Cherrapunji

Sohra Sohra Cherrapunji
town
Cherrapunji has held the record for highest rainfall multiple times in the past
Country	India
State	Meghalaya
District	East Khasi Hills
Elevation	1,484 m (4,869 ft)
Population  (2011)
• Total	14,816
• Density	397/km2 (1,030/sq mi)
Languages
• Official	Khasi, English
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code	03637
Precipitation	11,777 millimetres (463.7 in)
Climate	Cwb
Website	http://cherrapunjee.gov.in/

Cherrapunji (/tʃɛrəˈpʌndʒi, tʃɛrəˈpʊndʒi/, the historic name Sohra is more commonly used, and alternative spellings are Cherrapunjee and Charrapunji) is a subdivisional town in the East Khasi Hills district in the Indian state of Meghalaya. It is credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but nearby Mawsynram currently holds that record. Cherrapunji still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year: it received 9,300 mm (366 in) in July 1861 and 26,461 mm (1,041.75 in) between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.

Cherrapunji is the traditional capital of the Nongkhlaw hima (Khasi tribal chieftainship constituting a petty state) known as Sohra or Churra.

History

The original name for this town was Sohra (so-har-a), which was pronounced "Churra" by the British. This name eventually evolved into the current name, Cherrapunji. The name "cherrapunji" which means 'land of oranges' was first used by tourists from other parts of India. Despite perennial rainfall, Cherrapunji faces an acute water shortage and the inhabitants often have to trek very long distances to obtain potable water. Irrigation is also hampered due to excessive rain washing away the topsoil as a result of human encroachment into the forests. The Meghalaya state government has renamed Cherrapunjee back to its original name, "Sohra". There is a monument to David Scott (British Administrator in NE India, 1802–31) in the Cherrapunji cemetery. The history of the Khasis – the inhabitants of Cherrapunji – may be traced from the early part of the 16th century. Between the 16th and 18th centuries these people were ruled by the 'Syiems (rajas or chiefs) of Khyriem' in the Khasis (Kha-nasis) hills. The Khasis hills came under British authority in 1883 with the submission of the last of the important syiems, Tirot Sing.

The main pivot on which the entire superstructure of Khasi society rests is the matrilineal system.

Geography

Cherrapunji, India
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     11     16 7     46     17 9     240     21 13     938     22 15     1214     22 16     2294     23 18     3272     22 18     1760     23 18     1352     23 18     549     23 16     72     20 12     29     17 8 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: NOAA
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.4     60 45     1.8     63 48     9.4     69 55     37     71 58     48     72 61     90     73 64     129     72 65     69     73 65     53     73 64     22     73 60     2.8     69 54     1.1     63 47 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Sohra or Cherrapunji is located at 25.30°N 91.70°E / 25.30; 91.70. It has an average elevation of 1,484 metres (4,869 ft) and sits on a plateau in the southern part of the Khasi Hills, facing the plains of Bangladesh. The plateau rises 600 meters above the surrounding valleys.

Soils on the plateau are poor owing to deforestation and washout caused by heavy rainfall. Owing to winter droughts, the vegetation in this location is even xerophytic in spite of the fame of Cherrapunji as an extremely wet place. Additional pressure on local ecosystems is created by the rapid increase of the population — from a Sohra-area population of 7,000 in 1960, it grew to over 100,000 by 2000.

Valleys around Cherrapunji, however, are covered with lush and very diverse vegetation, containing numerous endemic species of plants, including Meghalaya subtropical forests. Although there is heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji, there is a high scarcity of clean water.

The Shillong Plateau is an uplifted horst-like feature, bounded by the E-W Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) to the North, the N-S Jamuna fault in the west, and the NW-SE kopilli fracture zone in the east.

Climate

View of Bangladesh plains from Cherrapunji

Sohra or Cherrapunji has a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), with monsoonal influences typical of India. The city's yearly rainfall average stands at 11,777 millimetres (463.7 in). This figure places it behind only nearby Mawsynram, Meghalaya, whose average is 11,873 millimetres (467.4 in). Cherrapunji receives both the southwest and northeast monsoonal winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the windward side of the Khasi Hills, so the resulting orographic lift enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the Brahmaputra valley. The driest months are November, December, January and February.

Temperatures average 11.5 °C (52.7 °F) in January and 20.6 °C (69.1 °F) in August, and the annual mean is 17.3 °C (63.1 °F)

It holds two Guinness world records for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year: 26,471 millimetres (1,042.2 in) of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single month: 9,300 millimetres (370 in) in July 1861.

Climate data for Cherrapunji (1971–1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	26.7 (80.1)	28.9 (84.0)	30.6 (87.1)	28.3 (82.9)	30.2 (86.4)	29.2 (84.6)	28.6 (83.5)	29.5 (85.1)	31.1 (88.0)	29.9 (85.8)	27.2 (81.0)	24.5 (76.1)	31.1 (88.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	15.7 (60.3)	17.3 (63.1)	20.5 (68.9)	21.7 (71.1)	22.4 (72.3)	22.7 (72.9)	22.0 (71.6)	22.9 (73.2)	22.7 (72.9)	22.7 (72.9)	20.4 (68.7)	17.0 (62.6)	20.7 (69.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	11.5 (52.7)	13.1 (55.6)	16.5 (61.7)	18.1 (64.6)	19.3 (66.7)	20.3 (68.5)	20.1 (68.2)	20.6 (69.1)	20.2 (68.4)	19.3 (66.7)	16.4 (61.5)	12.7 (54.9)	17.3 (63.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	7.2 (45.0)	8.9 (48.0)	12.5 (54.5)	14.5 (58.1)	16.1 (61.0)	17.9 (64.2)	18.1 (64.6)	18.2 (64.8)	17.5 (63.5)	15.8 (60.4)	12.3 (54.1)	8.3 (46.9)	13.9 (57.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−1.0 (30.2)	0.3 (32.5)	0.6 (33.1)	3.9 (39.0)	3.3 (37.9)	9.2 (48.6)	10.0 (50.0)	6.0 (42.8)	12.4 (54.3)	7.8 (46.0)	3.7 (38.7)	1.7 (35.1)	−1.0 (30.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	11 (0.4)	46 (1.8)	240 (9.4)	938 (36.9)	1,214 (47.8)	2,294 (90.3)	3,272 (128.8)	1,760 (69.3)	1,352 (53.2)	549 (21.6)	72 (2.8)	29 (1.1)	11,777 (463.4)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	1.5	3.4	8.6	19.4	22.1	25.0	29.0	26.0	21.4	9.8	2.8	1.4	170.4
Average relative humidity (%)	70	69	70	82	86	92	95	92	90	81	73	72	81
Source 1: NOAA
Source 2: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)

Causes of high rainfall

Nohkalikai falls

Seven Sisters' falls

Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian summer monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which rise abruptly from the plains to a height of about 1,370 m above mean sea level within 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valleys channels the low-flying (150–300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area to converge over Cherrapunji. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of Cherrapunji's rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extreme amount of rainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain in northeast India.

Occasionally, cloudbursts can occur in one part of Cherrapunji while other areas may be totally or relatively dry, reflecting the high spatial variability of the rainfall. Atmospheric humidity is extremely high during the peak monsoon period.

The major part of the rainfall at Cherrapunji can be attributed to the orographic features. When the clouds are blown over the hills from the south, they are funneled through the valley. The clouds strike Cherrapunjee perpendicularly and the low flying clouds are pushed up the steep slopes. It is not surprising to find that the heaviest rainfalls occur when the winds blow directly on the Khasi Hills.

A notable feature of monsoon rain at Cherrapunji is that most of it falls in the morning. This could be partly due to two air masses coming together. During the monsoon months, the prevailing winds along the Brahmaputra valley generally blow from the east or the northeast, but the winds over Meghalaya are from the south. These two winds systems usually come together in the vicinity of the Khasi Hills. Apparently the winds that are trapped in the valley at night begin their upward ascent only after they are warmed during the day. This partially explains the frequency of morning rainfall. Apart from orographic features, atmospheric convection plays an important role during the monsoon and the period just preceding it.

Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Cherrapunji had a population of 10,086. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Cherrapunji has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 74% and female literacy of 74%. 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Culture

Khasi children (1944)

The locals living in and around Cherrapunji are known as Khasis. It is a matrilineal culture. After the wedding, the husband of the youngest daughter goes to live with his wife's family, who own the property of the family, while others live on their own getting a bit of the share. The children take on the surname of the mother.

Cherrapunji is also famous for its living bridges. Over hundreds of years the people in Cherrapunji have developed techniques for growing roots of trees into large bridges. The process takes 10–15 years and the bridges typically last hundreds of years, the oldest ones in use being over 500 years old.

Media

Cherrapunji has an All India Radio Rely station known as Akashvani Cherrapunji. It broadcasts on FM frequencies.

See also

• Wettest places on Earth
• Lloró
• Mount Waialeale
• Quibdó

External links

• Cherrapunji travel guide from Wikivoyage
• cherrapunjee.com
• Interactive Film Documentary by Geox - Testing A New Waterproof Shoe In The Rainiest Place On Earth
• 'For a Rainy Day', The Indian Express, 20 April 2008, by Arjun Razdan