Aminatou Haidar: Difference between revisions
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On 14 December, she was sentenced to seven months in prison by the El Aaiún Court of Appeal. AI, which had sent an observer to cover the trial, declared that "the trial ... may have been unfair. The organization is consequently strengthened in its belief that the seven human rights defenders may be prisoners of conscience".<ref name=AI2>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE29/010/2005/en/e8f78dc1-d476-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/mde290102005en.html |title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Human rights defenders jailed after questionable trial |date=15 December 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> The [[European Parliament]] also called for her immediate release along with that of [[Ali Salem Tamek]] and 37 other "political prisoners" in a 27 October 2005 resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Parliament resolution on human rights in Western Sahara|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2005-0414&language=EN|publisher=[[European Parliament]]|date=27 October 2005|accessdate=12 November 2011}}</ref> |
On 14 December, she was sentenced to seven months in prison by the El Aaiún Court of Appeal. AI, which had sent an observer to cover the trial, declared that "the trial ... may have been unfair. The organization is consequently strengthened in its belief that the seven human rights defenders may be prisoners of conscience".<ref name=AI2>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE29/010/2005/en/e8f78dc1-d476-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/mde290102005en.html |title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Human rights defenders jailed after questionable trial |date=15 December 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> The [[European Parliament]] also called for her immediate release along with that of [[Ali Salem Tamek]] and 37 other "political prisoners" in a 27 October 2005 resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Parliament resolution on human rights in Western Sahara|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2005-0414&language=EN|publisher=[[European Parliament]]|date=27 October 2005|accessdate=12 November 2011}}</ref> |
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On 17 January 2006, Aminatou Haidar was released at the end of her sentence.<ref name=EM171 /> She stated that "the joy is incomplete without the release of all Saharawi political prisoners, and without the liberation of all the territories of the homeland still under the occupation of the oppressor".<ref name=RFK>{{cite web |
On 17 January 2006, Aminatou Haidar was released at the end of her sentence.<ref name=EM171 /> She stated that "the joy is incomplete without the release of all Saharawi political prisoners, and without the liberation of all the territories of the homeland still under the occupation of the oppressor".<ref name=RFK>{{cite web|url=http://rfkcenter.org/remarks-by-kerry-kennedy-2008-rfk-human-rights-award-ceremony |title=Remarks by Kerry Kennedy: 2008 RFK Human Rights Award Ceremony |year=2008 |author=Kerry Kennedy |publisher=Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights |accessdate=10 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513043338/http://rfkcenter.org/remarks-by-kerry-kennedy-2008-rfk-human-rights-award-ceremony |archivedate=13 May 2015 }}</ref> |
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== 2009 Lanzarote Airport hunger strike == |
== 2009 Lanzarote Airport hunger strike == |
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[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Navi Pillay]] called on 9 December for Morocco to allow Haidar to return.<ref name=DN/> [[Human Rights Watch]] stated that Morocco "must reverse its expulsion of Sahrawi rights activist Aminatou Haidar and allow her to enter her country of nationality".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/11/19/morocco-reverse-expulsion-sahrawi-activist |title=Morocco: Reverse Expulsion of Sahrawi Activist |date=19 November 2012|publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> while Amnesty International condemned her expulsion as part of a pattern of "growing intolerance" by the Moroccan government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE29/012/2009/en/9168fdcd-6f76-4f8f-949a-e3346239b061/mde290122009en.html |title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Expulsion of human rights defender reflects growing intolerance |date=17 November 2009 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> |
[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Navi Pillay]] called on 9 December for Morocco to allow Haidar to return.<ref name=DN/> [[Human Rights Watch]] stated that Morocco "must reverse its expulsion of Sahrawi rights activist Aminatou Haidar and allow her to enter her country of nationality".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/11/19/morocco-reverse-expulsion-sahrawi-activist |title=Morocco: Reverse Expulsion of Sahrawi Activist |date=19 November 2012|publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> while Amnesty International condemned her expulsion as part of a pattern of "growing intolerance" by the Moroccan government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE29/012/2009/en/9168fdcd-6f76-4f8f-949a-e3346239b061/mde290122009en.html |title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Expulsion of human rights defender reflects growing intolerance |date=17 November 2009 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> |
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A number of activists and celebrities also expressed support for Haidar during her strike. Portuguese [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning writer [[José Saramago]], who owned a home in Lanzarote, sent her a letter in November stating that "If I were in Lanzarote, I would be with you".<ref>{{cite news|title=José Saramago: 'Todos seríamos más pobres sin Aminatu Haidar'|url=http://www.laprovincia.es/lanzarote/2009/11/23/jose-saramago-seriamos-pobres-aminatu-haidar/270915.html | work=[[Las Provincias]]|date=23 November 2009|language=Spanish|accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> On 1 December, he met her at the airport, stating, "It's time for the international community to pressure Morocco to comply with the accords about the Sahara".<ref>{{cite news|title |
A number of activists and celebrities also expressed support for Haidar during her strike. Portuguese [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning writer [[José Saramago]], who owned a home in Lanzarote, sent her a letter in November stating that "If I were in Lanzarote, I would be with you".<ref>{{cite news|title=José Saramago: 'Todos seríamos más pobres sin Aminatu Haidar'|url=http://www.laprovincia.es/lanzarote/2009/11/23/jose-saramago-seriamos-pobres-aminatu-haidar/270915.html | work=[[Las Provincias]]|date=23 November 2009|language=Spanish|accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> On 1 December, he met her at the airport, stating, "It's time for the international community to pressure Morocco to comply with the accords about the Sahara".<ref>{{cite news|title=Es hora de que la comunidad internacional imponga a Marruecos que cumpla los acuerdos sobre el Sáhara |url=http://www.diariodelanzarote.com/2009/12/01/sociedad12.htm |work=Diario de Lanzarote |date=1 December 2009 |accessdate=27 September 2010 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106012406/http://diariodelanzarote.com/2009/12/01/sociedad12.htm |archivedate=6 January 2010 }}</ref> |
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Argentinian [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]] asked for a "humanitarian and political exit" for Haidar, and called on the Spanish and Moroccan governments to undertake dialogue to see "in what ways could the European Union, Council of Europe or even the United Nations intervene to avoid a tragic outcome and try to save her life, but not at any cost."<ref>{{cite news | title=Adolfo Pérez Esquivel pide la intervención de la UE o la ONU en el caso Haidar | url=http://noticias.terra.es/mundo/2009/1210/actualidad/adolfo-perez-esquivel-pide-la-intervencion-de-la-ue-o-la-onu-en-el-caso-haidar.aspx | publisher=Terra.es ([[EFE]]) | date=10 December 2009 | accessdate=26 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> British filmmakers [[Ken Loach]] and [[Paul Laverty]] compared Haidar to U.S. civil rights activist [[Rosa Parks]], stating, "What tragedy would be for the non-violent resistance, and for the possibility of a pacific solution, that we let her die."<ref>{{cite news | title=Aminetu y el asiento de Rosa Parks | url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Aminetu/asiento/Rosa/Parks/elpepuesp/20091202elpepinac_4/Tes | work=El País | date=2 December 2009 | accessdate=27 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> Statements of support were also issued by Uruguayan journalist [[Eduardo Galeano]],<ref name="elmundo.es"/> Spanish actor [[Javier Bardem]],<ref name="elmundo.es">{{cite news | title= Bardem critica la 'cobardía' del Gobierno con la activista saharaui en huelga de hambre | url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/11/24/espana/1259062717.html | work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] | date=24 November 2009 | accessdate=26 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> [[US Senator]] [[Jim Inhofe]],<ref name=DN/> Guatemalan Peace Prize laureate [[Rigoberta Menchú]],<ref name=DN/> British musician [[Brian Eno]],<ref name=DN/> and Spanish novelist [[Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Aminatu Haidar mantiene su deseo de que la devuelvan a El Aaiún "con o sin" pasaporte | url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/politica/noticias/1718048/11/09/Aminatu-Haidar-mantiene-su-deseo-de-que-la-devuelvan-a-El-Aaiun-con-o-sin-pasaporte.html | work=Ecodiario | date=23 November 2009 | accessdate=27 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
Argentinian [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]] asked for a "humanitarian and political exit" for Haidar, and called on the Spanish and Moroccan governments to undertake dialogue to see "in what ways could the European Union, Council of Europe or even the United Nations intervene to avoid a tragic outcome and try to save her life, but not at any cost."<ref>{{cite news | title=Adolfo Pérez Esquivel pide la intervención de la UE o la ONU en el caso Haidar | url=http://noticias.terra.es/mundo/2009/1210/actualidad/adolfo-perez-esquivel-pide-la-intervencion-de-la-ue-o-la-onu-en-el-caso-haidar.aspx | publisher=Terra.es ([[EFE]]) | date=10 December 2009 | accessdate=26 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> British filmmakers [[Ken Loach]] and [[Paul Laverty]] compared Haidar to U.S. civil rights activist [[Rosa Parks]], stating, "What tragedy would be for the non-violent resistance, and for the possibility of a pacific solution, that we let her die."<ref>{{cite news | title=Aminetu y el asiento de Rosa Parks | url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Aminetu/asiento/Rosa/Parks/elpepuesp/20091202elpepinac_4/Tes | work=El País | date=2 December 2009 | accessdate=27 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> Statements of support were also issued by Uruguayan journalist [[Eduardo Galeano]],<ref name="elmundo.es"/> Spanish actor [[Javier Bardem]],<ref name="elmundo.es">{{cite news | title= Bardem critica la 'cobardía' del Gobierno con la activista saharaui en huelga de hambre | url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/11/24/espana/1259062717.html | work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] | date=24 November 2009 | accessdate=26 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> [[US Senator]] [[Jim Inhofe]],<ref name=DN/> Guatemalan Peace Prize laureate [[Rigoberta Menchú]],<ref name=DN/> British musician [[Brian Eno]],<ref name=DN/> and Spanish novelist [[Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Aminatu Haidar mantiene su deseo de que la devuelvan a El Aaiún "con o sin" pasaporte | url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/politica/noticias/1718048/11/09/Aminatu-Haidar-mantiene-su-deseo-de-que-la-devuelvan-a-El-Aaiun-con-o-sin-pasaporte.html | work=Ecodiario | date=23 November 2009 | accessdate=27 September 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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On 19 January 2010, Haidar returned to Spain to have medical exams in La Paz hospital in Madrid. Haidar has a Spanish [[Residence Card|residence card]] since her 2006 release. Haidar was in poor health, as she suffered [[anaemia]] and [[stomach ulcer]], consequence of her imprisonment and the 2009 hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar regresa a España para someterse a una revisión médica en Madrid|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Haidar/regresa/Espana/someterse/revision/medica/Madrid/elpepuesp/20100119elpepunac_25/Tes|work=El País|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> Amnesty International reported that Haidar and her family were under constant surveillance by Moroccan security forces and were being harassed and intimidated by them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE29/005/2010/en/d274de87-4c81-43ba-8d72-6b5a7d0f060c/mde290052010en.html |title=Sahrawi human rights defender returns home: Aminatou Haidar |date=15 January 2010 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> |
On 19 January 2010, Haidar returned to Spain to have medical exams in La Paz hospital in Madrid. Haidar has a Spanish [[Residence Card|residence card]] since her 2006 release. Haidar was in poor health, as she suffered [[anaemia]] and [[stomach ulcer]], consequence of her imprisonment and the 2009 hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar regresa a España para someterse a una revisión médica en Madrid|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Haidar/regresa/Espana/someterse/revision/medica/Madrid/elpepuesp/20100119elpepunac_25/Tes|work=El País|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> Amnesty International reported that Haidar and her family were under constant surveillance by Moroccan security forces and were being harassed and intimidated by them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE29/005/2010/en/d274de87-4c81-43ba-8d72-6b5a7d0f060c/mde290052010en.html |title=Sahrawi human rights defender returns home: Aminatou Haidar |date=15 January 2010 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> |
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On 7 March, Haidar spoke at a conference at the [[University of Granada]] during a European Union-Morocco summit in the same city. Haidar stated that the summit "denied the suffering of the Sahrawis"<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar critica el 'seguidismo ciego' de España con Marruecos|url=http://www.publico.es/espana/300300/haidar-critica-el-seguidismo-ciego-de-espana-con-marruecos|work=[[Público (Spain)|Público]]|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> and that the EU was appeasing the "totalitarian regime" of Morocco, sacrificing human rights in favor of economic interests.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar acusa a España y a la UE de plegarse al 'régimen totalitario' marroquí|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/03/07/union_europea/1267951207.html|work=El Mundo|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 24 March, Haidar started during a visit to Washington, D.C. that "before reaching a final settlement, a political solution, we must put pressure on Morocco to respect human rights". In meeting with US Department of State officials and [[US Representatives|US representatives]], she urged them to pressure Morocco for Sahrawi rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar: "Los derechos humanos en el Sahara van antes que la solución política"|url=http://www.eldia.es/2010-03-24/internacional/10-Haidar-derechos-humanos-Sahara-van-antes-solucion-politica.htm|author=Elvira Palomo|work=[[El Día (Canarias)|El Día]] ([[EFE]]|date=24 March 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
On 7 March, Haidar spoke at a conference at the [[University of Granada]] during a European Union-Morocco summit in the same city. Haidar stated that the summit "denied the suffering of the Sahrawis"<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar critica el 'seguidismo ciego' de España con Marruecos|url=http://www.publico.es/espana/300300/haidar-critica-el-seguidismo-ciego-de-espana-con-marruecos|work=[[Público (Spain)|Público]]|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> and that the EU was appeasing the "totalitarian regime" of Morocco, sacrificing human rights in favor of economic interests.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar acusa a España y a la UE de plegarse al 'régimen totalitario' marroquí|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/03/07/union_europea/1267951207.html|work=El Mundo|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 24 March, Haidar started during a visit to Washington, D.C. that "before reaching a final settlement, a political solution, we must put pressure on Morocco to respect human rights". In meeting with US Department of State officials and [[US Representatives|US representatives]], she urged them to pressure Morocco for Sahrawi rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haidar: "Los derechos humanos en el Sahara van antes que la solución política" |url=http://www.eldia.es/2010-03-24/internacional/10-Haidar-derechos-humanos-Sahara-van-antes-solucion-politica.htm |author=Elvira Palomo |work=[[El Día (Canarias)|El Día]] ([[EFE]] |date=24 March 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011 |language=Spanish }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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On 15 October, Haidar appeared in a [[Casablanca]] court with dozens of Sahrawi activist leaders and twenty foreign observers, during the trial of seven Sahrawi activists (known as "The Casablanca 7"). The "Casablanca 7" had been detained months before after travelling to the [[Sahrawi refugee camps]], and were accused by the Moroccan government of threatening the safety of the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminetu Haidar pisa Marruecos durante el juicio a los siete saharauis|url=http://www.publico.es/internacional/341741/aminetu-haidar-pisa-marruecos-durante-el-juicio-a-los-siete-saharauis|work=Público|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> One of them was [[Ali Salem Tamek]], vice president of Haidar's human rights association CODESA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminatu Haidar reaparece en Marruecos en el juicio contra siete saharauis|url=http://www.eldia.es/2010-10-15/internacional/10-Aminatu-Haidar-reaparece-Marruecos-juicio-siete-saharauis.htm|author=Enrique Rubio|work=El Día |agency=EFE|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> She said that Moroccan government accusations had no foundation and denounced them as violations of the [[freedom of expression]] and of travel of the detained. She also criticized the Spanish government, which she accused of being guilty in the Sahrawi people's situation: "The Spanish government violate international law by denying the Saharawi people their legitimate right to self-determination".<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminatu Haidar acusa a España de negar a los saharauis su derecho de autodeterminación|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/10/15/espana/1287164943.html|author=Erena Calvo|work=El Mundo|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
On 15 October, Haidar appeared in a [[Casablanca]] court with dozens of Sahrawi activist leaders and twenty foreign observers, during the trial of seven Sahrawi activists (known as "The Casablanca 7"). The "Casablanca 7" had been detained months before after travelling to the [[Sahrawi refugee camps]], and were accused by the Moroccan government of threatening the safety of the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminetu Haidar pisa Marruecos durante el juicio a los siete saharauis|url=http://www.publico.es/internacional/341741/aminetu-haidar-pisa-marruecos-durante-el-juicio-a-los-siete-saharauis|work=Público|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> One of them was [[Ali Salem Tamek]], vice president of Haidar's human rights association CODESA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminatu Haidar reaparece en Marruecos en el juicio contra siete saharauis |url=http://www.eldia.es/2010-10-15/internacional/10-Aminatu-Haidar-reaparece-Marruecos-juicio-siete-saharauis.htm |author=Enrique Rubio |work=El Día |agency=EFE |date=15 October 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011 |language=Spanish }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She said that Moroccan government accusations had no foundation and denounced them as violations of the [[freedom of expression]] and of travel of the detained. She also criticized the Spanish government, which she accused of being guilty in the Sahrawi people's situation: "The Spanish government violate international law by denying the Saharawi people their legitimate right to self-determination".<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminatu Haidar acusa a España de negar a los saharauis su derecho de autodeterminación|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/10/15/espana/1287164943.html|author=Erena Calvo|work=El Mundo|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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On 29 October 2011, Haidar's son was threatened with sexual violation and a beating that would cause him permanent disability by a couple of Moroccan policemen in El Aaiun, according to CODESA.<ref>{{cite news|title=El hijo de Haidar ha sido amenazado de violación por policías marroquíes|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-hijo-haidar-sido-amenazado-violacion-policias-marroquies-20111109202754.html|publisher=[[Europa Press]]|date=9 November 2011|accessdate=10 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Son of Sahrawi human rights defender Aminatou Haidar threatened with rape|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/son-sahrawi-human-rights-defender-aminatou-haidar-threatened-rape|publisher=SPS|date=8 November 2011|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> On 8 July 2012, Sahrawi human rights sources stated that Haidar's children had been physically injured by some Moroccan passengers when they were travelling by bus from [[Agadir]] to El Aaiun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Attack on children of Saharawi activist Aminatou Haidar|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/attck-children-saharawi-activist-aminatou-haidar|publisher=SPS|date=8 July 2012|accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref> Human rights groups as the Sahrawi [[ASVDH]] and the North-American [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]] condemned the aggression, calling for an investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=RFK Center Condemns Brutal Attack of Human Rights Defender’s Children in Western Sahara|url=http://rfkcenter.org/rfk-center-condemns-brutal-attack-of-human-rights-defenders-children-in-western-sahara-7?lang=en|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]]|date=10 July 2012|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Les enfants de l'activiste sahraouie Aminatou Haidar, présidente du CODESA, ont été agressés par des marocains|url=http://asvdh.net/6650|publisher=[[ASVDH]]|date=15 July 2012|accessdate=3 August 2012|language=French}}</ref> |
On 29 October 2011, Haidar's son was threatened with sexual violation and a beating that would cause him permanent disability by a couple of Moroccan policemen in El Aaiun, according to CODESA.<ref>{{cite news|title=El hijo de Haidar ha sido amenazado de violación por policías marroquíes|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-hijo-haidar-sido-amenazado-violacion-policias-marroquies-20111109202754.html|publisher=[[Europa Press]]|date=9 November 2011|accessdate=10 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Son of Sahrawi human rights defender Aminatou Haidar threatened with rape |url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/son-sahrawi-human-rights-defender-aminatou-haidar-threatened-rape |publisher=SPS |date=8 November 2011 |accessdate=10 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501181739/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/son-sahrawi-human-rights-defender-aminatou-haidar-threatened-rape |archivedate=1 May 2012 }}</ref> On 8 July 2012, Sahrawi human rights sources stated that Haidar's children had been physically injured by some Moroccan passengers when they were travelling by bus from [[Agadir]] to El Aaiun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Attack on children of Saharawi activist Aminatou Haidar |url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/attck-children-saharawi-activist-aminatou-haidar |publisher=SPS |date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=2 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606171305/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/attck-children-saharawi-activist-aminatou-haidar |archivedate=6 June 2015 }}</ref> Human rights groups as the Sahrawi [[ASVDH]] and the North-American [[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]] condemned the aggression, calling for an investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=RFK Center Condemns Brutal Attack of Human Rights Defender’s Children in Western Sahara |url=http://rfkcenter.org/rfk-center-condemns-brutal-attack-of-human-rights-defenders-children-in-western-sahara-7?lang=en |publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]] |date=10 July 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831120100/http://rfkcenter.org/rfk-center-condemns-brutal-attack-of-human-rights-defenders-children-in-western-sahara-7?lang=en |archivedate=31 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Les enfants de l'activiste sahraouie Aminatou Haidar, présidente du CODESA, ont été agressés par des marocains |url=http://asvdh.net/6650 |publisher=[[ASVDH]] |date=15 July 2012 |accessdate=3 August 2012 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719172953/http://asvdh.net/6650 |archivedate=19 July 2012 }}</ref> |
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On 1 November 2012, the same day she met UN Special Commissioner for the Western Sahara [[Christopher W.S. Ross|Christopher Ross]] at El Aaiun [[MINURSO]] HQ, Haidar stated that she had been later attacked by Moroccan police during a non-violent protest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminatu Haidar confirma que fue agredida por la Policía marroquí|url=http://www.abc.es/20121102/internacional/abci-aminatu-haidur-agresdida-201211020841.html|publisher=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|date=02-11-2012|accessdate=08-11-2012|language=es}}</ref> Human rights organizations such as the RFK Center, [[Front Line Defenders]] and the Spanish political party [[Union, Progress and Democracy]] condemned the aggression.<ref>{{cite news|title=Human Rights Defender Brutally Attacked by Moroccan Police|url=http://rfkcenter.org/human-rights-defender-brutally-attacked-by-moroccan-police|publisher=RFKcenter.org|date=02-11-2012|accessdate=08-11-2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Western Sahara: Police beating of human rights defender Ms Aminatou Haidar|url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/20663/action|publisher=[[Front Line Defenders]]|date=06-11-2012|accessdate=08-11-2012|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fernando Maura (UPyD) "Con la agresión a Aminetu, Marruecos vuelve a pisotear los Derechos Humanos y se burla de la ONU, de visita en el Sahara Occidental"|url=http://www.upyd.es/contenidos/noticias/350/89109-Fernando_Maura_%28UPyD%29_Con_la_agresion_a_Aminetu_Marruecos_vuelve_a_pisotear_los_Derechos_Humanos_y_se_burla_de_la_ONU_de_visita_en_el_Sahara_Occidental|publisher=[[Union, Progress and Democracy]]|date=02-11-2012|accessdate=08-11-2012|language=es}}</ref> |
On 1 November 2012, the same day she met UN Special Commissioner for the Western Sahara [[Christopher W.S. Ross|Christopher Ross]] at El Aaiun [[MINURSO]] HQ, Haidar stated that she had been later attacked by Moroccan police during a non-violent protest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aminatu Haidar confirma que fue agredida por la Policía marroquí|url=http://www.abc.es/20121102/internacional/abci-aminatu-haidur-agresdida-201211020841.html|publisher=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|date=02-11-2012|accessdate=08-11-2012|language=es}}</ref> Human rights organizations such as the RFK Center, [[Front Line Defenders]] and the Spanish political party [[Union, Progress and Democracy]] condemned the aggression.<ref>{{cite news|title=Human Rights Defender Brutally Attacked by Moroccan Police |url=http://rfkcenter.org/human-rights-defender-brutally-attacked-by-moroccan-police |publisher=RFKcenter.org |date=02-11-2012 |accessdate=08-11-2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235051/http://rfkcenter.org/human-rights-defender-brutally-attacked-by-moroccan-police |archivedate=6 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Western Sahara: Police beating of human rights defender Ms Aminatou Haidar |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/20663/action |publisher=[[Front Line Defenders]] |date=06-11-2012 |accessdate=08-11-2012 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202144334/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/20663/action |archivedate=2 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fernando Maura (UPyD) "Con la agresión a Aminetu, Marruecos vuelve a pisotear los Derechos Humanos y se burla de la ONU, de visita en el Sahara Occidental"|url=http://www.upyd.es/contenidos/noticias/350/89109-Fernando_Maura_%28UPyD%29_Con_la_agresion_a_Aminetu_Marruecos_vuelve_a_pisotear_los_Derechos_Humanos_y_se_burla_de_la_ONU_de_visita_en_el_Sahara_Occidental|publisher=[[Union, Progress and Democracy]]|date=02-11-2012|accessdate=08-11-2012|language=es}}</ref> |
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== Awards and recognition == |
== Awards and recognition == |
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In 2010, 40 members of the European Parliament nominated Haidar for the organization's [[Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Fariñas y Aminatu Haidar, candidatos al Premio Sajarov de la Eurocámara |language=Spanish| url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/union_europea/1285184137.html | work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] | date=22 September 2010 | accessdate=24 September 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101031173323/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/union_europea/1285184137.html| archivedate= 31 October 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> EP member [[Willy Meyer Pleite]] denounced a campaign of letters by Morocco protesting the possible awarding of the prize to Haidar.<ref>{{cite news | title=Meyer denuncia campaña de Marruecos para evitar que Haidar reciba premio | url=http://www.nortecastilla.es/agencias/20101007/mas-actualidad/vida-ocio/meyer-denuncia-campana-marruecos-para_201010072020.html | work=[[El Norte de Castilla]] ([[EFE]]) | date=7 October 2010 | accessdate=8 October 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> The prize was eventually awarded to Cuban hunger striker [[Guillermo Fariñas]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11594804 |title=Cuba dissident Farinas awarded Sakharov Prize by EU |date=21 October 2010 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref> |
In 2010, 40 members of the European Parliament nominated Haidar for the organization's [[Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Fariñas y Aminatu Haidar, candidatos al Premio Sajarov de la Eurocámara |language=Spanish| url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/union_europea/1285184137.html | work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] | date=22 September 2010 | accessdate=24 September 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101031173323/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/union_europea/1285184137.html| archivedate= 31 October 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> EP member [[Willy Meyer Pleite]] denounced a campaign of letters by Morocco protesting the possible awarding of the prize to Haidar.<ref>{{cite news | title=Meyer denuncia campaña de Marruecos para evitar que Haidar reciba premio | url=http://www.nortecastilla.es/agencias/20101007/mas-actualidad/vida-ocio/meyer-denuncia-campana-marruecos-para_201010072020.html | work=[[El Norte de Castilla]] ([[EFE]]) | date=7 October 2010 | accessdate=8 October 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> The prize was eventually awarded to Cuban hunger striker [[Guillermo Fariñas]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11594804 |title=Cuba dissident Farinas awarded Sakharov Prize by EU |date=21 October 2010 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref> |
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Haidar has also been named an honorary citizen or otherwise decorated by numerous Spanish and Italian institutions. In October 2006,she was named "Honorary Citizen" by the town council of [[Naples]] for her activity on defending human rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Comunicato Stampa della Giunta del 26/10/2006 - Cittadinanza onoraria alla signora Aminattou Haidar|url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/FixedPages/IT/ComunicatiStampaGiunta.php/L/IT/frmSearchHaveData/OK/frmSearchText/-/frmSearchMonth/10/frmSearchYear/2006/frmTipologia_1/on/frmIDComunicatoStampa/3444|publisher=Comune di Napoli|date=2006-10-26|accessdate=07-11-2012|language=it}}</ref><ref>[http://asvdh.net/3704 Le maire de Naples et Osservatorio Internazionale placé une photo de Aminatou Haidar sur la façade principale de la municipalité de Naples] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181520/http://asvdh.net/3704 |date=19 October 2012 }} [[ASVDH]], 3 December 2009 {{fr icon}}</ref> In May 2008, she was awarded a Special Prize by the city council of [[Castelldefels]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castelldefels.org/es/hemeroteca.asp?plana=noticies.asp¬id=2769 |title=El municipio entrega los Premios Ciutat de Castelldefels 2008 |date=12 May 2008 |publisher=castelldefels.org |accessdate=10 August 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> In January 2010, the Italian municipality of [[Sesto Fiorentino]] appointed Haidar as "Honorary Citizen" of the village, for her "non-violent struggle for liberty and human rights for her people".<ref>{{cite web |
Haidar has also been named an honorary citizen or otherwise decorated by numerous Spanish and Italian institutions. In October 2006,she was named "Honorary Citizen" by the town council of [[Naples]] for her activity on defending human rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Comunicato Stampa della Giunta del 26/10/2006 - Cittadinanza onoraria alla signora Aminattou Haidar|url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/FixedPages/IT/ComunicatiStampaGiunta.php/L/IT/frmSearchHaveData/OK/frmSearchText/-/frmSearchMonth/10/frmSearchYear/2006/frmTipologia_1/on/frmIDComunicatoStampa/3444|publisher=Comune di Napoli|date=2006-10-26|accessdate=07-11-2012|language=it}}</ref><ref>[http://asvdh.net/3704 Le maire de Naples et Osservatorio Internazionale placé une photo de Aminatou Haidar sur la façade principale de la municipalité de Naples] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181520/http://asvdh.net/3704 |date=19 October 2012 }} [[ASVDH]], 3 December 2009 {{fr icon}}</ref> In May 2008, she was awarded a Special Prize by the city council of [[Castelldefels]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castelldefels.org/es/hemeroteca.asp?plana=noticies.asp¬id=2769 |title=El municipio entrega los Premios Ciutat de Castelldefels 2008 |date=12 May 2008 |publisher=castelldefels.org |accessdate=10 August 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> In January 2010, the Italian municipality of [[Sesto Fiorentino]] appointed Haidar as "Honorary Citizen" of the village, for her "non-violent struggle for liberty and human rights for her people".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cittadinanza onoraria alla pacifista Aminatou Haidar |url=http://www.comune.sesto-fiorentino.fi.it/Engine/RAServePG.php/P/55411SFI1000/M/25101SFI1001 |publisher=Comune di Sesto Fiorentino |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=10 August 2012 |language=Italian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224202502/http://www.comune.sesto-fiorentino.fi.it/Engine/RAServePG.php/P/55411SFI1000/M/25101SFI1001 |archivedate=24 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Una ciudad italiana nombra ciudadana de honor a Aminetu Haidar | url = http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-sahara-ciudad-italiana-nombra-ciudadana-honor-aminetu-haidar-20100116191251.html | publisher = [[Europa Press]] | date = 16 January 2010 | accessdate = 9 June 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref> Days later, another Italian municipality, [[Campi Bisenzio]], decided by a majority to grant her the "Honorary Citizenship".<ref>{{cite web | title = Cittadinanza onoraria alla pacifista Aminatou Haidar | url = http://www.comune.campi-bisenzio.fi.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5820 | publisher = Comune Campi Bisenzio | date = 28 January 2010 | accessdate = 25 June 2010|language=Italian }}</ref> In February, it was the Tuscan town of [[Signa]] who decided to confer Haidar the honorary citizenship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Consiglio Comunale del 1 febbraio 2010 - esito|url=http://www.comune.signa.fi.it/schede/organi-politici-e-di-controllo/consiglio-comunale/anno-2010/consiglipo-comunale-del-1-febbraio-2010-convocazione/?searchterm=haidar|publisher=Comune di Signa|date=01-02-2010|accessdate=2012-11-25|language=it}}</ref> In March, the town of [[Leganés]], Spain, awarded her its Dolores Ibárruri Prize.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-222183081.html |title=Spain: 'Dolores Ibarruri' award to Sahrawi activist Aminatou Haidar |date=25 March 2010 |accessdate=10 August 2012 |agency=Algeria Press Service}} (Subscription required)</ref> On 13 April, the [[comune]] of [[Pontedera]] gave her honorary citizenship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Consiglio Comunale del 13 aprile 2010|url=http://www.comune.pontedera.pi.it/comune/istituzioni/consiglio_comunale/sedute_consiglio_comunale/consigli-2010/consiglio-comunale-del-13-aprile-2010/?searchterm=haidar|publisher=Comune di Pontedura|date=12-01-2012|accessdate=2012-11-25|language=it}}</ref> On 30 July, another ten towns from the Italian province of [[Province of Lucca|Lucca]] gave honorary citizenship to Haidar. One of them, [[Stazzema]], also gave her the "Gold Medal of Resistance". A further 20 Italian towns later declared Aminatou Haidar an "Honorary Citizen".<ref>{{cite web | title = Aminetou intestata | url = http://www.saharawi.it/rassegna/2010/AMINETOU%20_intestata%20%20.doc | publisher = Assoziacione di solidarietà con il popolo Saharawi '''"Ban Slout Larbi"''' | date = 4 August 2010 | accessdate = 8 September 2010|language=Italian}}</ref> On 27 July 2011, Haidar was made an honorary citizen of the Italian commune of [[Montespertoli]] as a "concrete gesture of condemnation of the violence being perpetrated by the Moroccan authorities".<ref>{{cite news | title=Haidar, simbolo del Saharawi cittadina onoraria di Montespertoli | url=http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/empoli/cronaca/2011/07/27/news/haidar-simbolo-del-saharawi-cittadina-onoraria-di-montespertoli-4687413 | work=[[Il Tirreno]] | date=27 July 2011 |accessdate=8 August 2011|language=Italian}}</ref> The city council of [[San Fernando de Henares]], Spain, awarded her its Jesús Andrés López Gallardo prize.<ref>{{cite news|title=El municipio premia la labor de Aminatu Haidar |url=http://www.ensanfernandodehenares.es/noticias/2011/03/02/4211/el-municipio-premia-la-labor-de-aminatu-haidar |publisher=Ensanfernandodehenares.es |author=Sergio de la Cruz |date=2 March 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |language=Spanish }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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On 10 November 2011, she was awarded the [[René Cassin]] Human Rights Prize, given by the Justice department of the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] government;<ref>{{cite news|title=El Gobierno vasco concede el premio René Cassin 2011 a Aminetu Haidar|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/11/10/paisvasco/1320930597.html|work=El Mundo|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=12 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> the prize came with an award of 16,550 euros.<ref>{{cite news|title=La activista saharaui Aminetu Haidar recibe el Premio René Cassin de Derechos Humanos|url=http://www.gara.net/azkenak/11/302595/eu/La-activista-saharaui-Aminetu-Haidar-recibe-Premio-Rene-Cassin-Derechos-Humanos|work=[[Gara]]|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=12 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 4 March 2013, the Italian city of [[Florence]] awarded Haidar the Honorary citizenship of the town.<ref>[http://press.comune.fi.it/hcm/hcm5353-7_4_1-La+comunicazione+del+sindaco+sull%92aeroporto,+la+cittadinanza+onoraria+ad+Aminatou+Haidar,+realizzazioni+parcheggi+alle+Due+Strade+e+via+del+Pratellino+nel+Consiglio+di+luned%EC.html?cm_id_details=66237&id_padre=4473 La comunicazione del sindaco sull’aeroporto, la cittadinanza onoraria ad Aminatou Haidar, realizzazioni parcheggi alle Due Strade e via del Pratellino nel Consiglio di lunedì] Comune di Firenze, 2 March 2013 {{it icon}}</ref> Also in March, Haidar won the 13th [[Bremen Solidarity Award]], a prize given to personalities who are distinguished by their compromise with liberty, democracy and human rights, and against [[colonialism]] and [[racism]] in the world. The prize, given by the regional government of the [[Free Hanseatic City of Bremen]] with a financial award of 10,000 euros, was given to Haidar for her trajectory in the peaceful struggle for a solution for the Sahrawi conflict, and her defence of the human rights of the Sahrawi people in the occupied territories.<ref>{{cite news|title=El Gobierno del Estado de Bremen concede premio a Aminetu Haidar|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/es/content/el-gobierno-del-estado-de-bremen-concede-premio-aminetu-haidar|publisher=SPS|date=2013-03-30|accessdate=2013-03-31|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Activist Aminatou Haidar awarded Bremen Solidarity Award|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/activist-aminatou-haidar-awarded-bremen-solidarity-award|publisher=SPS|date=2013-10-30|accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> |
On 10 November 2011, she was awarded the [[René Cassin]] Human Rights Prize, given by the Justice department of the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] government;<ref>{{cite news|title=El Gobierno vasco concede el premio René Cassin 2011 a Aminetu Haidar|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/11/10/paisvasco/1320930597.html|work=El Mundo|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=12 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> the prize came with an award of 16,550 euros.<ref>{{cite news|title=La activista saharaui Aminetu Haidar recibe el Premio René Cassin de Derechos Humanos|url=http://www.gara.net/azkenak/11/302595/eu/La-activista-saharaui-Aminetu-Haidar-recibe-Premio-Rene-Cassin-Derechos-Humanos|work=[[Gara]]|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=12 November 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 4 March 2013, the Italian city of [[Florence]] awarded Haidar the Honorary citizenship of the town.<ref>[http://press.comune.fi.it/hcm/hcm5353-7_4_1-La+comunicazione+del+sindaco+sull%92aeroporto,+la+cittadinanza+onoraria+ad+Aminatou+Haidar,+realizzazioni+parcheggi+alle+Due+Strade+e+via+del+Pratellino+nel+Consiglio+di+luned%EC.html?cm_id_details=66237&id_padre=4473 La comunicazione del sindaco sull’aeroporto, la cittadinanza onoraria ad Aminatou Haidar, realizzazioni parcheggi alle Due Strade e via del Pratellino nel Consiglio di lunedì] Comune di Firenze, 2 March 2013 {{it icon}}</ref> Also in March, Haidar won the 13th [[Bremen Solidarity Award]], a prize given to personalities who are distinguished by their compromise with liberty, democracy and human rights, and against [[colonialism]] and [[racism]] in the world. The prize, given by the regional government of the [[Free Hanseatic City of Bremen]] with a financial award of 10,000 euros, was given to Haidar for her trajectory in the peaceful struggle for a solution for the Sahrawi conflict, and her defence of the human rights of the Sahrawi people in the occupied territories.<ref>{{cite news|title=El Gobierno del Estado de Bremen concede premio a Aminetu Haidar |url=http://www.spsrasd.info/es/content/el-gobierno-del-estado-de-bremen-concede-premio-aminetu-haidar |publisher=SPS |date=2013-03-30 |accessdate=2013-03-31 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101192607/http://www.spsrasd.info/es/content/el-gobierno-del-estado-de-bremen-concede-premio-aminetu-haidar |archivedate=1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Activist Aminatou Haidar awarded Bremen Solidarity Award |url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/activist-aminatou-haidar-awarded-bremen-solidarity-award |publisher=SPS |date=2013-10-30 |accessdate=2013-10-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101192446/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/activist-aminatou-haidar-awarded-bremen-solidarity-award |archivedate=1 November 2013 }}</ref> |
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On May 2013, Haidar travelled to [[Addis Ababa]], as she was invited as a guest of honour to the [[African Union]] [[Golden Jubilee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Activist Aminatou Haidar, AU guest of honor at OAU 50th Anniversary|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/activist-aminatou-haidar-au-guest-honor-oau-50th-anniversary|publisher=SPS|date=25 May 2013|accessdate=27 May 2013}}</ref> |
On May 2013, Haidar travelled to [[Addis Ababa]], as she was invited as a guest of honour to the [[African Union]] [[Golden Jubilee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Activist Aminatou Haidar, AU guest of honor at OAU 50th Anniversary |url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/activist-aminatou-haidar-au-guest-honor-oau-50th-anniversary |publisher=SPS |date=25 May 2013 |accessdate=27 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110021/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/activist-aminatou-haidar-au-guest-honor-oau-50th-anniversary |archivedate=2 April 2015 }}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 00:58, 4 July 2017
Aminatou Haidar أميناتو حيدر | |
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Born | Aminatou Ali Ahmed Haidar 24 July 1966 |
Occupation | Human rights defender |
Years active | 1987-present |
Organization | Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders |
Known for | forced disappearance, hunger strikes |
Children | Hayat Mohammed |
Parent(s) | Ali Haidar (father) Darya Mohamed Fadel Lorosi Busaula (mother) |
Awards | Solidar Silver Rose Award (2007) Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award (2008) Civil Courage Prize (2009) |
Aminatou Ali Ahmed Haidar (Arabic: أحمد علي حيدر أميناتو; born 24 July 1966), sometimes known as Aminetou, Aminatu or Aminetu, is a Sahrawi human rights activist and an advocate of the independence of Western Sahara. She is often called the "Sahrawi Gandhi" or "Sahrawi Pasionaria" for her nonviolent protests.[1][2][3] She is the president of the Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders (CODESA). She was imprisoned from 1987 to 1991 and from 2005 to 2006 on charges related to her independence advocacy. In 2009, she attracted international attention when she staged a hunger strike in Lanzarote Airport after being denied re-entry into Moroccan Western Sahara. Haidar has won several international human rights awards for her work, including the 2008 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award and the 2009 Civil Courage Prize.
Background
While her parents lived in Laayoune, a small city in Western Sahara with significant Sahrawi population (and former Spanish Cape Juby) where she passed her childhood, Aminatou was born in 1966 in Laayoune, Western Sahara, her grandmother's town, due to a bedouin tradition.[4][5][6] She is not member of the Polisario Front, although she considers the movement as the only representative of the Sahrawi people.[7] She is divorced with two children, Hayat and Mohammed.[6][8]
1987–1991 forced disappearance
In 1987, Haidar participated in a nonviolent demonstration against Moroccan administration of Western Sahara. Along with many other attendees, she was subjected to forced disappearance by Moroccan authorities and held without trial until 1991, when she was released. According to Kerry Kennedy of the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights, Haidar was "gagged, starved, sleep deprived, subjected to electric shock, severely beaten -- and worse" during her imprisonment.[9]
Moroccan authorities gave no explanation for her detention. Amnesty International (AI) stated that she appeared to have been held for her peaceful advocacy for Western Sahara self-determination.[6]
2005–2006 imprisonment
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aminatouhaidartinoccupiedsahara.jpg/250px-Aminatouhaidartinoccupiedsahara.jpg)
On 17 June 2005, Haidar was attacked by police on her way to a demonstration in El Aaiún for the Western Sahara Independence Intifada. After admission to Belmehdi Hasan hospital and receiving twelve stitches for a head injury, she was arrested on charges of "participation in violent protest activities and incitement" and "belonging to an unauthorized association". She was then held in El Aaiún's Black Prison.[10] She reportedly went on hunger strike from 8 August to 29 September to demand an investigation into torture allegations by fellow Saharawi detainees Houssein Lidri and Brahim Noumria as well as improved conditions of detention.[11]
On 14 December, she was sentenced to seven months in prison by the El Aaiún Court of Appeal. AI, which had sent an observer to cover the trial, declared that "the trial ... may have been unfair. The organization is consequently strengthened in its belief that the seven human rights defenders may be prisoners of conscience".[11] The European Parliament also called for her immediate release along with that of Ali Salem Tamek and 37 other "political prisoners" in a 27 October 2005 resolution.[12]
On 17 January 2006, Aminatou Haidar was released at the end of her sentence.[10] She stated that "the joy is incomplete without the release of all Saharawi political prisoners, and without the liberation of all the territories of the homeland still under the occupation of the oppressor".[9]
2009 Lanzarote Airport hunger strike
On 13 November 2009, Haidar was detained by Moroccan authorities at the airport in El-Aaiún when she attempted to return from a trip to Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain, to collect a prize. Under citizenship, she had refused to state her nationality as "Moroccan".[13] The authorities denied her re-entry, confiscated her passport, and sent her back to the Canary Islands without it.[14] Two Spanish journalists who had accompanied her were also detained for several hours.[15] A Moroccan official called her refusal to call herself Moroccan as "an act of treason" and stated that Haidar would not be allowed to return to El-Aaiún until she apologized.[13] The Spanish newspaper El País later published documents demonstrating that the Moroccan government made three different flight reservations for Haidar prior to her return, indicating that they had planned to expel her in advance.[16]
On arriving at Lanzarote Airport, Haidar began a hunger strike. She accused Spanish officials of holding her against her will by not allowing her to return to Western Sahara without a passport. On 17 November, the airport management firm Aena filed charges against her for disturbing the public order.[14] She was required to attend court in Arrecife and fined 180 euros.[17]
International support
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay called on 9 December for Morocco to allow Haidar to return.[8] Human Rights Watch stated that Morocco "must reverse its expulsion of Sahrawi rights activist Aminatou Haidar and allow her to enter her country of nationality".[18] while Amnesty International condemned her expulsion as part of a pattern of "growing intolerance" by the Moroccan government.[19]
A number of activists and celebrities also expressed support for Haidar during her strike. Portuguese Nobel Prize-winning writer José Saramago, who owned a home in Lanzarote, sent her a letter in November stating that "If I were in Lanzarote, I would be with you".[20] On 1 December, he met her at the airport, stating, "It's time for the international community to pressure Morocco to comply with the accords about the Sahara".[21]
Argentinian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel asked for a "humanitarian and political exit" for Haidar, and called on the Spanish and Moroccan governments to undertake dialogue to see "in what ways could the European Union, Council of Europe or even the United Nations intervene to avoid a tragic outcome and try to save her life, but not at any cost."[22] British filmmakers Ken Loach and Paul Laverty compared Haidar to U.S. civil rights activist Rosa Parks, stating, "What tragedy would be for the non-violent resistance, and for the possibility of a pacific solution, that we let her die."[23] Statements of support were also issued by Uruguayan journalist Eduardo Galeano,[24] Spanish actor Javier Bardem,[24] US Senator Jim Inhofe,[8] Guatemalan Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchú,[8] British musician Brian Eno,[8] and Spanish novelist Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa.[25]
On 29 November, a group of Spanish singers and musicians gave a free concert in support of Haidar in Rivas-Vaciamadrid, on the outskirts of Madrid. Performers included Bebe, Kiko Veneno, Macaco, Amaral, Pedro Guerra, Mariem Hassan, Conchita, Miguel Ríos, and Ismael Serrano.[26][27] On 10 December, dozens of artists and activists sent an open letter to Juan Carlos I of Spain, asking him to intercede for Haidar with Morocco. Signatories included three Nobel laureates - Günter Grass, Dario Fo, and Saramago - as well as Pedro Almodóvar, Mario Vargas Llosa, Penélope Cruz, Antonio Gala, Almudena Grandes, Carlos Fuentes, and Ignacio Ramonet among others from India, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Colombia, Brazil and Angola.[28]
Diplomatic resolution
Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos offered to arrange a Spanish passport for Haidar, but she refused his offer, demanding the return of her original passport.[27] A Moroccan delegation led by the President of the Moroccan Senate, Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, visited Spain in early December 2009. Biadillah stated that the Sahrawi people are fully integrated into Moroccan society and occupy some of the highest offices in Moroccan institutions, and that no country would accept the return of a person who had "thrown away their passport" and "has renounced their nationality".[29]
By 7 December, three weeks into her hunger strike, Haidar had become too weak to stand and slipped in and out of consciousness. A Lanzarote Hospital doctor reported that she might have only hours to live. Spain attempted again to apply for her re-entry to the country, but backed down when Morocco threatened to end cooperation on illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and other issues. On 11 December, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton also contacted the Moroccan Foreign Minister Taieb Fassi Fihri to request Haidar's re-entry.[8]
On 17 December, after being unable to swallow liquid for two days, Haidar was admitted to the hospital. She continued to refuse to break her fast. Late that night, Moroccan authorities relented, and Haidar was allowed on a plane back to El-Aaiún. The Spanish foreign ministry attributed the resolution to "a co-ordinated effort between Spain, France and the US" to persuade Moroccan government that its refusal to re-admit Haidar was counterproductive. Appearing before a crowd in the El-Aaiún airport, Haidar stated, "This is a triumph, a victory for human rights, for international justice and for the cause of Western Sahara ... And it's all thanks to your pressure."[30] Moroccan officials stated that the government was "committed to respecting human rights in Western Sahara and elsewhere in the country" but refused to comment on Haidar's case.[31]
Upon her return, Haidar was placed under house arrest by Moroccan police, and journalists were blocked from speaking with her.[31]
Post hunger-strike work
On 19 January 2010, Haidar returned to Spain to have medical exams in La Paz hospital in Madrid. Haidar has a Spanish residence card since her 2006 release. Haidar was in poor health, as she suffered anaemia and stomach ulcer, consequence of her imprisonment and the 2009 hunger strike.[32] Amnesty International reported that Haidar and her family were under constant surveillance by Moroccan security forces and were being harassed and intimidated by them.[33]
On 7 March, Haidar spoke at a conference at the University of Granada during a European Union-Morocco summit in the same city. Haidar stated that the summit "denied the suffering of the Sahrawis"[34] and that the EU was appeasing the "totalitarian regime" of Morocco, sacrificing human rights in favor of economic interests.[35] On 24 March, Haidar started during a visit to Washington, D.C. that "before reaching a final settlement, a political solution, we must put pressure on Morocco to respect human rights". In meeting with US Department of State officials and US representatives, she urged them to pressure Morocco for Sahrawi rights.[36]
On 15 October, Haidar appeared in a Casablanca court with dozens of Sahrawi activist leaders and twenty foreign observers, during the trial of seven Sahrawi activists (known as "The Casablanca 7"). The "Casablanca 7" had been detained months before after travelling to the Sahrawi refugee camps, and were accused by the Moroccan government of threatening the safety of the state.[37] One of them was Ali Salem Tamek, vice president of Haidar's human rights association CODESA.[38] She said that Moroccan government accusations had no foundation and denounced them as violations of the freedom of expression and of travel of the detained. She also criticized the Spanish government, which she accused of being guilty in the Sahrawi people's situation: "The Spanish government violate international law by denying the Saharawi people their legitimate right to self-determination".[39]
On 29 October 2011, Haidar's son was threatened with sexual violation and a beating that would cause him permanent disability by a couple of Moroccan policemen in El Aaiun, according to CODESA.[40][41] On 8 July 2012, Sahrawi human rights sources stated that Haidar's children had been physically injured by some Moroccan passengers when they were travelling by bus from Agadir to El Aaiun.[42] Human rights groups as the Sahrawi ASVDH and the North-American Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights condemned the aggression, calling for an investigation.[43][44]
On 1 November 2012, the same day she met UN Special Commissioner for the Western Sahara Christopher Ross at El Aaiun MINURSO HQ, Haidar stated that she had been later attacked by Moroccan police during a non-violent protest.[45] Human rights organizations such as the RFK Center, Front Line Defenders and the Spanish political party Union, Progress and Democracy condemned the aggression.[46][47][48]
Awards and recognition
Haidar has won several international awards in recognition of her human rights work. In December 2005, she won the V Juan María Bandrés Award of the Spanish Commission for Refugee Aid (CEAR).[49] Due to her imprisonment, she could not receive the award until May 2006.[50] In 2007, she was awarded the Solidar Silver Rose Award, a European network of NGOs.[51] The annual award acknowledges "the outstanding achievements of individuals and organizations who are active in the fight for social justice."[52] In 2008, Haidar won the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award of the US-based Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights. In addition to the prize (which includes a financial component), the RFK Memorial Center offers to partner with recipients in their work. US Senator Edward Kennedy stated that "all who care about democracy, human rights, and the rule of law for the people of the Western Sahara are inspired by her extraordinary courage, dedication and skilled work on their behalf."[53] Haidar was also awarded the 2009 Civil Courage Prize of the Train Foundation. Prize founder John Train stated, "A healthy society relies on civil courage, and we hope that by recognizing it in people like Aminatou Haidar, we can encourage others to follow in her footsteps and defend peacefully their civil rights."[54]
In 2010, 40 members of the European Parliament nominated Haidar for the organization's Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought.[55] EP member Willy Meyer Pleite denounced a campaign of letters by Morocco protesting the possible awarding of the prize to Haidar.[56] The prize was eventually awarded to Cuban hunger striker Guillermo Fariñas.[57]
Haidar has also been named an honorary citizen or otherwise decorated by numerous Spanish and Italian institutions. In October 2006,she was named "Honorary Citizen" by the town council of Naples for her activity on defending human rights.[58][59] In May 2008, she was awarded a Special Prize by the city council of Castelldefels, Spain.[60] In January 2010, the Italian municipality of Sesto Fiorentino appointed Haidar as "Honorary Citizen" of the village, for her "non-violent struggle for liberty and human rights for her people".[61][62] Days later, another Italian municipality, Campi Bisenzio, decided by a majority to grant her the "Honorary Citizenship".[63] In February, it was the Tuscan town of Signa who decided to confer Haidar the honorary citizenship.[64] In March, the town of Leganés, Spain, awarded her its Dolores Ibárruri Prize.[65] On 13 April, the comune of Pontedera gave her honorary citizenship.[66] On 30 July, another ten towns from the Italian province of Lucca gave honorary citizenship to Haidar. One of them, Stazzema, also gave her the "Gold Medal of Resistance". A further 20 Italian towns later declared Aminatou Haidar an "Honorary Citizen".[67] On 27 July 2011, Haidar was made an honorary citizen of the Italian commune of Montespertoli as a "concrete gesture of condemnation of the violence being perpetrated by the Moroccan authorities".[68] The city council of San Fernando de Henares, Spain, awarded her its Jesús Andrés López Gallardo prize.[69] On 10 November 2011, she was awarded the René Cassin Human Rights Prize, given by the Justice department of the Basque Country government;[70] the prize came with an award of 16,550 euros.[71] On 4 March 2013, the Italian city of Florence awarded Haidar the Honorary citizenship of the town.[72] Also in March, Haidar won the 13th Bremen Solidarity Award, a prize given to personalities who are distinguished by their compromise with liberty, democracy and human rights, and against colonialism and racism in the world. The prize, given by the regional government of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen with a financial award of 10,000 euros, was given to Haidar for her trajectory in the peaceful struggle for a solution for the Sahrawi conflict, and her defence of the human rights of the Sahrawi people in the occupied territories.[73][74]
On May 2013, Haidar travelled to Addis Ababa, as she was invited as a guest of honour to the African Union Golden Jubilee.[75]
See also
References
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite news}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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(help) - ^ "Human Rights Defender Brutally Attacked by Moroccan Police". RFKcenter.org. 02-11-2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 08-11-2012.
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{{cite news}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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(help) - ^ "La defensora saharaui de los derechos humanos Aminetu Haidar, premio Juan María Bandrés". El Mundo (in Spanish). 19 December 2005. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
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{{cite news}}
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value (help) - ^ Past Winners Archive 2000-2008 Solidar.org
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{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Le maire de Naples et Osservatorio Internazionale placé une photo de Aminatou Haidar sur la façade principale de la municipalité de Naples Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ASVDH, 3 December 2009 Template:Fr icon
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(help) - ^ "Aminetou intestata" (in Italian). Assoziacione di solidarietà con il popolo Saharawi "Ban Slout Larbi". 4 August 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Sergio de la Cruz (2 March 2011). "El municipio premia la labor de Aminatu Haidar" (in Spanish). Ensanfernandodehenares.es. Retrieved 3 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
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- ^ La comunicazione del sindaco sull’aeroporto, la cittadinanza onoraria ad Aminatou Haidar, realizzazioni parcheggi alle Due Strade e via del Pratellino nel Consiglio di lunedì Comune di Firenze, 2 March 2013 Template:It icon
- ^ "El Gobierno del Estado de Bremen concede premio a Aminetu Haidar" (in Spanish). SPS. 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
{{cite news}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite news}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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External links
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