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At around this time, the flight had a near midair collision with Delta Air Lines Flight 2315, reportedly missing the plane by only 300 feet, as air traffic controller Dave Bottiglia frantically tried to tell the Delta pilot to take evasive action. Bottiglia was the first person in the control center to realize that Flight 175 was hijacked when he gave directions for a turn. Flight 175 did not respond, instead accelerating and heading toward the Delta plane. The controller commanded the Delta pilot, "Take any evasive action necessary. We have an airplane that we don't know what he's doing. Any action at all."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020912/NEWS/309129968&cid=sitesearch|title=Report: hijacked plane nearly hit flight from Bradley|date=September 12, 2002|accessdate=2012-08-19|work=SouthCoastToday.com}}</ref><ref name="LearningChannel"/> Moments before Flight 175 crashed, it avoided another near collision with Midwest Express Flight 7, which was flying from Milwaukee to New York.<ref>{{cite book |title=Touching History: The Untold Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over America on 9/11 |first=Lynn |last=Spencer |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2008 |isbn=1-4165-5925-6 |pages=74–76}}</ref>
At around this time, the flight had a near midair collision with Delta Air Lines Flight 2315, reportedly missing the plane by only 300 feet, as air traffic controller Dave Bottiglia frantically tried to tell the Delta pilot to take evasive action. Bottiglia was the first person in the control center to realize that Flight 175 was hijacked when he gave directions for a turn. Flight 175 did not respond, instead accelerating and heading toward the Delta plane. The controller commanded the Delta pilot, "Take any evasive action necessary. We have an airplane that we don't know what he's doing. Any action at all."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020912/NEWS/309129968&cid=sitesearch|title=Report: hijacked plane nearly hit flight from Bradley|date=September 12, 2002|accessdate=2012-08-19|work=SouthCoastToday.com}}</ref><ref name="LearningChannel"/> Moments before Flight 175 crashed, it avoided another near collision with Midwest Express Flight 7, which was flying from Milwaukee to New York.<ref>{{cite book |title=Touching History: The Untold Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over America on 9/11 |first=Lynn |last=Spencer |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2008 |isbn=1-4165-5925-6 |pages=74–76}}</ref>


At 08:55, a supervisor at the New York Air Traffic Control Center notified the center's operations manager of the Flight&nbsp;175 hijacking, and David Bottiglia, who was handling both Flight&nbsp;11 and Flight&nbsp;175, noted, "we might have a hijack over here, two of them."<ref name="four"/> At 08:58, the plane was over New Jersey at 28,500 feet, heading toward New York City. In the five minutes from approximately 08:58 when Shehhi completed the final turn toward New York City until the moment of impact, the plane was in a sustained power dive, descending more than 24,000 feet in 5 minutes 4 seconds, for an average rate of over 5,000 feet per minute.<ref name="ntsb"/> New York Center air traffic controller Dave Bottiglia reported he and his colleagues "were counting down the altitudes, and they were descending, right at the end, at 10,000 feet per minute. That is absolutely unheard of for a commercial jet."<ref name="LearningChannel">{{cite web |url=http://tlc.discovery.com/tv-schedules/special.html?paid=2.14966.55526.0.0|title=''Flight 175: As the World Watched'' (TLC documentary)|publisher=[[The Learning Channel]]|date=December 2005}}{{dead link|date=September 2015}}</ref>
At 08:55, a supervisor at the New York Air Traffic Control Center notified the center's operations manager of the Flight&nbsp;175 hijacking, and David Bottiglia, who was handling both Flight&nbsp;11 and Flight&nbsp;175, noted, "we might have a hijack over here, two of them."<ref name="four"/> At 08:58, the plane was over New Jersey at 28,500 feet, heading toward New York City. In the five minutes from approximately 08:58 when Shehhi completed the final turn toward New York City until the moment of impact, the plane was in a sustained power dive, descending more than 24,000 feet in 5 minutes 4 seconds, for an average rate of over 5,000 feet per minute.<ref name="ntsb"/> New York Center air traffic controller Dave Bottiglia reported he and his colleagues "were counting down the altitudes, and they were descending, right at the end, at 10,000 feet per minute. That is absolutely unheard of for a commercial jet."<ref name="LearningChannel">{{cite web|url=http://tlc.discovery.com/tv-schedules/special.html?paid=2.14966.55526.0.0 |title=''Flight 175: As the World Watched'' (TLC documentary) |publisher=[[The Learning Channel]] |date=December 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130831125835/http://tlc.discovery.com/tv-schedules/special.html?paid=2.14966.55526.0.0 |archivedate=August 31, 2013 }}</ref>


===Calls===
===Calls===

Revision as of 15:14, 27 February 2016

United Airlines Flight 175
UA 175's flight path from Boston to New York City on September 11, 2001.
Hijacking
DateTuesday, September 11, 2001 (2001-09-11)
SummaryTerrorist Suicide hijacking
SiteSouth Tower of the World Trade Center, Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 767–222
OperatorUnited Airlines
RegistrationN612UA
Flight originLogan Int'l Airport
DestinationLos Angeles Int'l Airport
Passengers56 (including 5 hijackers)
Crew9
Fatalities65, including 5 hijackers, on aircraft;
approximately 900 (including emergency workers) at the South Tower of the World Trade Center
Survivors0

United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, California. On September 11, 2001, the Boeing 767-200 operating the route was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists and flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 65 people aboard and an unconfirmed number in the building's impact zone.

Approximately thirty minutes into the flight, the hijackers forcibly breached the cockpit and overpowered the pilot and first officer, allowing lead hijacker and trained pilot Marwan al-Shehhi to take over the controls. Unlike Flight 11, which turned its transponder off, the aircraft's transponder was visible on New York Center's radar, and the aircraft deviated from the assigned flight path for four minutes before air traffic controllers noticed these changes at 08:51 EDT. They made several unsuccessful attempts to contact the cockpit. Unknown to the hijackers, several passengers and crew aboard made phone calls from the plane to loved ones and provided information about the hijackers and injuries to passengers and crew.

The aircraft crashed into Tower Two (the South Tower) of the World Trade Center at 09:03. The Flight 175 hijacking was coordinated with that of American Airlines Flight 11, which struck the top of Tower One (the North Tower) 17 minutes earlier. The crash of Flight 175 into the South Tower was the only impact seen live on television around the world as it happened. The impact and subsequent fire caused the South Tower to collapse 56 minutes after the crash, resulting in hundreds of additional casualties. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers recovered and identified remains from Flight 175 victims (see the Aftermath section below), but many other body fragments could not be identified.

Background

Gate C19 at Boston's Logan International Airport was the boarding gate of United Flight 175 on September 11, 2001. The American flag was added to memorialize the site.

The team of hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175 was led by Marwan al-Shehhi, from the United Arab Emirates. Shehhi obtained a commercial pilot's license while training in south Florida, along with Flight 11 hijacker and plot coordinator, Mohamed Atta. The muscle hijackers on Flight 175 included Fayez Banihammad, from the UAE, and three Saudis: brothers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi, as well as Mohand al-Shehri. On August 13, 2001, Marwan al-Shehhi purchased two four-inch pocket knives from a Sports Authority store in Boynton Beach, Florida, while Banihammad bought a two-piece snap knife set at a Wal-Mart, and Hamza al-Ghamdi bought a Leatherman Wave multi-tool.[1][2]

In early September 2001, the Flight 175 group of hijackers arrived in Boston from Florida. Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi arrived together on September 7 and checked into the Charles Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The next day, they relocated to the Days Inn in Boston. Fayez Banihammad flew from Florida to Boston, along with Mohand al-Shehri, on September 8, and they checked into the Milner Hotel in Boston. Marwan al-Shehhi arrived in Boston on September 9 and stayed at the Milner Hotel, where he shared a room with Flight 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta.[3]

Flight

N612UA, the hijacked aircraft, taxiing at San Francisco International Airport in 1999.

The flight was operated with a Boeing 767-200, registration number N612UA, built and delivered in 1983,[4] with capacity of 168 passengers. It had 168 seats (10 in first class, 32 in business class, and 126 in economy class). On the day of the attacks, the flight carried only 56 passengers and 9 crew members, which represented a 33 percent load factor — well below the average load factor of 49 percent in the three months preceding September 11.[5] The nine crew members included Captain Victor Saracini, First Officer Michael Horrocks, and flight attendants Robert Fangman, Amy Jarret, Amy King, Kathryn Laborie, Alfred Marchand, Michael Tarrou, and Alicia Titus.[6] Excluding the hijackers, the passengers on the flight included 35 men, 12 women, and three children who were all under the age of 5,[7] and included Garnet "Ace" Bailey, the director of pro scouting for the Los Angeles Kings and a former National Hockey League player.

Boarding

Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked out of their hotel and called a taxi to take them to Logan International Airport.[8] They arrived at the United Airlines counter in Terminal C at 06:20 Eastern Time and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked in two bags. Both hijackers indicated they wanted to purchase tickets, though they already had paper tickets. They had trouble answering the standard security questions, so the counter agent repeated the questions very slowly until the men gave the correct answers.[2][9] Hijacker pilot Marwan al-Shehhi checked in a single bag at 06:45, and the other remaining hijackers, Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri, checked in at 06:53. Banihammad checked two bags.[2] None of the hijackers were selected for extra scrutiny by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS).[10]

Shehhi and the other hijackers boarded Flight 175 between 07:23 and 07:28. Banihammad boarded first and sat in first class seat 2A, while Mohand al-Shehri was in seat 2B. At 07:27, Shehhi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi boarded, and sat in business class seats 6C and 9D respectively. A minute later, Hamza al-Ghamdi boarded, and sat in 9C.[2][10]

The flight was scheduled to depart at 08:00 for Los Angeles. Fifty-one passengers and the five hijackers boarded the 767 through Terminal C's Gate 19. The plane pushed back at 07:58 and took off at 08:14 from runway 9,[2][11] about the same time Flight 11 was hijacked. By 08:33, the aircraft reached cruising altitude of 31,000 feet, which is the point when cabin service would normally begin.[2] At 08:37, air traffic controllers asked the pilots of Flight 175 whether they could see American Airlines Flight 11. The crew responded that Flight 11 was at 29,000 feet, and controllers ordered Flight 175 to turn and avoid the aircraft.[12] The pilots declared that they had heard a suspicious transmission from Flight 11 upon takeoff. "Sounds like someone keyed the mic and said everyone stay in your seats," the flight crew reported. This was the last transmission from Flight 175.[13]

Hijacking

It is estimated that Flight 175 was hijacked between 08:42 and 08:46, while Flight 11 was just minutes away from hitting the North Tower.[2] According to Flight 175: As the World Watched, it's believed that "muscle hijackers" Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri forcibly entered the cockpit and killed the pilots while Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi started moving passengers and crew to the back of the aircraft. The first operational evidence that something was abnormal on Flight 175 came at 08:47, when the plane's transponder signal changed twice within the span of one minute, and the aircraft began deviating from its assigned course.[11][14] However, the air traffic controller in charge of the flight did not notice until minutes later at 08:51.[2] Unlike Flight 11, which had turned its transponder off, Flight 175's flight data could still be properly monitored.[14] Also, at 08:51, Flight 175 changed altitude. Over the next three minutes, the controller made five unsuccessful attempts to contact Flight 175 and worked to move other aircraft in the vicinity away from Flight 175.[2]

Near-collision

At around this time, the flight had a near midair collision with Delta Air Lines Flight 2315, reportedly missing the plane by only 300 feet, as air traffic controller Dave Bottiglia frantically tried to tell the Delta pilot to take evasive action. Bottiglia was the first person in the control center to realize that Flight 175 was hijacked when he gave directions for a turn. Flight 175 did not respond, instead accelerating and heading toward the Delta plane. The controller commanded the Delta pilot, "Take any evasive action necessary. We have an airplane that we don't know what he's doing. Any action at all."[15][16] Moments before Flight 175 crashed, it avoided another near collision with Midwest Express Flight 7, which was flying from Milwaukee to New York.[17]

At 08:55, a supervisor at the New York Air Traffic Control Center notified the center's operations manager of the Flight 175 hijacking, and David Bottiglia, who was handling both Flight 11 and Flight 175, noted, "we might have a hijack over here, two of them."[2] At 08:58, the plane was over New Jersey at 28,500 feet, heading toward New York City. In the five minutes from approximately 08:58 when Shehhi completed the final turn toward New York City until the moment of impact, the plane was in a sustained power dive, descending more than 24,000 feet in 5 minutes 4 seconds, for an average rate of over 5,000 feet per minute.[14] New York Center air traffic controller Dave Bottiglia reported he and his colleagues "were counting down the altitudes, and they were descending, right at the end, at 10,000 feet per minute. That is absolutely unheard of for a commercial jet."[16]

Calls

The complete 9/11 Commission Report available from the archived version of the 9/11 Commission website.

Flight attendant Robert Fangman, as well as two passengers (Peter Hanson and Brian David Sweeney), made phone calls from GTE airphones in the rear of the aircraft. Airphone records also indicate that Garnet Bailey made four phone call attempts, trying to reach his wife.[18][19]

Fangman called a United Airlines office in San Francisco at 08:52, and spoke with Marc Policastro. Fangman reported the hijacking and said that the hijackers were likely flying the plane. He also said that both pilots were dead and that a flight attendant was stabbed.[11] After a minute and 15 seconds, Fangman's call was disconnected.[18] Policastro subsequently made attempts to contact the aircraft's cockpit using the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) message system.[2]

Brian David Sweeney tried calling his wife, Julie, at 08:58, but ended up leaving a message, telling her that the plane had been hijacked. He then called his parents at 9:00 a.m. and spoke with his mother, Louise. Sweeney told his mother about the hijacking and mentioned that passengers were considering storming the cockpit and taking control of the aircraft.[11]

At 08:52, Peter Hanson called his father, Lee Hanson, in Easton, Connecticut, telling him of the hijacking. Hanson was traveling with his wife, Sue, and 2½-year-old daughter, Christine, who had never flown on a plane before. The family was originally seated in Row 19, in seats C, D, and E; however, Peter placed the call to his father from seat 30E. Speaking softly, Hanson said that the hijackers had commandeered the cockpit, that a flight attendant had been stabbed, and that possibly someone else in the front of the aircraft had been killed. He also said that the plane was flying erratically. Hanson asked his father to contact United Airlines, but Lee could not get through and instead called the police.[20][21]

Peter Hanson made a second phone call to his father at 09:00:

It's getting bad, Dad. A stewardess was stabbed. They seem to have knives and Mace. They said they have a bomb. It's getting very bad on the plane. The plane is making jerky movements. I don't think the pilot is flying the plane. I think we are going down. I think they intend to go to Chicago or someplace and fly into a building. Don't worry, Dad. If it happens, it'll be very fast...Oh my God...oh my God, oh my God."[16]

As the call abruptly ended, Hanson's father heard a woman screaming.[16]

Crash

Diagram showing how debris from both aircraft fell after the impact.

At 09:01, two minutes before impact as Flight 175 continued its descent into Lower Manhattan, the New York Center alerted another nearby Air Traffic Facility responsible for low-flying aircraft, which was able to monitor the aircraft's path over New Jersey, and then over Staten Island and Upper New York Bay in its final moments.[14] (Flight 175 came in from the southwest, apparently heading for the Empire State Building, but turned right, then left into the South Tower.)

Flight 175 explodes after hitting the South Tower.

At exactly 9:03:02, Flight 175 crashed nose-first into the southern facade of South Tower of the World Trade Center, at a speed of approximately 590 mph (950 km/h, 264 m/s, or 513 knots)[22] and striking between floors 77 and 85 with approximately 10,000 U.S. gallons (38,000 L; 8,300 imp gal) of jet fuel on board.[14][23] The youngest person on Flight 175 was 2½-year-old Christine Hanson of Groton, Massachusetts, and the oldest was 80-year-old Dorothy DeAraujo of Long Beach, California. Hundreds more were killed within the tower and from its ensuing explosion, fires, and eventual collapse. It is estimated that 637 people were killed instantly or trapped at and above the floors of impact in the South Tower.

Based on the position of the aircraft from eyewitness statements and video footage, the aircraft was in a banking left turn in its final moments, as it appeared that the plane might have otherwise missed the building or merely scraped it with its wing. Upon crashing, the plane was banked left. Those who were on the left side of the plane would, therefore, have had a clear view of the towers approaching, with one burning, until the final moment of the flight.[16]

By the time Flight 175 struck the South Tower, multiple media organizations were already covering the crash of Flight 11, which had hit the North Tower 17 minutes earlier. The image of Flight 175's crash was thus caught on video from multiple vantage points on live television and amateur video, while approximately 100 cameras captured Flight 175 in photographs before it crashed.[24] Video footage of the crash was replayed numerous times in news broadcasts on the day of the attacks and in the following days, before major news networks put restrictions on use of the footage.[25]

After the plane penetrated through the tower, part of the plane's landing gear and fuselage came out the north side of the tower and crashed through the roof and two of the floors of 45–47 Park Place, between West Broadway and Church Street, (600 feet (180 meters)) north of the former World Trade Center. Three floor beams of the top floor of the building were destroyed, causing major structural damage.[22][26][27][28]

Collapse

Piece of fuselage on the roof of 5 WTC.
Airplane engine parts from Flight 175.

Unlike at the North Tower, initially, one of the three stairwells was still intact after Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower. This was because the plane struck the tower offset from the center and not centrally as Flight 11 in the North Tower had done. Only 18 people passed the impact zone through the available stairway and left the South Tower safely before it collapsed. One of them, Stanley Praimnath, was on the 81st floor, and his office suffered a direct hit. He witnessed Flight 175 coming toward him.[16] One of the wings sliced through his office and wound up wedged in a doorway approximately 20 feet away from him. No one escaped above the impact point in the North Tower.[29]

Some people above the impact zone made their way upward toward the roof in hopes of a helicopter rescue. However, access doors to the roof were locked. In any case, thick smoke and intense heat prevented rescue helicopters from landing.

The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., after burning for 56 minutes.

Aftermath

Panel S-2 of the National September 11 Memorial's South Pool, one of three on which the names of victims from Flight 175 are inscribed.

The flight recorders for Flight 11 and Flight 175 were never found.[30] Some debris from Flight 175 were recovered nearby, including landing gear found on top of a building on the corner of West Broadway and Park Place, an engine found at Church & Murray Street, and a section of the fuselage landed on top of 5 World Trade Center.

During the recovery process, small fragments were identified from some passengers on Flight 175, including a six-inch piece of bone belonging to Peter Hanson,[31] and small bone fragments of Lisa Frost.[32] In 2008, the remains of Flight 175 passenger Alona Avraham was identified using DNA samples.[33] Remains of many others aboard Flight 175 were never recovered.[34]

Shortly after September 11, the flight number for future flights on the same route was changed from Flight 175 to Flight 1525 "out of respect for those who died in the attack."[35] Since then, United Airlines has renumbered and rescheduled all flights from Boston to Los Angeles, and none of its morning flights depart at 8:00 AM EDT.[36] As of September 2015, the closest identical flight is Flight 1431, departing at 6:45 AM EDT, using a Boeing 737-900. It was reported in May 2011 that United was reactivating flight numbers 175 and 93 as a codeshare operated by Continental, sparking an outcry from some in the media and the labor union representing United pilots.[37][38][39] However, United said the reactivation was a mistake and said the numbers were "inadvertently reinstated," and would not be reactivated.[38]

On April 26, 2013, a piece of the inboard wing flap mechanism from a Boeing 767[40] was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place, near where landing gear parts were found.[41]

At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of the victims of Flight 175 are inscribed on the South Pool, on Panels S-2 – S-4.[42]

Nationalities of people on the plane

Note: This list does not include the nationalities of the five hijackers.

Nationality Passengers Crew Total
 United States 42 9 51
 Canada 1 0 1
 Germany 3 0 3
 United Kingdom 1 0 1
 Israel 1 0 1
 El Salvador 1 0 1
 Indonesia 1 0 1
Nepal 1 0 1
Total 51 9 60

See also

References

  1. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 4, 2008). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 218. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security"" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005. pp. 17–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 4, 2008). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. pp. 261–274. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  4. ^ "Brief of Accident". National Transportation Safety Board. March 7, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights — a Chronology" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "United Airlines Flight 175". CNN. 2001. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  7. ^ "Flight 175 Victim List".
  8. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 4, 2008). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 288. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  9. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (September 21, 2001). "Interview with Gail Jawahir" (PDF). Intelfiles. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b "We Have Some Planes". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 2004. p. 2. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d "We Have Some Planes". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 2004. p. 7. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  12. ^ Ellison, Michael (October 17, 2001). "'We have planes. Stay quiet' – Then silence". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  13. ^ Wald, Matthew L.; Kevin Sack (October 16, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Tapes; 'We Have Some Planes,' Hijacker Said on Sept. 11". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Report: hijacked plane nearly hit flight from Bradley". SouthCoastToday.com. September 12, 2002. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  16. ^ a b c d e f "Flight 175: As the World Watched (TLC documentary)". The Learning Channel. December 2005. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching History: The Untold Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over America on 9/11. Simon and Schuster. pp. 74–76. ISBN 1-4165-5925-6.
  18. ^ a b "Exhibit #P200018, United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui". United States District Court, Eastern District of Virginia. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  19. ^ "The Four Flights – Staff Statement No. 4" (PDF). 9/11 Commission. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  20. ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). "Chapter 1". 9-11 Commission Report. Government Printing Office. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  21. ^ Serrano, Richard A. (April 11, 2006). "Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9/11". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  22. ^ a b National Transportation and Safety Board (February 7, 2002). "Radar Data Impact Speed Study" (PDF). NTSB. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "NIST NCSTAR 1–5: Reconstruction of the Fires in the World Trade Center Towers" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. October 2005.
  24. ^ Boxer, Sarah (September 11, 2002). "One Camera, Then Thousands, Indelibly Etching a Day of Loss". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  25. ^ Bauder, David (August 21, 2002). "The violent images of 9–11 will return to television screens, but to what extent?". Boston Globe / Associate Press. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
  26. ^ Structural Engineers Association of New York, Noah Klersfeld, Guy Nordenson and Associates, LZA Technology (2003). World Trade Center emergency damage assessment of buildings: Structural Engineers Association of New York inspections of September and October 2001. Vol. 1. Structural Engineers Association of New York. Retrieved August 3, 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ York, Structural Engineers Association of New; Klersfeld, Noah; Associates, Guy Nordenson and; (Firm), L.Z.A. Technology (January 3, 2008). World Trade Center emergency damage ... Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  28. ^ Corley, Gene; Federal Insurance And Mitigation Administration, United States; Region Ii, United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; O'Mara, Greenhorne (May 2002). World Trade Center building ... Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  29. ^ Dwyer, Jim; Lipton, Eric; et al. (May 26, 2002). "102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
  30. ^ "9-11 Commission Report – Notes". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Gordon, Greg (April 11, 2006). "Moussaoui jurors hear 9/11 victims' final calls". Star Tribune. Minneapolis.
  32. ^ Radcliffe, Jim (May 20, 2005). "Her parents now have the 9/11 victim's cremated remains with them in Orange County". Orange County Register.
  33. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3501421,00.html
  34. ^ Vogel, Charity (August 21, 2003). "Adding to Grief; Families of Many Victims of the World Trade Center Attack Deal With the Prospect of Never Having Their Remains Identified". Buffalo News.
  35. ^ "Logan Airport bears memory of its fateful role with silence". Boston Globe. September 12, 2002. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "United Airlines Worldwide Timetable" (PDF). p. 16. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  37. ^ with Ben Mutzabaugh (May 18, 2011). "Unions slam United for mistakenly reinstating 9/11 flight numbers". Travel.usatoday.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  38. ^ a b @Frances_Romero (May 18, 2011). "Flight Number Flub: United/Continental Accidentally Reinstates Flights 93 and 175". Newsfeed.time.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  39. ^ "Bad Mistake: United Revives Sept. 11 Flight Numbers". Blogs.wsj.com. May 18, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  40. ^ Goodman, J. David (April 29, 2013). "Jet Debris Near 9/11 Site Is Identified as Wing Part". The New York Times.
  41. ^ Goldstein, Joseph (April 26, 2013). "11 Years Later, Debris From Plane Is Found Near Ground Zero". New York Times.
  42. ^ About: The Memorial Names Layout. Memorial Guide: National 9/11 Memorial. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
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