Jump to content

MG 42: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎top: Changed it's name within the infobox to its originally designated denotation (as already mentioned within the introducing header). ;-
Reverted 3 edits by Smartcom5 (talk). (TW)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=Universal-Maschinengewehr Modell 42
|name=MG 42
| image= MG42-1.jpg
| image= MG42-1.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_size = 300
Line 37: Line 37:
}}
}}


The '''MG 42''' (shortened from German: ''Maschinengewehr 42'', or "machine gun 42") is a [[7.92×57mm Mauser]] [[general purpose machine gun]] designed in [[Nazi Germany]] and used extensively by the [[Wehrmacht]] and the [[Waffen-SS]] during the second half of [[World War II]]. It was intended to replace the earlier [[MG 34]], which was more expensive and took much longer to produce, but both weapons were produced until the end of the war. Its originally designated denotation was ''Universal-Maschinengewehr Modell 42''.
The '''MG 42''' (shortened from German: ''Maschinengewehr 42'', or "machine gun 42") is a [[7.92×57mm Mauser]] [[general purpose machine gun]] designed in [[Nazi Germany]] and used extensively by the [[Wehrmacht]] and the [[Waffen-SS]] during the second half of [[World War II]]. It was intended to replace the earlier [[MG 34]], which was more expensive and took much longer to produce, but both weapons were produced until the end of the war.


Designed to be low-cost and easy to build, the MG 42 proved to be highly reliable and easy to operate. It is most notable for its very high cyclic rate for a gun using full power service cartridges, averaging about 1,200 rounds per minute compared to around 850 for the MG 34, and perhaps 450 to 600 for other common machine guns like the [[M1919 Browning machine gun|M1919 Browning]] or [[Bren light machine gun|Bren]]. This rate of fire made it extremely effective in providing [[suppressive fire]], and its unique sound led to it being nicknamed "Hitler's buzzsaw".<ref name="SAOTH-10th">{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Joseph E.|title=Small Arms of the World|date=1973|publisher=Stackpole Co.|location=Harrisburg, PA, USA|edition=10th|accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref>
Designed to be low-cost and easy to build, the MG 42 proved to be highly reliable and easy to operate. It is most notable for its very high cyclic rate for a gun using full power service cartridges, averaging about 1,200 rounds per minute compared to around 850 for the MG 34, and perhaps 450 to 600 for other common machine guns like the [[M1919 Browning machine gun|M1919 Browning]] or [[Bren light machine gun|Bren]]. This rate of fire made it extremely effective in providing [[suppressive fire]], and its unique sound led to it being nicknamed "Hitler's buzzsaw".<ref name="SAOTH-10th">{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Joseph E.|title=Small Arms of the World|date=1973|publisher=Stackpole Co.|location=Harrisburg, PA, USA|edition=10th|accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:50, 25 May 2018

MG 42
An MG 42
TypeGeneral-purpose machine gun
Place of originNazi Germany
Service history
In service1942–present
Used bySee Users
WarsWorld War II
Portuguese Colonial War[1]
Lebanese Civil War
Yugoslav Wars[2][3]
Syrian Civil War[4]
Yemeni Civil War (2015-present)[5]
Saudi-led intervention in Yemen (2015-present)
Conflict in Najran, Jizan and Asir
Production history
DesignerWerner Gruner
Designed1942
ManufacturerMauser Werke AG
Wilhelm-Gustloff-Stiftung
Steyr-Daimler-Puch, Großfuß AG, MAGET (Maschinenbau und Gerätebau GmbH, Berlin-Tegel)
Produced1942–1945 (Nazi Germany)
No. built423,600[6]
VariantsMG 45/MG 42V, MG 1, MG 2, Rheinmetall MG 3, M53, MG 74
Specifications
Mass11.6 kg (25.57 lb)[7]
Length1,220 mm (48 in)
Barrel length530 mm (20.9 in)[7]
Cartridge7.92×57mm Mauser
ActionRecoil-operated, roller-locked
Rate of fire1,200 rounds/min[7] (varied between 900–1,500 rounds/min with different bolts)
Practical: 153 rounds/min[8] Fully-automatic only[7]
Muzzle velocity740 m/s (2,428 ft/s) (s.S. Patrone)
Effective firing range200–2,000 m (219–2,187 yd) sight adjustments[7]
3,500 m (3,828 yd) with tripod and telescopic sight
Maximum firing range4,700 m (5,140 yd)
Feed system50 or 250-round Patronengurt 33, 34, or 34/41 model belt[7]
50-round belt drum
SightsIron sights, antiaircraft sight or telescopic sights

The MG 42 (shortened from German: Maschinengewehr 42, or "machine gun 42") is a 7.92×57mm Mauser general purpose machine gun designed in Nazi Germany and used extensively by the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS during the second half of World War II. It was intended to replace the earlier MG 34, which was more expensive and took much longer to produce, but both weapons were produced until the end of the war.

Designed to be low-cost and easy to build, the MG 42 proved to be highly reliable and easy to operate. It is most notable for its very high cyclic rate for a gun using full power service cartridges, averaging about 1,200 rounds per minute compared to around 850 for the MG 34, and perhaps 450 to 600 for other common machine guns like the M1919 Browning or Bren. This rate of fire made it extremely effective in providing suppressive fire, and its unique sound led to it being nicknamed "Hitler's buzzsaw".[9]

The MG 42 was adopted by several armed organizations after the war, and was both copied and built under licence. The MG 42's lineage continued past Nazi Germany's defeat, forming the basis for the nearly identical MG1 (MG 42/59), chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO, which subsequently evolved into the MG1A3, and later the Bundeswehr's MG 3. It also spawned the Yugoslav nearly identical Zastava M53, Swiss MG 51 and SIG MG 710-3, Austrian MG 74, and the Spanish 5.56×45mm NATO Ameli light machine gun, and lent many design elements to the American M60 and Belgian MAG.

History

Prior to World War I

Even prior to World War I, the German military was already looking forward to replacing the heavy machine guns which proved to be such a success in that war. The MG13 was one of the first developments toward a goal of producing a weapon that could perform multiple roles, rather than just one. The MG13 was the result of reengineering the Dreyse Water cooled machine gun to fit the new requirement.[9] The twin barreled Gast gun was developed with the goal of providing a high rate of fire weapon for anti-aircraft use which was reported to have reached cyclic rates of fire as high as 1,600 rounds per minute.[9]

1930s

Wehrmacht reenactors with a MG 34 general-purpose machine gun mounted on a Lafette 34 tripod

This eventually led to the Einheitsmaschinengewehr (Universal machine gun) introducing an entirely new concept in automatic firepower. By changing its mount, sights and feed mechanism, the operator could radically transform an Einheitsmaschinengewehr for several purposes.

The MG 34 is considered to be the first modern general-purpose machine gun or Einheitsmaschinengewehr. It was developed to use the standard German 7.92×57mm Mauser full-power rifle round.[9] It was envisaged and well developed to provide portable light and medium machine gun infantry cover, anti-aircraft coverage, and even sniping ability. Equipped with a quick-change barrel and fed either with non-disintegrating metallic-link belts, or from a 50-round Gurttrommel (belt drum) or a 75-round spring-loaded saddle-drum Patronentrommel 34 magazines (with a simple change of the feed cover for a Trommelhalter magazine holder), the MG 34 could sustain fire for much longer periods of time than other portable squad-level weapons such as the American B.A.R. and the British Bren Gun, both of which were fed by box magazines, while also being much lighter and more portable than crew-served weapons like the Browning M1919 or Vickers machine guns (which also lacked quick-change barrels). The MG 34 was also quite versatile; not only was it able to be fed from belted ammunition or a saddle drum magazine, it could also be fired from a bipod, an innovative Lafette 34 tripod or various pintle mounts for armored vehicles. Switching between a bipod and a tripod required no special tools, as the mounting latch was spring-loaded. As the MG 34 Panzerlauf, it was used throughout the war as secondary armament on panzers and other vehicles. One attempt at improvement was the MG 34S, an incremental improvement on the basic 34 design. The MG 34S could cope with a cyclic fire rate of 1,200 rounds per minute. Later in the war, the MG 34 was used as the basis for the Luftwaffe's MG 81 flexible defensive gun. However, the MG 34 did have its drawbacks, such as sensitivity to dirt, mud and comparatively complex and expensive production.[10]

Development of the MG 42

A German Waffen SS soldier involved in heavy fighting in and around the French town of Caen in mid-1944. He is carrying an MG 42 configured as a light support weapon with a folding bipod and detachable 50-round belt drum container.

In order to address these issues, a contest was held for a true MG 34 replacement. Three companies were asked to submit designs: Metall und Lackierwarenfabrik Johannes Großfuß AG of Döbeln, Rheinmetall-Borsig of Sömmerda, and Stübgen of Erfurt.[11] Of the number of proposals submitted, Großfuß AG's proved to be the best design by far, employing a unique recoil-operated roller locking mechanism whereas the two competing designs used a gas-actuated system.[11] Interestingly, the company had no earlier experience in weapons manufacture, specializing in pressed and stamped steel components (the company's staple product was sheet metal lanterns). Dr.-Ing. Werner Gruner, one of the leading design engineers with Großfuß, knew nothing about machine guns when he was given the task of being involved with the project, although he specialized in the technology of mass production. Gruner would attend an army machine gunner's course to familiarize himself with the utility and characteristics of such a weapon, also seeking input from soldiers. He then recycled an existing Mauser-developed operating system and incorporated features from his experiences with army machine gunners and lessons learned during the early stages of the war.[11] Being made largely out of stamped metal, the new design required considerably less machining, high grade steel alloys and was much simpler to build than other machine guns—it took 75 man hours to complete the new gun as opposed to 150 man hours for the MG 34 (a 50% reduction), and cost 250 RM as opposed to 327 RM (a 24% reduction).

The resulting MG 39 remained similar to the earlier MG 34 overall, a deliberate decision made to maintain familiarity. The only major changes from the gunner's perspective were dropping of the drum-magazine feed option, leaving the weapon to fire belted ammunition, or from a single 50-round drum-shaped Gurttrommel belt container fitted to the gun's receiver, and simplifying the weapon's open sights for aiming purposes. All these changes were intended to increase, maintain, or accommodate the gun's high practical rate of fire. Although made of relatively inexpensive and simple parts, the prototypes also proved to be considerably more rugged and resistant to jamming than the precisely machined and somewhat temperamental MG 34. A limited run of about 1,500 of its immediate predecessor, the MG 39/41, was completed in 1941 and tested in combat trials.

Adoption of the MG 42

The weapon was officially accepted, and the main manufacturing of the production design began in 1942, as the MG 42, contracts going to Großfuß, Mauser-Werke, Gustloff-Werke and others. Production during the war amounted to over 400,000 units (17,915 units in 1942, 116,725 in 1943, 211,806 in 1944, and 61,877 in 1945).[6]

MG 42 nicknames

The distinctive sound caused by the high cyclic firing rate gave rise to the nickname "Hitler's buzzsaw" and the German soldiers' Hitlersäge, Singende Säge, Knochensäge or elektrisches MG ("Hitler's saw", "Singing saw", "Bone saw" or "electric machine gun"). The gun (like the MG 34) was sometimes called "Spandau" by British troops, a traditional generic term for all German machine guns, left over from the famous Allied nickname for the MG 08 Maxim-derivative used by German forces during World War I and derived from its manufacturer's plates noting the city where some were produced.[12][13]

German small arms doctrine

While the Americans had standardized a semi-automatic rifle in 1936 (the M1 Garand), the German military kept issuing Karabiner 98k bolt-action rifles due to their tactical doctrine of basing a squad's firepower on the general-purpose machine gun in the light machine gun role so that the role of the rifleman was largely to carry ammunition and provide covering fire for the machine gunners. The advantage of the general purpose machine gun concept was that it added greatly to the overall volume of fire that could be put out by a squad-sized unit.[14][15] The German military did experiment with semi-automatic rifles throughout World War II and fielded the Gewehr 41 series of which less than 150,000 were built, the Gewehr 43/Karabiner 43 series of which 402,713 were built, and introduced the first assault rifle in 1943 – the MP43 / MP44 / StG 44 series, of which 425,977 were built. Due to the relatively limited production of semi-automatic and assault rifles, the Karabiner 98k of which over 14,600,000 were built remained the primary service weapon until the last days of World War II, and was manufactured until the surrender in May 1945.

Medium machine gun fire support role

The MG 42 mounted on the Lafette 42 tripod

In the German heavy machine gun (HMG) platoons, each platoon served four MG 34/MG 42 machine guns, used in the sustained fire mode mounted on tripods.[16] In 1944 this was altered to six machine guns in three sections with two seven-man heavy machine gun squads per section as follows:

  • Squad leader (NCO) MP40
  • Machine gunner (private) MG 34/MG 42 and pistol
  • Assistant gunner (private) pistol
  • Three riflemen (privates) rifles
  • Horse leader for horse, cart and trailer (private) rifle

Allied army small arms doctrines

The Allied army doctrines of the era centered on the rifleman, with the machine gun serving a support role, and they utilised weapons with cyclic rates of fire of typically 450–600 rounds per minute. The Allied nations had machine guns with similar rates of fire, but mounted them almost exclusively in aircraft, where the fleeting opportunities for firing made such high rates necessary. The only similar Allied weapon was the Vickers K aircraft gun, and that was used by ground forces only in specialized circumstances. German doctrine was the reverse, with the machine gun placed in a central role and rifleman employed in support. This meant that German forces deployed far more machine guns per equivalent-sized unit than the Allies,[citation needed] and that Allied troops assaulting a German position almost invariably faced the firepower of the MG 42. It was possible for operating crews to lay down a non-stop barrage of fire, ceasing only when the barrel had to be replaced. This allowed the MG 42 to tie up significantly larger numbers of enemy troops. Both the Americans and the British trained their troops to take cover from the fire of an MG 42, and assault the position during the small time window of barrel replacement, which took around 4 to 7 seconds (estimated).

Operation

Motorcycle with sidecar mounted MG 42

One of the weapon's most notable features was in its exceptionally high cyclic rate of fire of about 1,200 to 1,500 rounds per minute, twice the rate of the Vickers and Browning machine guns, which fired at a rate of about 600 rounds per minute. The ear could not easily discern the sound of individual shots being fired, instead hearing a sound described as like "ripping cloth" or a buzzsaw.

The German military instructed sustained fire must be avoided at all costs. They ruled that the results of sustained fire are disappointing and that the expenditure of ammunition involved is "intolerable."[8] In the bipod mounted light machine gun role the MG 42 users were trained to fire short bursts of 3 to 7 rounds and strive to optimize their aim between bursts fired in succession.[8] For its medium machine gun role the MG 42 was matched to the newly developed Lafette 42 tripod. In the tripod mounted medium machine gun role MG 42 users were trained to fire short bursts and bursts of 20 to 50 rounds and strive to optimize their aim between bursts fired in succession.[8]

The optimum operating crew of an MG 42 in its medium machine gun role was six men: the gun commander, the No.1 who carried and fired the gun, the No.2 who carried the tripod, and Nos. 3, 4, and 5 who carried ammunition, spare barrels, entrenching tools, and other items. For additional protection the commander, No.1 and No.2 were armed with pistols, while the remaining three carried rifles. This large team was often reduced to just three: the gunner, the loader (also barrel carrier), and the spotter. The gunner of the weapon was preferably a junior non-commissioned officer (or Unteroffizier).

The high cyclic rate of fire of the MG 42 sometimes proved a liability mainly in that, while the weapon could be used to devastating effect, it could quickly exhaust its ammunition supply. For this reason, it was not uncommon for all soldiers operating near an MG 42 to carry extra ammunition, thus providing the MG 42 with a backup source when its main supply was exhausted. Another disadvantage of the MG 42 was that the high cyclic rate of fire led to the barrel overheating quickly. After around 150 rounds of continuous fire, the gun operator would open a side hatch (leading to the barrel) and replace the overheated barrel with a new one. The machine gun crew member responsible for a hot barrel change was issued protective asbestos gloves to prevent getting burned.

Effective rates of fire

Tripod mounted MG 42 setup for its anti-aircraft role provides air cover during a rest pause

The cyclic rate reflects how fast a self-loading firearm can fire, extract, reload, and recock its mechanism to prepare for follow-up shots. This is not, however, the effective rate of fire. The effective rate of fire is the rate at which shots can be accurately (effectively) fired at a specific point target. Many firearms have been developed with high rates of fire which have proven to have extremely low rates of effective fire. An easy example of this is the MAC-10 [17] submachine gun. The MAC-10 in 9×19mm Parabellum originally fired at 1,200 rounds per minute. At this rate individual shots can no longer be heard so its fire sounds like a giant zipper being ripped apart. When a MAC-10 fires, the probability of hitting a target with more than 1 or 2 rounds is quite low. So it has a very poor effective rate of fire.

The effective rate of fire of the MG 34 is listed at 150 rounds per minute while the MG42 achieves a slightly higher 154 rounds per minute.[8] No air-cooled machine gun can fire sustained for very long before overheating and malfunctioning. The effective rates of fire of the MG 34/42 were higher than allied weapons, but the cyclic firing rate is not a huge factor in this, the ability to change barrels is. The cyclic rate of the MG 42 can be altered by installing different bolts and recoil springs A heavier bolt uses more recoil energy to overcome inertia, thus slowing the action. It must be noted that those heavy bolts also were used along with stiffer return springs. The standard MG 42 bolt weight for a normal rate of fire is 550 g (19.40 oz).[18] One of the roles of the MG 34 and MG 42 was to provide low level anti-aircraft coverage. A high cyclic firing rate is advantageous for use against targets that are exposed to a general-purpose machine gun for a limited time span, like aircraft. For targets that can be fired on by a general-purpose machine gun for longer periods than just a few seconds the cyclic firing rate becomes less important.

For a relevant current example, the FN MAG/M240 general-purpose machine gun series used by many (NATO) militaries cyclic rate is listed as 650 to 1,000 rounds per minute. But its effective rate of fire is approximately 100 rounds per minute.[19]

Design details

MG 42 roller-locked system
MG3 in 7.62mm NATO

The MG 42 is a 7.92×57mm Mauser, air-cooled, belt fed, open bolt, recoil-operated machine gun with a quick change barrel.

The MG 42 weighed 11.57 kg in the light machine gun role with the bipod, lighter than the MG 34 and easily portable. The bipod, the same one used on the MG 34, could be mounted to the front or the center of the gun depending on how and where it was being used.

The roller-locked bolt assembly consists of a bolt head, two rollers, a striker sleeve, bolt body, and a large return spring, which is responsible for pushing the bolt assembly into battery (the locked position) and returning it there when it is unlocked and pushed backwards by the recoil of firing or by the charging handle. As the striker sleeve is movable back and forth within the bolt assembly, the return spring is also responsible for pushing the striker sleeve forward during locking (described below). The bolt assembly locks with the barrel's breech (the end the cartridge is loaded into) via a prong type barrel extension behind the breech. As it is recoil-operated and fired from an open bolt, the weapon must be manually charged with the side-mounted charging handle.

The roller-locked recoil operation functions as follows: two cylindrical rollers, positioned in tracks on the bolt head, are pushed outwards into matching tracks in the barrel extension by the striker sleeve and lock the bolt in place against the breech. Upon firing, rearward force from the recoil of the cartridge ignition pushes the striker assembly back and allows the rollers to move inwards, back to their previous position, unlocking the bolt head and allowing the bolt assembly to recoil, extracting the spent cartridge and ejecting it down. The return spring then pushes the bolt assembly forwards again, pushing a new cartridge out of the belt into the breech, and the sequence repeats as long as the trigger is depressed. The MG 42 is only capable of fully automatic fire. Single shots are difficult, even for experienced operators, due to the weapon's rate of fire. The usual training objective is to be able to fire a burst of no more than three rounds. The weapon features a recoil booster at the muzzle to increase rearwards force due to recoil, therefore improving functional reliability and rate of fire.

The shoulder stock is designed to permit gripping with the left hand to hold it secure against the shoulder.

The open-type iron sighting line consists of a "∧-type" height adjustable front sight on a folding post and a leaf rear sight with an open V-notch sliding on a ramp, graduated from 200 to 2,000 meters (219 to 2,187 yd) in 100 meters (109 yd) increments. An auxiliary anti-aircraft "spider web" ring sight is kept in the maintenance kit, that can be fitting on the barrel jacket to be used in conjunction with a folding anti-aircraft rear peep sight that is attached by a hinge to the rear sight element base.

The barrel of the MG 42 could be quickly changed by the machine gun crew and weighed 1.8 kg (4.0 lb). The barrels could have traditional rifling or polygonal rifling. Polygonal rifling was an outgrowth of a cold-hammer forging process developed by German engineers prior to World War II. The process addressed the need to produce more durable machine gun barrels in less time than those produced with traditional methods.[20] Later produced barrel bores featured hard-chrome plating to make them more durable. The different versions made that the service life of an MG 42 barrel varied between 3,500 and 8,000 rounds. The method of barrel change made the MG 42 unsuitable for secondary or co-axial armament on World War II era German tanks with the exception of the Jagdpanzer IV. Early versions of the Jagdpanzer IV carried two standard (no modification made) MG 42s on both sides of the gun mantlet/glacis, firing through a ball slot which was protected by an armored cover (with the MG 42 retracted) when not in use. Later version Jagdpanzer IVs carried only one MG 42 on the left side.

The MG 42 incorporated lessons hard-won on the Eastern Front. Both the cocking handle and the catch for the top cover to the working parts were designed so that the gunner could operate them wearing arctic mittens or with a stick or rod. This was vital for winter conditions where contact by bare flesh on cold metal could cause severe injury, such as instant frostbite. The MG 42 also functioned well in other climates; dust and dirt in North Africa and Italy was less likely to jam the MG 42 than the more temperamental MG 34.

The MG 42 belt-feed mechanism was copied and used in the design of the M60 machine gun.[21] The trigger mechanism of the FN MAG or MAG-58 is a virtual copy of the MG 42's and the MAG-58's belt-feed is also very similar.

Lafette 42 tripod

A German paratrooper MG 42 mounted on a Lafette 42 tripod with MG Z 40 telescopic sight attached

For the medium machine gun role a large tripod, the Lafette 42, was available that included a number of features, such as recoil absorbing buffer springs, MG Z 34 or MG Z 40 periscope-type telescopic sight containing special sighting equipment for indirect fire, or the late World War II MG Z 44, designed for direct fire only. An accessory to lengthen these sights' periscope was available to use these sights behind cover. It could be set up in a prone, kneeling or high position. The Lafette 42 weighed 20.5 kg (45.2 lb) on its own and was a simplified version of the Lafette 34 used for the MG 34, as the MG 42 could be operated more easily from a Lafette and featured no semi-automatic firing mode. The legs could be extended with a Lafetteaufsatzstück to allow it to be used in the anti-aircraft role, and when lowered, it could be placed to allow the gun to be fired "remotely" while it swept an arc in front of the mounting with fire. Mounted to the Lafette and aimed through the telescopic sight, the effective range of the MG 42 could be extended out to 3,500 m (3,828 yd) when fired indirectly. The Lafette 42 tripod also had a bolt box to store a (spare) bolt and return spring.[22]

Another unique feature of German World War II machine guns was the Tiefenfeuerautomat feature on the Lafette 42 tripod. If selected, this feature mechanically controlled the rise and fall of the gun, elevating the gun for five rounds and then depressing it for four rounds. It lengthened the beaten zone by walking the fire in wave like motions up and down the range in a predefined area. The length of the beaten zone could be set on the Tiefenfeuerautomat. For example, being unsure whether the real distance was 2,000 or 2,300 m (2,187 or 2,515 yd), the gunner could make the mount do an automatic sweep between the elevations for 1,900 to 2,400 m (2,078 to 2,625 yd) and back. This sweeping of a selected beaten zone continued as long as the gun fired.[23]

Variants and developments

Various configurations of MG 42, including an anti-aircraft tripod (right)

MG 45

In 1944, the material shortages of the Third Reich led to the development of a newer version, the MG 45 (or MG 42V), which had a different operation mechanism that used roller-delayed blowback as opposed to roller locking. For this reason, the MG 45 is considered a different type of firearm, as the mechanisms of these two guns are different. It used steel of lesser quality, which reduced weight to 9 kg, while retaining the horizontal cocking handle. First tests were undertaken in June 1944, but development dragged on and eventually only ten were built. The tested MG 45/42V fired 120,000 rounds in succession at a rate of fire around 1,350 rounds per minute.

The MG 42V had some influence in the post-war development of roller-delayed blowback system, as employed in issued CETME, SIG and Heckler & Koch small arms.

T24 machine gun

Main article: T24 machine gun
T24 machine gun prototype mounted on a tripod

The T24 machine gun was a prototype reverse engineered copy of the German MG 42 general-purpose machine gun developed during World War II as a possible replacement for the Browning Automatic Rifle and M1919A4 for infantry squads. The T24 was chambered for the .30-06 Springfield cartridge.

By February 1943, US ordnance authorities published the first report on the MG 42, following testing of a captured gun. The quick barrel changing and belt feed systems were considered some of the best design features. The US Army wanted to be able to manufacture this general-purpose gun because it was technically advanced and much easier to make than the World War II US light and medium machine guns and it was decided to convert several MG 42s to fire .30-06 Springfield M2 ball ammunition.[24][25]

Saginaw Steering Gear Division of General Motors received a contract to construct two working converted MG 42 prototypes designated as the T24 machine gun. It could also be used on an M2 Tripod.[26] The gun was made as an almost exact copy of the MG 42 which was chambered in 7.92×57mm Mauser. Some engineering changes were to use a barrel chambered for the .30-06 Springfield service round and an extremely increased weight 47 oz (1,332 g) bolt and stiffer return spring in an effort to reduce the cyclic rate consistent with US rate requirements.[27] Saginaw Steering Gear did not dimensionally adjust the prototypes for the dimensionally 6.35 mm (0.25 in) longer .30-06 Springfield (7.62×63mm) cartridge case.[28].

When one of the two T24 machine gun prototypes was fired at Aberdeen Proving Ground, it fired only one shot and failed to eject the cartridge. A second attempt had the same result. The other prototype was plagued with excessive ejection failures and to a lesser extent failures to feed. The average cyclic rate of fire of the tested weapon was 614 rounds per minute. During January to February 1944 Aberdeen Proving Ground tests unsatisfactory functioning led to substitutions and changes of various parts in an effort to place the weapon in a position to continue the test, but all efforts failed. Firings were discontinued in February 1944 after 51 malfunctions and firing a total of 1,583 rounds by authorization of Major C. Balleisen, O.C.O. when it became evident the weapon required further development.[29][30] In March 1944 the US military concluded that functioning of the T24 machine gun prototype was unsatisfactory and recommended that further development was required before this weapon be subjected to the lengthy and severe standard light machine gun test.[31] However, the realization that the .30-06 Springfield cartridge was too long for the prototype gun's mechanism to easily and reliably work with resulted in the discarding of the project.[32] Saginaw Steering Gear did not get the opportunity to correct the flaws that caused the inability to obtain reliable uninterrupted automatic functioning and ready the weapon for mass production before World War II ended.[33]

MG 51

Main article: MG 51
Swiss built W+F Bern MG 51

The Swiss MG 51 or 7.5 mm Maschinengewehr 1951 was based on the design of the MG 42 chambered for 7.5×55mm Swiss GP 11. The final design, which appeared in 1950, was in most respects still similar to the MG 42, although many components were produced by machining instead of stamping, which increased the weight, the stability and the production costs of the machine gun. To prevent short shots Waffenfabrik Bern changed the locking system from roller to flapper locking. The resulting weapon had a cyclic rate of fire of 1,000 rounds per minute, was in the light machine gun role 4.4 kg (9.70 lb) heavier than the German MG 42, and much more finely made and finished.

M53

Yugoslavian built Zastava M53, a near exact copy of the MG 42. Note that the example in the photo is missing the trigger group.

In Yugoslavia this MG 42 variant was built at the state-owned Zavodi Crvena Zastava company as the M53 machine gun using original German machinery, retaining the 7.92×57mm Mauser caliber.[34] By doing so, the Yugoslavs retained the original weapon's design features, making the M53 a near exact copy of the German MG 42. The only major differences were a slower 950 rounds per minute cyclic rate of fire and no anti-aircraft sight mount.[35] The aiming range of the M53 is 2,000 m (2,187 yd), and the terminal range of the bullet is 5,000 m (5,468 yd), the same as the MG 42. MG 42s captured in Yugoslavia at the end of World War II were put into reserve of Yugoslav People's Army as M53/42s. The last military use of M53s in Yugoslavia was in 1999. Some quantities of M53s were exported to Iraq in the 1980s and saw extensive action during both Gulf wars.[36] There is evidence that some M53s are still being used by Peshmerga forces in northern Iraq in the ongoing war against ISIS.[37] M53 was known under the nickname Шарац (Šarac).[38]

MG 3

Main article: Rheinmetall MG 3
Markings on an original MG 42 retrofitted to a MG 3 in 1959

At the end of Word War II the original technical drawings and data for the MG 42 were captured by the Soviets. These would eventually find their way to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.[39] The MG3 (originally the MG 1 launched in 1958) is the MG 42 design rechambered to 7.62×51mm NATO. It is the primary general-purpose machine gun of the modern German armed forces (Bundeswehr).[40] A number of other (NATO) armies around the world have adopted the MG3, and it remains in widespread service today.

The MG 3 and its preceding variants all share a high level of parts interchangeability with the original MG 42. Like the MG 42, the MG3 cyclic rates of fire can be altered by exchanging the standard weight (about 650 g (22.93 oz)) bolt used for the standard 1,100-1,200 rounds per minute rate of fire for an extra weight (about 900 g (31.75 oz)) bolt for a reduced 800-950 rounds per minute rate of fire. It must be noted that those bolts also are used along with different recoil springs.[41][39]

MG 74

The MG 74 of the Austrian Federal Army, is a modification of the MG 42

The final variant to date is the MG 74, developed by Austria and since 1974 it is the standard machine gun of the Austrian Armed Forces.

After its founding in 1955, the Austrian army was equipped with old guns temporarily out of U.S. stocks. Starting in 1959 these Browning M1919 were largely replaced by the MG 42 with modified barrel and bolt for the new 7.62×51mm NATO. But to introduce a modern weapon of its own production the Office of Defence Technology, in cooperation with Steyr Mannlicher and Beretta developed a gun specifically for the Austrian Army. The German MG 42/59 that was introduced in 1959 with the Bundeswehr to replace the U.S. machine guns, served as the basis, which was similar to the Austrian 7.62 mm MG 42. Targets were to reduce, among other things, the cyclic rate of fire and weight and have more versatile sights and mount. The development of the weapon was completed in 1974. It replaced from this year the MG 42 as the MG 74 of the Austrian Federal Army.

The modifications to the basic MG 42 design include an extremely heavy bolt (950 g (33.51 oz) vs. the 675 g (23.81 oz) MG 3 bolt) which reduces the cyclic rate of fire to around 850 rounds per minute. Rate of fire can be varied, if necessary, by changing the bolt and recoil spring. In addition, a select fire trigger group was added to allow semi-automatic fire (single shot) compared to the traditional fully automatic only fire capability of the original MG 42 design. The MG 74 also has a modern polymer stock and handgrips to save weight. Usually colored a dark green, adjustable rear sight (35° horizontal, vertical 15°) and additional anti-aircraft sight can be mounted optional.

SIG MG710

Main article: SIG MG 710-3
Sig MG 710-3

The Swiss SIG MG 710-3 machine gun was based on the design of the MG42V/MG45 using a slight modification of the roller-delayed action and chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO. Its cyclic rate of fire is 900 rounds per minute. The first version looks very much like the MG42.[42]

Influence on other designs

MG 42 belt-feed mechanism was copied and used in the design of the M60 machine gun.[43] The trigger mechanism of the FN MAG or MAG-58 is a virtual copy of the MG 42's and its belt-feed is also very similar.

Users

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Afonso, Aniceto and Gomes, Carlos de Matos, Guerra Colonial (2000), pp. 183-184, ISBN 972-46-1192-2
  2. ^ Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Equipment
  3. ^ "gates of hell bosnia - Bing video". Bing.com. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  4. ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com.
  5. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_beWFtnhl98
  6. ^ a b Folke Myrvang (2003), MG34-MG42: German Universal Machineguns. Collector Grade Publications
  7. ^ a b c d e f German Army (Heer) (3 May 1944). H. Dv. 181/7 Untersuchung und Instandsetzung des Infanteriegerätes, Teil 7: Waffentechnisches Handbuch für MG 42 [Army Manual 181/7 Inspection and Maintenance of Infantry Equipment, Part 7: Weapon-technical Handbook for the MG 42] (in German). p. 7.
  8. ^ a b c d e ""German Views on Use of the MG 42" from Intelligence Bulletin, May 1944". lonesentry.com. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Under battle conditions the MG 42 can fire about 22 bursts per minute—that is, about 154 rounds. Under the same conditions, the MG 34 is capable only of about 15 bursts per minute, at a rate of 7 to 10 rounds per burst, totalling about 150 rounds. Thus the MG 42, used as a light machine gun, requires a slightly higher ammunition expenditure.
  9. ^ a b c d Smith, Joseph E. (1973). Small Arms of the World (10th ed.). Harrisburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Co. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ^ Smith, W.H.B. (1973). Small Arms of the World (10th ed.). Stackpole. pp. 437–442. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ^ a b c Willbanks, James: Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact, page 115. ABC-CLIO, 2004.
  12. ^ MG 42 Machine Gun, World War II Database
  13. ^ Michael Duffy (22 August 2009). "Encyclopedia - Spandau Gun". Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  14. ^ Hogg, Ian V., & Weeks, John. Military Small-Arms of the 20th century (London: Arms & Armour Press, 1977), p.183, "US Rifle, Caliber .30in ('Garand'), M1-M1E9, MiC, M1D, T26".
  15. ^ "OSPREY. Elite PUBLISHING. World War II Infantry. Tactics. Squad and Platoon. p. 22-23 Dr. Stephen Bull, OSPREY. Elite PUBLISHING" (PDF). murdercube.com.
  16. ^ Murray, Dave. "The German Infantry Platoon". avalanchepress.com. Avalanche Press. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  17. ^ "Ingram MAC-10 (M10) Submachine Gun (SMG)". militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  18. ^ "MG 42 and MG 3 machine gun". World Guns. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  19. ^ "M240B - Machine Gun". armystudyguide.com. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Barrels and Bullets: Conventional Versus Polygonal Rifling - Human Events". humanevents.com.
  21. ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. page 379.
  22. ^ "The Lafette 34 and 42 main index page". www.bergflak.com.
  23. ^ "MG34 and MG42 Lafette wartime development part two". www.bergflak.com.
  24. ^ The M60 Machine Gun, Kevin Dockery, pages 12-13, Retrieved 1 May 2018
  25. ^ US T24 Machine gun (MG42) forgottenweapons.com; Retrieved 1 July 2014
  26. ^ US T24 Machine gun (MG 42) Retrieved 1 July 2014
  27. ^ US T24 Machine gun (MG42) forgottenweapons.com; Retrieved 1 July 2014
  28. ^ Smith, W.H.B (1973). Small Arms of the World (10th ed.). Stackpole. p. 442. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  29. ^ US T24 Machine gun (MG42) forgottenweapons.com; Retrieved 1 July 2014
  30. ^ The M60 Machine Gun, Kevin Dockery, pages 12-13, Retrieved 1 May 2018
  31. ^ US T24 Machine gun (MG42) forgottenweapons.com; Retrieved 1 July 2014
  32. ^ US T24 Machine gun (MG42) forgottenweapons.com; Retrieved 1 July 2014
  33. ^ The M60 Machine Gun, Kevin Dockery, pages 12-13, Retrieved 1 May 2018
  34. ^ a b Shepherd, Christian (11 April 2015). "Machine Gun 42". Tactical-life.com. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  35. ^ G3 Defence Magazine August 2010. En.calameo.com (2010-08-04). Retrieved on 2010-10-18.
  36. ^ "1945–1970 (Zavodi crvena zastava)" (in Serbian). Zastava. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Peshmerga vs. the Islamic State: The Road to Mosul". Vice News. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  38. ^ "1945 – 1970 | Zastava-arms". Zastava-arms.rs. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  39. ^ a b "Rheinmetall Machinengewehr 3 - West Germany". historicalfirearms.info.
  40. ^ "Rheinmetall MG3 (Maschinengewehr Modell 3) General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG)". militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  41. ^ "MG 42 and MG 3 - Modern Firearms". modernfirearms.net. 27 October 2010.
  42. ^ "SIG MG 710 machine gun". modernfirearms.net. Retrieved 26 February 2017. Rate of fire 900 rounds per minute
  43. ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. page 379.
  44. ^ "Rearming Austria: WWII weapons". wordpress.com. 14 June 2015.
  45. ^ "StG-44 in Africa after WWII". wordpress.com. 27 September 2015.
  46. ^ Limited, Alamy. "Stock Photo - A US Marine takes aim with a German made MG42 machine gun in Ar Ramadi, Iraq. 11/29/2004". Alamy. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  47. ^ "FREE MG42 for the taking! -". www.mg42.us.
  48. ^ "WWII weapons in the Ayatollah's Iran". wordpress.com. 16 October 2016.
  49. ^ "Google Sites". sites.google.com.
  50. ^ "Seven Things To Know About Nigeria". nbcnews.com.
  51. ^ "Rebel fires MG42 in Aleppo • r/CombatFootage". reddit.
  52. ^ "Liveleak.com - MG42 in action". liveleak.com.
  53. ^ "Liveleak.com - WW2 German MG42 Seen In Latest ISIS Propaganda Video". liveleak.com.
  54. ^ "В Одессе СБУ задержала диверсанта с арсеналом оружия". gordonua.com.
  55. ^ jmantime (3 August 2014). "World War 1 and World War 2 Weapons in Ukraine Conflict" – via YouTube.
  56. ^ "Liveleak.com - MG-42 visible in junta sexfort". liveleak.com.
  57. ^ "WWII German weapons during the Vietnam War". wordpress.com. 10 July 2015.
  58. ^ "WWII equipment of the Bundesgrenzschutz". wordpress.com. 10 April 2016.

Bibliography

  • Willbanks, James H. (2004). Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-480-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to MG 42.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MG_42&oldid=842888676"