate|authorlink=|volume=|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=|isbn=|page=8|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-jgWU83CCIOZyAPJjoDYCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=March 29, 2014 | date=June 2005}} |
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*{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e_E2U7GXMIrJ0QXou4CIAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Asian Religions in British Columbia|quote=The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world|author=Larry DeVries, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer|accessdate=March 29, 2014|isbn=978-0-7748-1662-5|publisher=University of Columbia Press}} |
*{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e_E2U7GXMIrJ0QXou4CIAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Asian Religions in British Columbia|quote=The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world|author=Larry DeVries, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer|accessdate=March 29, 2014|isbn=978-0-7748-1662-5|publisher=University of Columbia Press}} |
Revision as of 06:09, 13 February 2016
Ahmadiyya by country |
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Ahmadiyya is an Islamic religious movement founded in India near the end of the 19th century by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies of the world's reformer during the end times, who was to herald the Eschaton as predicted in the traditions of various world religions and bring about the final triumph of Islam according to Islamic prophecy.
As of 2014[update] the community has been established in 206 countries and territories of the world.[1][n 1] with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa and Indonesia. The community is a minority Muslim sect in almost every country of the world. On the other hand, it has spread to most countries of the world.[citation needed] In some countries, it is practically illegal to be an Ahmadi Muslim. For instance, in Pakistan, following the Ordinance XX, Ahmadis cannot call themselves Muslims, profess the Islamic creed publicly or call their places of worship mosques. Together, these factors make it difficult to estimate the Ahmadiyya population for both the community itself and as well as independent organizations. For this reason, the community gives a figure of "tens of millions";[2] however, most independent sources variously estimate the population to be at least 10 to 20 million[3] worldwide, thereby representing around 1% of the world's Muslim population.[n 2]
According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, the Ahmadiyya movement is the fastest growing sect within Islam as of the early 21st century.[n 3] The country with the largest Ahmadiyya population is Pakistan, with an estimated 4 million Ahmadi Muslims. Excluding small nations, the country with the largest proportion of Ahmadis to Muslims is Ghana, standing at 16%. The country with the highest percentage is Sierra Leone standing at over 8%.
The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, commonly referred to as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (AMC), headed by the Khalifa. The other is the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which represents less than 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population.[n 4]
Countries
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baitul_Islam%2C_Ontario.jpg/220px-Baitul_Islam%2C_Ontario.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Mosque.Tamale.jpg/220px-Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Mosque.Tamale.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Haifamosque.jpg/220px-Haifamosque.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Masjid_Mahdi%2C_Jamaica.jpg/220px-Masjid_Mahdi%2C_Jamaica.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2011-04-08_Bait-un-Nasr_mosque.jpg/220px-2011-04-08_Bait-un-Nasr_mosque.jpg)
The following figures display estimates of number of Ahmadi Muslims and their percentages by country. However, it does not list all the countries with the Ahmadiyya presence. In particular, it does not list a number of countries which have a large presence of Ahmadis. This includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, The Gambia and a number of Arab States.
Table
Country/Region | Ahmadiyya population | Percentage (%) of Muslims | Percentage (%) of population |
Notes/ Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
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15,500 | 2.0 | < 0.1 | Estimate[4] |
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3,000 | 0.8 | < 0.1 | Estimate[5] |
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300 | 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimate[6] |
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100,000 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Estimate[7][n 5] |
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30 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[8] |
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1,250 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[9] |
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50 | 1.8 | < 0.1 | Estimate[10] |
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400 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimate[11] |
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430,000 | 12.0 | 2.2 | PRC[12] |
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25,000 | 2.5 | 0.1 | Estimate[13] |
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220,000 | 4.0 | 2.0 | PRC[12] |
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540,000 | 6.0 | 0.7 | PRC[12] |
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600 | 0.3 | < 0.1 | Estimate[14] |
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50,000 | 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimate[15] |
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2,000 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 1996 Census[n 6] |
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1,000 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | |
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35,000 | 0.9 | < 0.1 | Estimate[16][17] |
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635,000 | 16.0 | 2.5 | PRC[12][n 7] |
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100 | 8.3 | < 0.1 | Estimate[18] |
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13,000 | 2.0 | 0.8 | PRC[12] |
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200* | 0.4 | < 0.1 | Estimate[n 8] |
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1,000,000 | 0.6 | < 0.1 | Estimate[19][20] |
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400,000 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ARDA[21][22] |
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500 | 1.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[23] |
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2,200 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[24] |
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100 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimte[25] |
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300 | 0.3 | < 0.1 | Estimate[26] |
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198,000 | 4.0 | 0.3 | PRC[12] |
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1,000 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimate[27] |
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350 | 35.0 | < 0.1 | AMC[28]: 76 |
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85,000 | 10.0 | 1.2 | PRC[12] |
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2,000 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimate[29] |
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260,000 | 2.0 | 1.6 | PRC[12] |
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10 | 100.0 | < 0.1 | Estimate[30] |
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4,000 | 1.9 | 0.3 | Estimate[31] |
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100 | 2.7 | < 0.1 | Esitimate[32] |
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1,500 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[33] |
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400 | 1.0 | < 0.1 | Estimate[34] |
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970,000 | 6.0 | 5.5 | PRC[12] |
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2,840,000 | 3.0 | 1.3 | PRC[12] |
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1,500 | 1.0 | < 0.1 | Estimate[35] |
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600,000 - 4,900,000 | 0.3 - 2.2 | 0.3 - 2.2 | Various estimates[n 9] |
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38 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[36] |
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116,000 | 1.0 | 0.9 | PRC[12] |
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500,000 | 12.0 | 8.1 | AMC |
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200 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | 1970s Estimate[37] |
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1,000 | 50.0 | 0.2 | Estimate[n 10] |
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500 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | Estimate[38] |
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14,000 | 18.9 | 2.6 | 2012 Census[n 11] |
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250 | 12.5 | < 0.1 | AMC[28]: 107 |
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800 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate.[n 12] |
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800 | 0.2 | < 0.1 | Estimate[39] |
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2,540,000 | 15.0 | 4.5 | PRC[12] |
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300 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | AMC Estimate[40] |
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500* | 0.7 | < 0.1 | Estimate[n 13] |
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50 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 2005 Estimate[41] |
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192,000 | 4.0 | 0.5 | PRC[12] |
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30,000 | 1.0 | < 0.1 | Estimate[42] |
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15,000 | 0.6 | < 0.1 | Estimate[43] |
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500 | 0.8 | < 0.1 | Estimate[44] |
See also
Islam:
Other religions:
- Bahá'í statistics
- Buddhism by country
- Christianity by country
- Hinduism by country
- Judaism by country
- Sikhism by country
Notes
- ^ Depending on the definition, there are 195 or 196 countries in the world, of which 193 are member states of the United Nations. Under the constitutive theory of statehood there are 206 sovereign states. There are dozens of territories and colonies that are sometimes erroneously called "countries". See:
- "The Number of Countries in the World". Retrieved February 15, 2015.
- ^ A figure of 10 to 20 million represents 0.62% to 1.25% of the worlds Muslim population.
- ^ The Ahmadiyya Movement has been the fastest growing sect according to the World Christian Encyclopedia for a number of decades. For this, see earlier editions. The 2001 edition places the growth rate at 3.25%, which is the highest of all Islamic sects and schools of thought. See:
- David B. Barrett, George Thomas Kurian,Todd M. Johnson, ed. (February 15, 2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195079639.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
- David B. Barrett, George Thomas Kurian,Todd M. Johnson, ed. (February 15, 2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195079639.
- ^ The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has unofficially stated its total population to be up to 30,000, of which 5,000 to 10,000 live in Pakistan. On this basis, the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement represents approximately 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population.See:
- Simon Ross Valentine (2008-10-06). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
- "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- ^ There is also an upper estimate of 200,000 Ahmadi Muslims in Bangladesh.
- ^ The actual figure as stated in the 1996 census is 1,976.
- ^ Ghana's Muslims have previously raised concern over the census figures which states that 17% of Ghanaians belong to the Muslim faith. It is claimed that Muslims represent somewhere between 30 and 45% of Ghana. Under this, the Ahmadiyya population would number almost 2 million. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community itself gives an estimate of over 2 million Ahmadis in Ghana. See:
- "Muslims cry foul over population figures". News From Africa. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- Ahmadiyya Muslim Mosques Around The World - A Pictorical Presentation. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community; Khilafat Centenary Edition. 2008. p. 70. ISBN 978-1882494514.
- ^ There are over 200 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Guyana. However, the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement is also active in Guyana, for which figures are unavailable at the moment. Thus, a figure of 200 is unlikely to be representative of the total Ahmadiyya population. See:
- ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure. See:
- 600,000: Freedom House. "The Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights". p. 120.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - over 2 million: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2008-12-04). "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 - Nov. 2008)". Retrieved 2012-06-28.
- 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF)
- 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130
- 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52
- "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- 600,000: Freedom House. "The Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights". p. 120.
- ^ It is estimated that there are 1,000 Ahmadis in the country. However, Sunni Muslims claim to have more followers in the country. Taking a lower bound, it can be stipulated that Ahmadis represent 50% of the country's Muslims. See
- "Muslims in Melanesia: putting security issues in perspective". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 62 (3). Taylor & Francis: 408–429. September 2008.
- ^ The exact figure as stated in the 2012 census is 14,161
- ^ Estimates range from 500 to 1,100. See:
- Lewis, James R. (2015). Handbook of Nordic New Religions. Brill. p. 362.
- ^ There are over 500 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. However, there is also a large presence of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement, for which figures are unavailable. Thus, a figure of 500 is unlikely to be representative of the total Ahmadiyya population. See:
- The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A-L; Volume 2: M-Z. p. 33-38 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)
- The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A-L; Volume 2: M-Z. p. 33-38 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
References
- ^ "Argyll's Magnus MacFarlane-Barrow to receive Muslim peace prize". Retrieved February 15, 2015.
- ^ "An Overview". Al Islam. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
- ^ See:
- Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate
- Larry DeVries, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer. Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Juan Eduardo Campo. Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 24. ISBN 0-8160-5454-1. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million
- "Ahmadiyya Muslims". pbs.org. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
- ^ "El Islam en Argentina". September 15, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
- ^ "A good Muslim's better life cut short by extremists". Sydney Morning Herald. March 11, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
- ^ Jørgen Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić, Egdunas Raciu. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 5. p. 55. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Bangladesh bans Islam sect books". BBC News. January 9, 2004. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
- ^ "Ahmadiyya Muslims among Banned Religious Organisations". UNHCR. November 4, 2003. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ Khalid Saifullah. "Social and Economic Influence of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Flanders-Belgium" (PDF). Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- ^ "Spreading The Message Of Islam in Belize". Retrieved February 14, 2015.
- ^ "Bulgaria: Ahmadis barred "because it is against the religions that people follow here"". Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
- ^ Don Baker, Daniel L. Overmyer, Larry DeVries (August 9, 2012). Asian Religions in British Columbia. UCB Press. p. 73. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mikkel Rytter. Family Upheaval: Generation, Mobility and Relatedness among Pakistani. Berghahn Books. p. 14. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
- ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil. Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford University Press. p. 297. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ "Mitgliederzahlen: Islam", in: Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst|Religionswissenschaftliche Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (Abbreviation: REMID), Retrieved 3 January 2016
- ^ "Anzahl der Muslime in Deutschland nach Glaubensrichtung im Jahr 2015* (in 1.000)", in: Statista GmbH, Retrieved 3 January 2016
- ^ "Ahmadía, el ala pacífi ca del Islam, atrae a guatemaltecos". Retrieved June 2, 2014.
- ^ "Wretched Of The Land".
- ^ Susan Snow Wadley. South Asia in the World: An Introduction. M.E. Sharpe Inc. p. 88.
- ^ "Indonesia". The Association of Religious Data. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
- ^ Bruce Vaughn. Indonesia: Domestic Politics, Strategic Dynamics, and American Interests. Diane Publishing Co. p. 20. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
- ^ Lorna Siggins (September 20, 2014). "Persecuted Muslims build first Irish mosque in Galway". Irish Times. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
- ^ Estimate:
- Kababir only (2,200):"Kababir". Israel and You. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- 1990s Estimate (1,000):Ori Stendel. The Arabs in Israel. Sussex Academic Press. p. 45. ISBN 1898723249. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
- ^ "Gli Ahmadi". Retrieved February 14, 2015.
- ^ Numajiri, Masayuki (March 29, 2010). "World Religion Crossing The Border : The Future of Gods in the Era of Globalization" (PDF). Otemon Gakuin University Sociology Bulletin (in Japanese). Otemon Gakuin University: 64.
- ^ "Kyrgyz Officials Reject Muslim Sect". RFE/RL. January 6, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
- ^ a b Ahmadiyya Muslim Mosques Around The World - A Pictorical Presentation. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community; Khilafat Centenary Edition. 2008. ISBN 978-1882494514.
- ^ "Malaysia's Ahmadis living dangerously". November 8, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2009: Marshall Islands. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007).
- ^ Hollup, Oddvar (1996). "Islamic Revivalism and Political Opposition among Minority Muslims in Mauritius". Ethnology. 35 (4).
- ^ "Islam Comes to Merida". Yucatan Living. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
- ^ "Poort krijgt nieuwe moskee". December 13, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
- ^ "Prayers for Opening". stuff.co.nz. October 31, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
- ^ "Omstridt moské åpnes på Furuset". aftenbladet.no. September 29, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
- ^ The role of borderlands in united Europe: historical, ethnic and geopolitical problems of borderlands. p. 142.
- ^ James L. Peacock. Muslim Puritans: Reformist Psychology in Southeast Asian Islam. p. 147. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
- ^ Gerardo Elorriaga (June 24, 2014). "El Islam del amor" (in Spanish). Retrieved August 4, 2015.
- ^ Matthias Kortmann, Kerstin Rosenow-Williams. Islamic Organizations in Europe and the USA: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. p. 102. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
- ^ "Monthly Sinar Islam". Vol. 2 (5 ed.). May 2015.
{{cite magazine}}
: Cite magazine requires|magazine=
(help) - ^ Gary D. Bouma, Rodney Ling, Douglas Pratt (2010). Religious Diversity in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. p. 198.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community celebrates 100 years since first missionary came to UK". This is Local London. June 3, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ "Muslim group to get own caucus on Capitol Hill". Washington Times. February 27, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ Some basics of religious education in Zambia. Retrieved March 30, 2014.