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As shown on the table, a 100 gram serving of raw broccoli provides 34 [[calories]] and is an excellent source (20% or higher of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] and [[vitamin K]]. Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts (10–19% DV) of several [[B vitamins]] and the [[dietary mineral]] [[manganese]], whereas other [[essential nutrients]] are in low content. Broccoli has low content of [[carbohydrates]], [[protein]], [[fat]], and [[dietary fiber]].
As shown on the table, a 100 gram serving of raw broccoli provides 34 kcal and is an excellent source (20% or higher of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] and [[vitamin K]]. Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts (10–19% DV) of several [[B vitamins]] and the [[dietary mineral]] [[manganese]], whereas other [[essential nutrients]] are in low content. Broccoli has low content of [[carbohydrates]], [[protein]], [[fat]], and [[dietary fiber]].


Boiling broccoli reduces the levels of [[sulforaphane]], with losses of 20–30% after five minutes, 40–50% after ten minutes, and 77% after thirty minutes.<ref name='boil'/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Bongoni|first1=R|last2=Verkerk|first2=R|last3=Steenbekkers|first3=B|last4=Dekker| last5=Stieger|first4=M|first5=Markus|title= Evaluation of Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance|journal= Plant foods for human nutrition|doi=10.1007/s11130-014-0420-2|pmid=24853375|year=2014|volume=69|issue=3|pages=228–234}}</ref> However, other preparation methods such as [[steaming]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=maximize>{{cite news|title= Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power of Broccoli |date=5 April 2005|work = Science Daily|url =http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050326114810.htm}}</ref> [[Microwave oven|microwaving]], and [[stir frying]] had no significant effect on the compounds.<ref name='boil'>{{cite news|last=Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick|title= Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties. |date=15 May 2007|url =http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/research_says_boiling/}}</ref>
Boiling broccoli reduces the levels of [[sulforaphane]], with losses of 20–30% after five minutes, 40–50% after ten minutes, and 77% after thirty minutes.<ref name='boil'/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Bongoni|first1=R|last2=Verkerk|first2=R|last3=Steenbekkers|first3=B|last4=Dekker| last5=Stieger|first4=M|first5=Markus|title= Evaluation of Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance|journal= Plant foods for human nutrition|doi=10.1007/s11130-014-0420-2|pmid=24853375|year=2014|volume=69|issue=3|pages=228–234}}</ref> However, other preparation methods such as [[steaming]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=maximize>{{cite news|title= Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power of Broccoli |date=5 April 2005|work = Science Daily|url =http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050326114810.htm}}</ref> [[Microwave oven|microwaving]], and [[stir frying]] had no significant effect on the compounds.<ref name='boil'>{{cite news|last=Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick|title= Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties. |date=15 May 2007|url =http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/research_says_boiling/}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:16, 15 March 2016

For other uses, see Broccoli (disambiguation).

Broccoli
SpeciesBrassica oleracea
Cultivar groupItalica Group
OriginItaly, more than 2,000 years ago[1][2]

Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flower-head is eaten as a vegetable.

The word broccoli comes from the Italian plural of broccolo, which means "the flowering crest of a cabbage", and is the diminutive form of brocco, meaning "small nail" or "sprout".[3] Broccoli is often boiled or steamed but may be eaten raw.[4]

Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea. Broccoli has large flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like structure branching out from a thick, edible stalk. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of the same species.

Broccoli is a result of careful breeding of cultivated leafy cole crops in the northern Mediterranean starting in about the 6th century BC.[5] Since the time of the Roman Empire, broccoli has been considered a uniquely valuable food among Italians.[6] Broccoli was brought to England from Antwerp in the mid-18th century by Peter Scheemakers.[7] Broccoli was first introduced to the United States by Italian immigrants, but did not become widely known until the 1920s.[8]

Varieties

Broccoli plants in a nursery

There are three commonly grown types of broccoli. The most familiar is Calabrese broccoli, often referred to simply as "broccoli", named after Calabria in Italy. It has large (10 to 20 cm) green heads and thick stalks. It is a cool season annual crop. Sprouting broccoli has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks. Purple cauliflower is a type of broccoli sold in southern Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It has a head shaped like cauliflower, but consisting of tiny flower buds. It sometimes, but not always, has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds.

Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea include cabbage (Capitata Group), cauliflower and Romanesco broccoli (Botrytis Group), kale and collard greens (Acephala Group), kohlrabi (Gongylodes Group), Brussels sprouts (Gemmifera Group), and kai-lan (Alboglabra Group).[9] Rapini, sometimes called "broccoli raab" among other names, forms similar but smaller heads, and is actually a type of turnip (Brassica rapa). Broccolini or "Tenderstem broccoli" is a cross between broccoli and Chinese broccoli. Beneforté is a variety of broccoli containing 2–3 times more glucoraphanin that was produced by crossing broccoli with a wild Brassica variety, Brassica oleracea var villosa.[10]

Production

Major producers of broccoli[11]
(combined with cauliflowers) in millions of tonnes
Country Production
 People's Republic of China
9.1
 India
7.9
 Spain
0.5
 Mexico
0.5
 Italy
0.4
World
22.3

In 2013, global production of broccoli (combined for production reports with cauliflowers) was 22.3 million tonnes, with China and India together accounting for 76% of the total (table).[11] Secondary producers, each having about 0.5 million tonnes annually, were Spain, Mexico and Italy (table).[11]

Cultivation

Broccoli is a cool-weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather. Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between 18 and 23 °C (64 and 73 °F).[12] When the cluster of flowers, also referred to as a "head" of broccoli, appear in the center of the plant, the cluster is green. Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip. Broccoli should be harvested before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow.[13]

While the heading broccoli variety performs poorly in hot weather, mainly due to insect infestation, the sprouting variety is more resistant, though attention must be paid to sucking insects (such as aphids), caterpillars and whiteflies. Spraying of bacillus thuringiensis can control caterpillar attacks, while a citronella vase may ward off whiteflies.[14]

Pests

Mostly introduced by accident, "cabbage worms", the larvae of Pieris rapae, the small white butterfly are a common pest in broccoli.

Nutrition

Broccoli, raw (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy141 kJ (34 kcal)
6.64 g
Sugars1.7 g
Dietary fiber2.6 g
0.37 g
2.82 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
3%
31 μg
3%
361 μg
1403 μg
Thiamine (B1)
6%
0.071 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
9%
0.117 mg
Niacin (B3)
4%
0.639 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
11%
0.573 mg
Vitamin B6
10%
0.175 mg
Folate (B9)
16%
63 μg
Vitamin C
99%
89.2 mg
Vitamin E
5%
0.78 mg
Vitamin K
85%
101.6 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
4%
47 mg
Iron
4%
0.73 mg
Magnesium
5%
21 mg
Manganese
9%
0.21 mg
Phosphorus
5%
66 mg
Potassium
11%
316 mg
Sodium
1%
33 mg
Zinc
4%
0.41 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water89.3 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[15] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[16]

As shown on the table, a 100 gram serving of raw broccoli provides 34 kcal and is an excellent source (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C and vitamin K. Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts (10–19% DV) of several B vitamins and the dietary mineral manganese, whereas other essential nutrients are in low content. Broccoli has low content of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and dietary fiber.

Boiling broccoli reduces the levels of sulforaphane, with losses of 20–30% after five minutes, 40–50% after ten minutes, and 77% after thirty minutes.[17][18] However, other preparation methods such as steaming,[18][19] microwaving, and stir frying had no significant effect on the compounds.[17]

Broccoli also contains the carotenoid compounds lutein and zeaxanthin in amounts about 6 times lower than in kale.

Taste

The perceived bitterness of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli varies from person to person, but the functional underpinnings of this variation are not known. Some research reports that the gene TAS2R38 may be responsible for bitter taste perception in broccoli.[20] Other factors, such as isothiocyanates and/or polyphenols, are also likely involved in bitterness perception.[21]

  • Close-ups of broccoli florets
    Close-ups of broccoli florets
  • Sicilian purple broccoli
    Sicilian purple broccoli
  • Romanesco broccoli (actually a cauliflower cultivar), showing fractal forms
    Romanesco broccoli (actually a cauliflower cultivar), showing fractal forms
  • Broccoli in flower
    Broccoli in flower

See also

References

  1. ^ Buck, P. A (1956). "Origin and taxonomy of broccoli" (PDF). Economic Botany. 10 (3): 250–253. doi:10.1007/bf02899000. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  2. ^ Stephens, James. "Broccoli—Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group)". University of Florida. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  3. ^ "broccoli". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). p. 156. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  4. ^ "Broccoli Leaves Are Edible". Garden Betty. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  5. ^ Maggioni, Lorenzo; Bothmer, Roland; Poulsen, Gert; Branca, Ferdinando (2010). "Origin and Domestication of Cole Crops (Brassica oleracea L.): Linguistic and Literary Considerations". Economic Botany. 64 (2): 109–123. doi:10.1007/s12231-010-9115-2.
  6. ^ Nonnecke, Ib (November 1989). Vegetable Production. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-442-26721-6.
  7. ^ Smith,J.T. Nollekins and His Times, 1829 vol. 2:101: "Scheemakers, on his way to England, visited his birth-place, bringing with him several roots [sic] of brocoli, a dish till then little known in perfection at our tables."
  8. ^ Denker, Joel (2003). The world on a plate. U of Nebraska Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8032-6014-6. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  9. ^ Dixon, G.R. (2007). Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9.
  10. ^ "About Beneforte". superbroccoli.info.
  11. ^ a b c "Production/Crops, Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2013". Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  12. ^ Smith, Powell (June 1999). "HGIC 1301 Broccoli". Clemson University. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
  13. ^ Liptay, Albert (1988). Broccoli. World Book, Inc.
  14. ^ Takeguma, Massahiro (26 May 2013). "Cultivo da Couve Brócolis (Growing Sprouting Broccoli)".
  15. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  16. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  17. ^ a b Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick (15 May 2007). "Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties".
  18. ^ a b Bongoni, R; Verkerk, R; Steenbekkers, B; Dekker, M; Stieger, Markus (2014). "Evaluation of Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance". Plant foods for human nutrition. 69 (3): 228–234. doi:10.1007/s11130-014-0420-2. PMID 24853375.
  19. ^ "Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power of Broccoli". Science Daily. 5 April 2005.
  20. ^ "Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells". Am J Clin Nutr. 98 (4): 1136–43. 2013. PMID 24025627. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Genetics and bitter taste responses to goitrin, a plant toxin found in vegetables". Chem Senses. 35 (8): 685–92. 2010. PMID 2055107. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
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