Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

"GOES" redirects here. For other uses, see GOES (disambiguation).

The GOES N satellite 703529

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system (GOES), operated by the United States' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service division, supports weather forecasting, severe storm tracking, and meteorology research. Spacecraft and ground-based elements of the system work together to provide a continuous stream of environmental data. The National Weather Service (NWS) and the Meteorological Service of Canada use the GOES system for their North American weather monitoring and forecasting operations, and scientific researchers use the data to better understand land, atmosphere, ocean, and climate interactions.

The GOES system uses geosynchronous satellites that, since the launch of SMS-1 in 1974, have been a basic element of U.S. weather monitoring and forecasting.

The procurement, design, and manufacture of GOES satellites is overseen by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

GOES data can be accessed using the SPEDAS software.

Satellites

GOES-8, a decommissioned United States weather satellite.

Operationally available

Three GOES satellites are available for operational use.

GOES 13 occupies the GOES-East position at 75°W. This satellite, which was designated GOES N before orbiting, was launched by a Delta IV rocket from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on 24 May 2006. It underwent Post-Launch Testing through early 2007 before replacing GOES 12 as GOES-East. GOES 13 was out of service temporarily from 22 May to 9 June 2013 because of technical difficulties caused by a micrometeroid collision.

GOES 14 is in storage at 90°W. The launch of this satellite, which was designated GOES O before orbiting, was delayed several times. It was launched successfully on 27 June 2009 from Space Launch Complex 37, piggybacking on a Delta IV rocket. It underwent Post-Launch Testing until December 2009 and then was placed in on-orbit storage. This satellite is a part of the GOES N Series. GOES 14 has been and will be activated should another GOES satellite suffer a problem or be decommissioned. It was temporarily designated GOES-East because of technical difficulties with GOES 13 and moved towards the GOES-East location. After resolution of those problems, GOES 14 was returned to storage.

GOES 15, which was designated GOES P before orbiting, was launched successfully on 4 March 2010, It occupies the GOES-West position and is located at 135°W over the Pacific Ocean.

Undergoing on-orbit testing

GOES-16, the first GOES R series satellite, was launched on 19 November 2016 and is expected to remain operational through December 2036. GOES-16 is expected to be declared operational in November 2017.

Inactive or repurposed

Several GOES satellites are still in orbit but are either inactive or have been re-purposed.

Although GOES 3 is no longer used for weather operations, it is a critical part of the communications links between the U.S. and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. Geostationary satellites cannot ordinarily be seen from the poles. They expend fuel to keep them stationary over the equator. When the fuel is depleted, solar and lunar perturbations increase the satellite's inclination so that its ground track begins to describe an analemma (a figure-8 in the north-south direction). This usually ends the satellite's primary mission. But when the inclination is high enough, the satellite may begin to rise above the polar horizons at the extremes of the figure-8, as is the case for GOES 3. A nine-meter dish was constructed at the station, and communication with the satellite is possible for about five hours per day. Data rates are around 2.048 megabytes/second bi-directional under optimum conditions.

GOES 8, which was designated GOES I before orbiting, was the GOES-East satellite when it was in operation. It is in a parking orbit and is drifting westerly at a rate of about 4 degrees daily. It was decommissioned on 1 April 2003 and deactivated on 5 May 2004 after the failure of its propulsion system.

Coverage map of GOES 11 and 12 in 2007 (before GOES 11 was shut down).

GOES 10, which was designated GOES K before orbiting, was decommissioned on 2 December 2009 and was boosted to a graveyard orbit. It no longer had the fuel for required maneuvers to keep it on station.

GOES 11, which was designated GOES L before orbiting, had a partial failure on 6 December 2011. It was decommissioned on 16 December 2011 and boosted into a graveyard orbit.

GOES 12, which was designated GOES M before orbiting, was decommissioned on 16 August 2013 and boosted into a graveyard orbit.

• 
  GOES-12 visible light image.
• 
  GOES-12 water vapor image.

Purpose

GOES data relay pattern.

Designed to operate in geostationary orbit 35,790 kilometres (22,240 mi) above the Earth, the GOES spacecraft continuously view the continental United States, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Central America, South America, and southern Canada. The three-axis, body-stabilized design enables the sensors to "stare" at the Earth and thus more frequently image clouds, monitor the Earth's surface temperature and water vapour fields, and sound the atmosphere for its vertical thermal and vapor structures. The evolution of atmospheric phenomena can be followed, ensuring real-time coverage of meteorological events such as severe local storms and tropical cyclones. The importance of this capability was proven during hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Andrew (1992).

The GOES spacecraft also enhance operational services and improve support for atmospheric science research, numerical weather prediction models, and environmental sensor design and development.

Satellite data is broadcast on the L-band, and received at the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition ground station at Wallops Island, Virginia from which it is disseminated to users. Additionally, anyone may receive data directly from the satellites by utilizing a small dish, and processing the data with special software.

The GOES satellites are controlled from the Satellite Operations Control Center in Suitland, Maryland. During significant weather or other events, the normal schedules can be altered to provide the coverage requested by the NWS and other agencies.

Space Weather -- March 2012.

GOES 12 and above also have provided a platform for the Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI) and space environment monitoring (SEM) instruments.

The SXI provides high-cadence monitoring of large scale solar structures to support the Space Environment Services Center's (SESC) mission. The SXI unit on GOES 13, however, was damaged by a solar flare in 2006. The SESC, as the nation's "space weather" service, receives, monitors, and interprets a wide variety of solar-terrestrial data. It also issues reports, alerts, and forecasts for special events such as solar flares or geomagnetic storms. This information is important to the operation of military and civilian radio wave and satellite communication and navigation systems. The information also is important to electric power networks, the missions of geophysical explorers, Space Station astronauts, high-altitude aviators, and scientific researchers.

The SEM measures the effect of the Sun on the near-Earth solar-terrestrial electromagnetic environment, providing real-time data to the SESC.

Payload

The main mission of a GOES satellite is carried out by the primary payload instruments, which are the Imager and the Sounder. The Imager is a multichannel instrument that senses infrared radiant energy and visible reflected solar energy from the Earth's surface and atmosphere. The Sounder provides data for vertical atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud top temperature, and ozone distribution.

Other instruments on board the spacecraft are the ground-based meteorological platform data collection and relay and the SEM. The SEM consists of a magnetometer, an X-ray sensor, a high energy proton and alpha particle detector, and an energetic particles sensor.

The GOES 13-15 spacecraft also have a sun-pointed extreme ultraviolet sensor.

Invertible GOES logo designed for Space Systems/Loral by Scott Kim

In addition, the GOES satellites carry a search and rescue repeater that collects data from Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons and Emergency Locator Transmitter beacons, which are used during search-and-rescue operations by the U.S. Air Force Rescue Coordination Center.

GOES R series

The proposed instrument package for the GOES R series initially included the following:

• Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
• Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES)
• Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS), which includes two Magnetospheric Particle Sensors (MPS-HI and MPS-LO), an Energetic Heavy Ion Sensor, and a Solar and Galactic Proton Sensor
• Solar Imaging Suite, which includes the Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI), the Solar X-Ray Sensor (XRS), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Sensor (EUVS)
• Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)
• Magnetometer

In September 2006, the HES was canceled.

Satellite designations

Before being launched, GOES satellites are designated by letters (A, B, C, etc.). Once a GOES satellite is launched successfully, it is redesignated with a number (1, 2, 3, etc.). So, GOES A to GOES F became GOES 1 to GOES 6. Because GOES G was a launch failure, it never received a number. GOES H to GOES R became GOES 7 to GOES-16 (skipping GOES Q, which was not built).

Once operational, the different locations used by the satellites are given a name corresponding to the regions they cover. These are GOES-East and GOES-West, which watch the eastern and western halves of the U.S., respectively. GOES-East is occupied by GOES 13, while GOES-West is occupied by GOES 15. The -East/-West designation is used more frequently than the satellite's number designation.

There is also a GOES-South position, which is meant to provide dedicated coverage of South America. Unless a satellite is dedicated to this continent, imagery of South America is updated every 3 hours instead of every 30 minutes whenever a storm occurs in North America, which is roughly 40 percent of the time during the hurricane season. The GOES-South station is usually assigned to older satellites whose North American operations have been taken over by new satellites. For example, GOES 10 was moved from the GOES-West position to GOES-South after it was replaced in the -West station by GOES 11. When GOES 10 was decommissioned on 1 December 2009, GOES-South was taken over by GOES 12. Since the retirement of GOES 12 on 16 August 2013, the GOES-South station has been unoccupied. It is possible that the -South position will be filled again once the GOES-16 satellite is declared operational, which is planned for November 2017.

Development of GOES R series

In September 2006, NOAA reduced the planned number of GOES R satellites from four to two because of cost overrun concerns. The planned delivery schedule was also slowed down to reduce costs. The expected cost of the series is $7.69 billion, a $670 million increase from the prior $7 billion estimate.

The contract for constructing the satellites and manufacturing the magnetometer, SUVI, and GLM was awarded to Lockheed Martin. This award was challenged by losing bidder Boeing; however, the protest was subsequently dismissed.

The ABI is being delivered by ITT Exelis. The SEISS is being delivered by Assurance Technology Corporation.

XRS and EUVS are being combined into the Extreme Ultra Violet and X-Ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS), which will be delivered by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics of the University of Colorado.

The contract for the ground system, including data processing, was awarded to a team led by the Weather Systems division of Harris Corporation, including subcontracts to Boeing, Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER), Honeywell, Carr Astronautics, Wyle Laboratories, and Ares.

History and status of GOES satellites

Main article: List of GOES satellites

GOES spacecraft have been manufactured by Boeing (GOES D-H and N–P) and Space Systems/Loral (A–C and I–M). The GOES series (I-M) and the current series (N-P) are documented in the "GOES I–M Databook" and the "GOES N Series Databook". The GOES R series is being built by Lockheed Martin with the first in the series, GOES-16, undergoing on-orbit testing.

Boeing would have built and launched GOES Q only if GOES O or GOES P had failed to be delivered on-orbit in good working order.

The first image obtained from the GOES 1 satellite, 1975 October 25, 1645 GMT.

• GOES 1, launched on 16 October 1975, decommissioned
• GOES 2, launched on 16 June 1977, decommissioned
• GOES 3, launched on 16 June 1978, used as a communications relay for the South Pole research station.
• GOES 4, launched on 9 September 1980, decommissioned
• GOES 5, launched on 22 May 1981, deactivated on 18 July 1990
• GOES 6, launched on 28 April 1983, decommissioned
• GOES-G, launched on 3 May 1986, failed to orbit
• GOES 7, launched on 26 February 1987, used as a communications satellite by Peacesat
• GOES 8, launched on 13 April 1994, decommissioned
• GOES 9, launched on 23 May 1995, decommissioned on 15 June 2007
• GOES 10, launched on 25 April 1997, decommissioned on 2 December 2009
• GOES 11, launched on 3 May 2000, decommissioned on 16 December 2011
• GOES 12, launched on 23 July 2001, was providing coverage for South America until it was decommissioned on 16 August 2013
• GOES 13, launched on 24 May 2006, in operation as GOES-East, returned to operations on 18 October 2012 after an anomaly
• GOES 14, launched on 27 June 2009, standby spacecraft, located at 90 degrees W as of December 2012
• GOES 15, launched on 4 March 2010, in operation as GOES-West since 14 December 2011
• GOES-16, launched on 19 November 2016, undergoing on-orbit testing
• GOES-S, scheduled for launch in March 2018
• GOES-T, scheduled for launch in 2019
• GOES-U, scheduled for launch in 2024

See also

• Applications Technology Satellites
• Multi-Functional Transport Satellite
• Polar Operational Environmental Satellites
• Remote sensing

Further reading

Lombardi, Michael A.; Hanson, D. Wayne (March–April 2005). "The GOES Time Code Service, 1974-2004: A Retrospective". Journal of Research of the National Institutes of Standards and Technology. 110 (2): 79–96. doi:10.6028/jres.110.008.

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

External links

• National Weather Service Satellite Images (current plus 3,6,12 and 24 hr loops)
• GOES Operations on NOAA website
• LM/SAIC/IBM partnership announced for GOES
• GOES gallery
• Introduction to satellite imagery
• Spherical panorama of GOES-O in the clean room
• Status of decommissioned GOES 8-12 satellites