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The [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|Indo-Lanka Accord]] signed on 29 July 1987 required the [[Politics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]] to [[devolve]] powers to the provinces and, in the interim, to [[Merger (politics)|merge]] the Northern and Eastern provinces into one [[Administrative division|administrative unit]]. The accord required a [[referendum]] to be held by 31 December 1988 in the Eastern Province to decide whether the merger should be permanent. Crucially, the accord allowed the [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan president]] to postpone the referendum at his discretion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indo Sri Lanka Agreement, 1987|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/conflictresolution/tamileelam/87peaceaccord.htm|publisher=Tamil Nation}}</ref>
The [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|Indo-Lanka Accord]] signed on 29 July 1987 required the [[Politics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]] to [[devolve]] powers to the provinces and, in the interim, to [[Merger (politics)|merge]] the Northern and Eastern provinces into one [[Administrative division|administrative unit]]. The accord required a [[referendum]] to be held by 31 December 1988 in the Eastern Province to decide whether the merger should be permanent. Crucially, the accord allowed the [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan president]] to postpone the referendum at his discretion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indo Sri Lanka Agreement, 1987|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/conflictresolution/tamileelam/87peaceaccord.htm|publisher=Tamil Nation}}</ref>


On 14 November 1987 the [[Sri Lankan Parliament]] passed the 13th [[Constitutional amendment|Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka]] and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils.<ref name=GOSL/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/AMENDMENTS.html|publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> On September 2 and 8 1988 [[Junius Richard Jayewardene|President Jayewardene]] issued [[proclamations]] enabling the Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council.<ref name=LNP>{{cite web|title=North-East merger illegal: SC|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html|publisher=LankaNewspapers.com}}</ref> The [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East Province]] was born.
On 14 November 1987 the [[Sri Lankan Parliament]] passed the 13th [[Constitutional amendment|Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka]] and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils.<ref name=GOSL/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/AMENDMENTS.html|publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> On September 2 and 8 1988 [[Junius Richard Jayewardene|President Jayewardene]] issued [[proclamations]] enabling the Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council.<ref name=LNP>{{cite web|title=North-East merger illegal: SC |url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/10/8947.html |publisher=LankaNewspapers.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524142033/http://www.lankanewspapers.com:80/news/2006/10/8947.html |archivedate=2009-05-24 |df= }}</ref> The [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East Province]] was born.


The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sambandan|first=V. S.|title=Sri Lanka's North-East to remain united for another year|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111411881500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2003}}</ref>
The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sambandan|first=V. S.|title=Sri Lanka's North-East to remain united for another year|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111411881500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2003}}</ref>
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The merger was bitterly opposed by Sri Lankan nationalists. The combined North-East Province occupied one fourth of Sri Lanka. The thought of the rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] political party filed three separate petitions with the [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Supreme Court]] requesting a separate [[Provincial council (Sri Lanka)|provincial council]] for the East.<ref name=LNP/> On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect.<ref name=LNP/> The North-East Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007.
The merger was bitterly opposed by Sri Lankan nationalists. The combined North-East Province occupied one fourth of Sri Lanka. The thought of the rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] political party filed three separate petitions with the [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Supreme Court]] requesting a separate [[Provincial council (Sri Lanka)|provincial council]] for the East.<ref name=LNP/> On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect.<ref name=LNP/> The North-East Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007.


Much of the Eastern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]]. The entire province was recaptured by the [[Sri Lankan military]] in 2007. After coming under Government control communities in the Eastern Province suffered from insecurity in the form of illegal taxes, political killings, abductions. Many community members blamed Pro-Government Tamil groups such as the [[Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal]] (TMVP).<ref>[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/090430/eastern-province-offers-glimpse-post-war-sri-lanka East offers glimpse of post-war Sri Lanka], by Maura R. O'Connor, Global Post, 1 May 2009</ref> In 2008 due to the indiscriminate firearm use by various Tamil factions government planned to disarm Tamil Paramilitary groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sundaytimes.lk/081228/News/sundaytimesnews_01.html|title = TMVP to be disarmed|date = 2008|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> However the TMVP kept arms due to threat of LTTE and denied they were active in Civilian areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lrrp.wordpress.com/2008/04/09/suicidal-for-us-to-disarm-right-now-tmvp/|title = Suicidal for us to disarm right now: TMVP|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> TMVP was finally disarmed in 2009 after the LTTE was defeated.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.globaltamilnews.net/GTMNEditorial/tabid/71/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43418/language/en-US/TMVP-to-disarm-completely-.aspx|title = "TMVP to disarm completely" Global Tamil News|date = 12 February 2009|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
Much of the Eastern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]]. The entire province was recaptured by the [[Sri Lankan military]] in 2007. After coming under Government control communities in the Eastern Province suffered from insecurity in the form of illegal taxes, political killings, abductions. Many community members blamed Pro-Government Tamil groups such as the [[Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal]] (TMVP).<ref>[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/090430/eastern-province-offers-glimpse-post-war-sri-lanka East offers glimpse of post-war Sri Lanka] {{wayback|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/090430/eastern-province-offers-glimpse-post-war-sri-lanka |date=20090510110033 }}, by Maura R. O'Connor, Global Post, 1 May 2009</ref> In 2008 due to the indiscriminate firearm use by various Tamil factions government planned to disarm Tamil Paramilitary groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sundaytimes.lk/081228/News/sundaytimesnews_01.html|title = TMVP to be disarmed|date = 2008|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> However the TMVP kept arms due to threat of LTTE and denied they were active in Civilian areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lrrp.wordpress.com/2008/04/09/suicidal-for-us-to-disarm-right-now-tmvp/|title = Suicidal for us to disarm right now: TMVP|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> TMVP was finally disarmed in 2009 after the LTTE was defeated.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.globaltamilnews.net/GTMNEditorial/tabid/71/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43418/language/en-US/TMVP-to-disarm-completely-.aspx|title = "TMVP to disarm completely" Global Tamil News|date = 12 February 2009|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>


The Eastern Province has received at least $500 million from international [[Donation|donors]] since coming under the control of the government of Sri Lanka in 2007, according to the [[International Crisis Group]].<ref>[http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=6056&l=1 Development Assistance and Conflict in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Eastern Province], Asia Report No. 165, [[International Crisis Group]], 16 April 2009</ref> Since the end of the war the Eastern Province has seen considerable development under the ''Nagenahira Navodaya'' (Eastern Revival) program which include various agricultural,infrastructural and Social development projects.These include the construction and repairing of roads, schools, hospitals,resettlement of [[Internally displaced person|IDPs]] and construction of Nanasala ICT centers.<ref>http://www.ices.lk/northern-spring-uthuru-wasanthaya-and-eastern-revival-negenahira-navodaya/</ref> There are currently 88 Nanasala ICT education centers in the Eastern Province.<ref>http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=98009</ref> Other Projects include reconstructing the Walai Iravu bridge which was destroyed by the LTTE, developing the Weber stadium in the Batticaloa town, increasing agricultural production, construction of [[Manmunai Bridge|Manmunai]], Vavunativu and [[Oddamavadi Bridge|New Oddamavadi]] bridges, carpeting roads, constructing 48,000 houses in the Eastern province for the people who live below the poverty line,<ref>http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/07/22/fea10.asp</ref> developing the [[Trincomalee Harbour]], construction of the [[Sampur Power Station]], Development of Maritime park and a Maritime Museum in Trincomalee, creation of the Sampur industrial zone,<ref>http://www.dailymirror.lk/business/features/26964-integrated-development-of-port-city-of-trincomalee.html</ref><ref>http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--70.html</ref> development of bus stands, canals and the [[Oluvil Harbour]] in Ampara district.<ref>http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/05/12/fea09.asp</ref><ref>http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/18/fea03.asp</ref>
The Eastern Province has received at least $500 million from international [[Donation|donors]] since coming under the control of the government of Sri Lanka in 2007, according to the [[International Crisis Group]].<ref>[http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=6056&l=1 Development Assistance and Conflict in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Eastern Province], Asia Report No. 165, [[International Crisis Group]], 16 April 2009</ref> Since the end of the war the Eastern Province has seen considerable development under the ''Nagenahira Navodaya'' (Eastern Revival) program which include various agricultural,infrastructural and Social development projects.These include the construction and repairing of roads, schools, hospitals,resettlement of [[Internally displaced person|IDPs]] and construction of Nanasala ICT centers.<ref>http://www.ices.lk/northern-spring-uthuru-wasanthaya-and-eastern-revival-negenahira-navodaya/</ref> There are currently 88 Nanasala ICT education centers in the Eastern Province.<ref>http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=98009</ref> Other Projects include reconstructing the Walai Iravu bridge which was destroyed by the LTTE, developing the Weber stadium in the Batticaloa town, increasing agricultural production, construction of [[Manmunai Bridge|Manmunai]], Vavunativu and [[Oddamavadi Bridge|New Oddamavadi]] bridges, carpeting roads, constructing 48,000 houses in the Eastern province for the people who live below the poverty line,<ref>http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/07/22/fea10.asp</ref> developing the [[Trincomalee Harbour]], construction of the [[Sampur Power Station]], Development of Maritime park and a Maritime Museum in Trincomalee, creation of the Sampur industrial zone,<ref>http://www.dailymirror.lk/business/features/26964-integrated-development-of-port-city-of-trincomalee.html</ref><ref>http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--70.html</ref> development of bus stands, canals and the [[Oluvil Harbour]] in Ampara district.<ref>http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/05/12/fea09.asp</ref><ref>http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/18/fea03.asp</ref>
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==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Batticaloa lagoon, fishing boats.jpg|left|thumb|250px||Fishing boats on Batticaloa lagoon]]
[[File:Batticaloa lagoon, fishing boats.jpg|left|thumb|250px||Fishing boats on Batticaloa lagoon]]
Eastern province has an area of {{convert|9996|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web|title=Area of Sri Lanka by province and district|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref>
Eastern province has an area of {{convert|9996|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web|title=Area of Sri Lanka by province and district |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf |work=Statistical Abstract 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190301/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf |archivedate=2012-11-13 |df= }}</ref>


The province is surrounded by the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] to the north, the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, the [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] to the south, and the [[Uva Province, Sri Lanka|Uva]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central]] and [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] provinces to the west.
The province is surrounded by the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] to the north, the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, the [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] to the south, and the [[Uva Province, Sri Lanka|Uva]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central]] and [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] provinces to the west.
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===Religion===
===Religion===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:right;"
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:right;"
|+ '''Population of Eastern Province by religion 1981 to 2012'''<ref name=2012rel>{{cite web|title=A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref>
|+ '''Population of Eastern Province by religion 1981 to 2012'''<ref name=2012rel>{{cite web|title=A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf |work=Statistical Abstract 2011 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190535/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf |archivedate=2012-11-13 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:bottom;" rowspan=2|Year
! style="vertical-align:bottom;" rowspan=2|Year
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===Provincial council===
===Provincial council===
{{Main|Eastern Provincial Council}}
{{Main|Eastern Provincial Council}}
The 13th [[Constitutional amendment|Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka]] established provincial councils. The first [[elections]] for provincial councils took place on 28 April 1988 in [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]], [[North Western Province, Sri Lanka|North Western]], [[Sabaragamuwa Province|Sabaragamuwa]], and [[Uva Province|Uva]] provinces.<ref>[http://www.ices.lk/sl_database/ethnic_conflict/time_line.shtml Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line - From Independence to 1999, ICES]</ref>
The 13th [[Constitutional amendment|Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka]] established provincial councils. The first [[elections]] for provincial councils took place on 28 April 1988 in [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]], [[North Western Province, Sri Lanka|North Western]], [[Sabaragamuwa Province|Sabaragamuwa]], and [[Uva Province|Uva]] provinces.<ref>[http://www.ices.lk/sl_database/ethnic_conflict/time_line.shtml Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line - From Independence to 1999, ICES] {{wayback|url=http://www.ices.lk/sl_database/ethnic_conflict/time_line.shtml |date=20091212123102 }}</ref>


[[Sri Lankan Provincial Council elections, November 1988|Elections]] in the newly merged [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East Province]] were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF), which at that time occupied the North-East Province, rigged the elections in the north so that the [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF) and [[Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front]] (ENDLF), two [[India]]n backed [[paramilitary]] groups, won all of the 36 seats in the north uncontested.<ref name="at">[http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html Sri Lanka" The Untold Story by K T Rajasingham (via Asia Times)]</ref> However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress]] won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the [[United National Party]] 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varatharajah Perumal of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North-East Provincial Council.<ref name="at"/>
[[Sri Lankan Provincial Council elections, November 1988|Elections]] in the newly merged [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East Province]] were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF), which at that time occupied the North-East Province, rigged the elections in the north so that the [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF) and [[Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front]] (ENDLF), two [[India]]n backed [[paramilitary]] groups, won all of the 36 seats in the north uncontested.<ref name="at">[http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html Sri Lanka" The Untold Story by K T Rajasingham (via Asia Times)]</ref> However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress]] won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the [[United National Party]] 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varatharajah Perumal of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North-East Provincial Council.<ref name="at"/>

Revision as of 08:50, 19 December 2016

Eastern Province
கிழக்கு மாகாணம்
නැගෙනහිර පළාත
Province
Sunset over Batticaloa Lagoon
Sunset over Batticaloa Lagoon
Flag of Eastern Province
Flag
Location within Sri Lanka
Location within Sri Lanka
CountrySri Lanka
Created1 October 1833
Provincial council14 November 1987
CapitalTrincomalee
Largest CityKalmunai
Districts
List
Government
 • TypeProvincial council
 • BodyEastern Provincial Council
 • GovernorAustin Fernando
 • Chief MinisterAhamed Nazeer Zainulabdeen
 • MPs
List
Area
[1]
 • Total9,996 km2 (3,859 sq mi)
 • Land9,361 km2 (3,614 sq mi)
 • Water635 km2 (245 sq mi)  6.35%
 • Rank2nd (15.24% of total area)
Population
 (2012 census)[2]
 • Total1,551,381
 • Rank6th (7.66% of total pop.)
 • Density160/km2 (400/sq mi)
Ethnicity
(2012 census)[2]
 • Sri Lankan Tamil609,584 (39.29%)
 • Sri Lankan Moors569,182 (36.69%)
 • Sinhalese359,136 (23.15%)
 • Indian Tamil7,711 (0.50%)
 • Other5,768 (0.37%)
Religion
(2012 census)[3]
 • Muslim575,936 (37.12%)
 • Hindu539,570 (34.78%)
 • Buddhist354,772 (22.87%)
 • Christian80,801 (5.21%)
 • Other302 (0.02%)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (Sri Lanka)
Post Codes
30000-32999
Telephone Codes026, 063, 065, 067
ISO 3166 codeLK-5
Vehicle registrationEP
Official LanguagesTamil, Sinhalese
Websitewww.ep.gov.lk

The Eastern Province (Template:Lang-ta Kil̮akku Mākāṇam; Sinhala: නැගෙනහිර පළාත Næ̆gĕnahira Paḷāta) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils.[4][5] Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee.

History

Batticaloa Fort, built by the Portuguese in 1628
Developed Batticaloa-Polonnaruwa Road
New Oddamavadi Bridge

In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Eastern Province was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces.[6] The districts of Batticaloa, Bintenna (part of present-day Badulla District), Tamankaduva (present day Polonnaruwa District) and Trincomalee formed the new Eastern Province.[7] Tamankaduva was transferred to the newly created North Central Province in 1873 and Bintenna was transferred to the newly created Uva Province in 1886.[8]

The Indo-Lanka Accord signed on 29 July 1987 required the Sri Lankan government to devolve powers to the provinces and, in the interim, to merge the Northern and Eastern provinces into one administrative unit. The accord required a referendum to be held by 31 December 1988 in the Eastern Province to decide whether the merger should be permanent. Crucially, the accord allowed the Sri Lankan president to postpone the referendum at his discretion.[9]

On 14 November 1987 the Sri Lankan Parliament passed the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils.[5][10] On September 2 and 8 1988 President Jayewardene issued proclamations enabling the Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council.[11] The North-East Province was born.

The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.[12]

The merger was bitterly opposed by Sri Lankan nationalists. The combined North-East Province occupied one fourth of Sri Lanka. The thought of the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna political party filed three separate petitions with the Supreme Court requesting a separate provincial council for the East.[11] On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect.[11] The North-East Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007.

Much of the Eastern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the civil war. The entire province was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in 2007. After coming under Government control communities in the Eastern Province suffered from insecurity in the form of illegal taxes, political killings, abductions. Many community members blamed Pro-Government Tamil groups such as the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP).[13] In 2008 due to the indiscriminate firearm use by various Tamil factions government planned to disarm Tamil Paramilitary groups.[14] However the TMVP kept arms due to threat of LTTE and denied they were active in Civilian areas.[15] TMVP was finally disarmed in 2009 after the LTTE was defeated.[16]

The Eastern Province has received at least $500 million from international donors since coming under the control of the government of Sri Lanka in 2007, according to the International Crisis Group.[17] Since the end of the war the Eastern Province has seen considerable development under the Nagenahira Navodaya (Eastern Revival) program which include various agricultural,infrastructural and Social development projects.These include the construction and repairing of roads, schools, hospitals,resettlement of IDPs and construction of Nanasala ICT centers.[18] There are currently 88 Nanasala ICT education centers in the Eastern Province.[19] Other Projects include reconstructing the Walai Iravu bridge which was destroyed by the LTTE, developing the Weber stadium in the Batticaloa town, increasing agricultural production, construction of Manmunai, Vavunativu and New Oddamavadi bridges, carpeting roads, constructing 48,000 houses in the Eastern province for the people who live below the poverty line,[20] developing the Trincomalee Harbour, construction of the Sampur Power Station, Development of Maritime park and a Maritime Museum in Trincomalee, creation of the Sampur industrial zone,[21][22] development of bus stands, canals and the Oluvil Harbour in Ampara district.[23][24]

Geography

Fishing boats on Batticaloa lagoon

Eastern province has an area of 9,996 square kilometres (3,859 sq mi).[1]

The province is surrounded by the Northern Province to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Southern Province to the south, and the Uva, Central and North Central provinces to the west.

The province's coast is dominated by lagoons, the largest being Batticaloa Lagoon, Kokkilai lagoon, Upaar Lagoon and Ullackalie Lagoon.

Administrative units, cities and towns

Administrative units

The Eastern Province is divided into 3 administrative districts, 45 Divisional Secretary's Divisions (DS Divisions) and 1,085 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

District Capital District Secretary DS
Divisions 		GN
Divisions 		Total
Area
(km2)[1] 		Land
Area
(km2)[1] 		Population (2012 Census)[2] Population
Density
(/km2)
Sri Lankan Tamil Sri Lankan Moors Sinhalese Indian Tamil Other Total
Ampara Ampara Neel De Alwis 20 507 4,415 4,222 112,750 282,484 251,018 165 1,640 648,057 147
Batticaloa Batticaloa P. S. M. Charles 14 348 2,854 2,610 381,285 133,844 6,127 1,015 2,871 525,142 184
Trincomalee Trincomalee T. Thissa Ranjith de Silva 11 230 2,727 2,529 115,549 152,854 101,991 6,531 1,257 378,182 139
Total 45 1,085 9,996 9,361 609,584 569,182 359,136 7,711 5,768 1,551,381 155

Major cities and towns

See also: List of towns in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
City/town District Population
(2012
est)[25]
Kalmunai Ampara 106,783
Trincomalee Trincomalee 99,135
Batticaloa Batticaloa 92,332
Kattankudy Batticaloa 40,883
Eravur Batticaloa 25,582
Ampara Ampara 20,309

Demographics

Population

The Eastern province's population was 1,551,381 in 2012.[2] The province is the most diverse in Sri Lanka, both ethnically and religiously.

The population of the province, like that of the Northern Province, was heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people.[26] Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to the West during the war.[27] Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital Colombo. The conflict has also caused some of the Tamils, Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the province to flee to other parts of Sri Lanka, though most of them have returned to the province since the end of the civil war.

Ethnicity

Population of Eastern Province by ethnic group 1881 to 2012[2][28][29][30][31]
Year Tamil[a] Muslim[b] Sinhalese Other Total
No.
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1881 Census 75,318 58.96% 43,001 33.66% 5,947 4.66% 3,489 2.73% 127,755
1891 Census 86,701 58.41% 51,206 34.50% 7,508 5.06% 3,029 2.04% 148,444
1901 Census 96,917 55.83% 62,448 35.97% 8,778 5.06% 5,459 3.14% 173,602
1911 Census 101,181 55.08% 70,395 38.32% 6,909 3.76% 5,213 2.84% 183,698
1921 Census 103,245 53.54% 75,992 39.41% 8,744 4.53% 4,840 2.51% 192,821
1946 Census 136,059 48.75% 109,024 39.06% 23,456 8.40% 10,573 3.79% 279,112
1953 Census 167,898 47.37% 135,322 38.18% 46,470 13.11% 4,720 1.33% 354,410
1963 Census 246,059 45.03% 184,434 33.75% 108,636 19.88% 7,345 1.34% 546,474
1971 Census 315,566 43.98% 247,178 34.45% 148,572 20.70% 6,255 0.87% 717,571
1981 Census 410,156 42.06% 315,436 32.34% 243,701 24.99% 5,988 0.61% 975,251
2001 Census[c] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
2007 Enumeration 590,132 40.39% 549,857 37.64% 316,101 21.64% 4,849 0.33% 1,460,939
2012 Census 617,295 39.79% 569,738 36.72% 359,136 23.15% 5,212 0.34% 1,551,381

Religion

Population of Eastern Province by religion 1981 to 2012[3][32]
Year Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christian[d] Other Total
No.
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1981 Census 317,354 32.54% 372,464 38.19% 237,416 24.34% 47,112 4.83% 905 0.09% 975,251
2012 Census 575,936 37.12% 539,570 34.78% 354,772 22.87% 80,801 5.21% 302 0.02% 1,551,381

Economy

The Trincomalee Harbour which plays a huge role in Province's economy

The Eastern Province has a primary agriculture based economy and is commonly known as the "Granary of Sri Lanka". It contributes 25% of national paddy production, 17% of national milk production and 21% of national fish production. Maize cultivation is expanding, large scale maize cultivation with hybrid seeds and contractual marketing has increased production significantly and it is targeted to produce 25 per cent of the country’s maize requirement. The Industrial sector contributed 34% of the Province's GDP and export processing zones like the Trincomalee EPZ and Sampur Heavy Industrial Zone have been developed to boost the Industrial sector alongside the Trincomalee Harbour which is being developed for Break bulk, Bulk cargo and industrial activities including heavy industries.[33][34][35][36]

Government and politics

Provincial council

Main article: Eastern Provincial Council

The 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The first elections for provincial councils took place on 28 April 1988 in North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, and Uva provinces.[37]

Elections in the newly merged North-East Province were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which at that time occupied the North-East Province, rigged the elections in the north so that the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF), two Indian backed paramilitary groups, won all of the 36 seats in the north uncontested.[38] However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the United National Party 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varatharajah Perumal of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North-East Provincial Council.[38]

On 1 March 1990, just as the IPKF were preparing to withdraw from Sri Lanka, Permual moved a motion in the North-East Provincial Council declaraing an independent Eelam.[39] President Premadasa reacted to Permual's UDI by dissolving the provincial council and imposing direct rule on the province.

The north-east was ruled directly from Colombo until May 2008 when elections were held in the demerged Eastern Province (the Northern Province continues to be governed from Colombo).

Notes

  1. ^ Sri Lankan Tamil and Indian Tamil.
  2. ^ Sri Lankan Moors and Sri Lankan Malays.
  3. ^ 2001 Census was only carried out partially in the Eastern province.
  4. ^ Roman Catholic and Other Christian.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Area of Sri Lanka by province and district" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e "A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  3. ^ a b "A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  4. ^ "Provinces of Sri Lanka". Statoids.
  5. ^ a b "Provincial Councils". Government of Sri Lanka.
  6. ^ Mills, Lennox A. (1933). Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
  7. ^ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. pp. 39–40.
  8. ^ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. p. 84.
  9. ^ "Indo Sri Lanka Agreement, 1987". Tamil Nation.
  10. ^ "The Constitution". Government of Sri Lanka.
  11. ^ a b c "North-East merger illegal: SC". LankaNewspapers.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Sambandan, V. S. (14 November 2003). "Sri Lanka's North-East to remain united for another year". The Hindu.
  13. ^ East offers glimpse of post-war Sri Lanka Archived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, by Maura R. O'Connor, Global Post, 1 May 2009
  14. ^ "TMVP to be disarmed". 2008.
  15. ^ "Suicidal for us to disarm right now: TMVP".
  16. ^ ""TMVP to disarm completely" Global Tamil News". 12 February 2009.
  17. ^ Development Assistance and Conflict in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Eastern Province, Asia Report No. 165, International Crisis Group, 16 April 2009
  18. ^ http://www.ices.lk/northern-spring-uthuru-wasanthaya-and-eastern-revival-negenahira-navodaya/
  19. ^ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=98009
  20. ^ http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/07/22/fea10.asp
  21. ^ http://www.dailymirror.lk/business/features/26964-integrated-development-of-port-city-of-trincomalee.html
  22. ^ http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--70.html
  23. ^ http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/05/12/fea09.asp
  24. ^ http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/18/fea03.asp
  25. ^ "Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer.
  26. ^ "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC News (Australia). 20 May 2009.
  27. ^ Harrison, Frances (23 July 2003). "Twenty years on - riots that led to war". BBC News.
  28. ^ "Special Enumeration 2007, Ampara" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  29. ^ "Special Enumeration 2007, Batticaloa" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  30. ^ "Special Enumeration 2007, Trincomalee" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  31. ^ "Demographic Changes by the LTTE Peace Secretariat, April 2008" (PDF). Sangam.
  32. ^ "Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "investineast.lk Eastern Province economy". Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  34. ^ "Sundaytimes.lk "Developing the varied resources of the Eastern Province".
  35. ^ "ceylontoday Sampur Project Commences". 19 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  36. ^ "Investineast.lk Infrastructure". Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  37. ^ Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line - From Independence to 1999, ICES Archived 2009-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ a b Sri Lanka" The Untold Story by K T Rajasingham (via Asia Times)
  39. ^ I'm no traitor, says Perumal, Sunday Island 10 September 2000
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