Former countries in Europe after 1815

This article gives an overview of countries (including puppet-countries) that existed in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. For each country, information is given about the period of existence and what has happened to the territory since.

A

Ajaria (1921; Georgian: აჭარა / Ačara)

• In 1921 the former Russian region of Adjaria seceded from Turkey as the Republic of Adjaria. It became part of Georgia later that year.

Alsace-Lorraine (1918; German: Elsaß-Lothringen)

• After the collapse of the German Empire in World War I (1918) the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine was formed. Eleven days later it was occupied by and incorporated into France.

Anhalt (1813–71, Anhalt-Dessau until 1863)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, a German state since the seventeenth century (Anhalt since the thirteenth century), became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 and 1856, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. In 1863 it joined with Anhalt-Bernburg to form the Duchy of Anhalt. After the Austro–Prussian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. It is now part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Anhalt-Bernburg (1813–63)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, a German state since the seventeenth century (Anhalt since the thirteenth century), became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1863, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. In 1863 it was incorporated into Anhalt. It is now part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Anhalt-Köthen (1813–47)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen, a German state since the seventeenth century (Anhalt since the 13th century), became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1847. In 1847 it became part of Anhalt-Bernburg. It is now part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • Some sources state that Anhalt-Köthen became in 1847 part of Anhalt-Dessau.

Armenia (1918–22; Armenian: Հայաստան / Hayastan)

• Armenia, part of Russia, became part of the Transcaucasia in 1918, but after a month proclaimed independence as the Republic of Armenia. From 1919 to 1920 it also included Turkish Armenia. In 1920 it was renamed the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union. It is now independent again as Armenia.

Austrian Empire (1804–67; German: Kaisertum Österreich)
Austria–Hungary (1867–1918; German: Österreich-Ungarn, Hungarian: Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia)

• In 1804 the Austrian Crownlands, a state since the twelfth century, partly inside and partly outside the Holy Roman Empire, were reorganized into the Austrian Empire. The Austrian Empire was between 1815 and 1866 a partial member of the German Confederation. In 1867 the Empire was reorganized into Austria–Hungary, formally named The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen. After its defeat in World War I, the empire was dissolved in 1918 and out of it the independent states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the transitional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were formed and parts of the territory were ceded to the Kingdom of Italy, Republic of Poland, Kingdom of Romania and Russia.

Azerbaijan (1918–22; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan)

• Azerbaijan, part of Russia, became part of the Transcaucasia in 1918, but after a month proclaimed independence as the Azerbaijan People's Republic. In 1918 it was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire, followed by the United Kingdom. In 1920 it was renamed the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union. Nowadays it is independent again as Azerbaijan.

B

Baden (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Grand Duchy of Baden, a German state since the twelfth century, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire (and in 1849 it was briefly renamed the Republic of Baden). Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Baltic Duchy, United (1918: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum)

• Livonia, Estonia and Riga and its surrounding area seceded from Russia in 1918 and formed the United Baltic Duchy. Courland joined the new country later, but by the end of the year the United Baltic Duchy collapsed and was succeeded by Estonia and Latvia.

Banat (1918)

• After World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Banat Republic was formed. Its territory was divided in 1918 between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (present-day Serbia) and Romania.

Baranya-Baja (August 14-25 1921)

• The Serb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic was formed on August 14, 1921. Between August 21 and August 25, the territory of the Republic was divided between Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as decided by the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Nowadays its in Croatia and Hungary.

Bavaria (1813-1871: Bayern)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Kingdom of Bavaria, a German state since the tenth century, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Belarus (1918-1919, 1919-1922: Беларусь /Biełaruś)

• In 1918 Belarus, a part of Russia under German occupation, seceded from Russia as the Belarusian People's Republic. It was defeated in 1919 by the Belarussian Soviet Socialist Republic, which later that year became part of Litbel. Litbel was disbanded during the Polish-Soviet War, but in 1920 Soviet rule was restored as was the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. It ceded its western part to Poland in 1921 and became in 1922 a founding component of the USSR. Nowadays it is independent as Belarus.

Bremen (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a German state since 1646, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Bihać, (1994-95).

• In 1994 the Muslim towns of Bihać, Bosanska Krupa and Bosanski Nova (with some neighboring lands along on river Una) on the N.W. Bosnian border with Croatia, set up their own republic. The pro-Croat state was created to see-off the Srpskan Serbs. It reunited with the Muslim part of Bosnia in 1995 after the Croatians broke the 3 year long Srpskan siege.

Brunswick (1813-1871: Braunschweig)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Duchy of Brunswick, a German state since the tenth century, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

C

Carpatho-Ukraine (1939: Карпатська Україна / Karpats’ka Ukrayina)

• In 1939 the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine seceded from Czechoslovakia, but was annexed by Hungary within three days. Nowadays it is part of Ukraine.

Central Lithuania (1920-1922: Litwa Środkowa/Vidurinė Lietuva)

• In 1920 Polish troops occupied a part of Lithuania, where they established Central Lithuania. In 1922 the country was formally annexed by Poland. Nowadays it is divided between Lithuania and Belarus.

Cospaia (1441-1826)

• Due to an error in a treaty between Florence and the Papal States in 1441, a small area of territory between the two was no longer incorporated in either; the inhabitants then declared the Republic of Cospaia. In 1826 it was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States.

Courland (1918: Kurland/Kurzeme)

• Courland seceded in 1918 from Russia as the Duchy of Courland. Later that year it became part of the United Baltic Duchy. Nowadays it is part of Latvia.

Cracow (1815-1846: Kraków)

• In 1815 the Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow With Its Territory (or the "Republic of Cracow" for short) was established under a joint Austrian, Prussian and Russian protectorate. It was occupied by Austria between 1836 and 1841, and was formally annexed by Austria in 1846. Nowadays it is part of Poland.

Crete (1908-1913: Kriti)

• After various periods of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, in 1908 the Cretan State became independent. It joined Greece in 1913.

Croatia (1941-1945: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska)

• After the Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in 1941 the puppet state Independent State of Croatia was established. Parts of the country were reincorporated into liberated Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, starting in 1943. In 1945 the state was dissolved. Nowadays Croatia is independent again, but its territory is much smaller from the 1941-1945 Croatia.

Czechoslovakia (1918-1939, 1945-1993: Československo)

• After World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Czechoslovak Republic was formed in 1918 out of the Austrian territories of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia and the Hungarian territory of Slovakia. It was joined in 1919 by Ruthenia. In 1938 it ceded the Sudetenland territory to Germany and Tesin to Poland. In 1939 the remainder of the "Czech" half was occupied by Germany as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, while Slovakia became a state under the influence of Germany, except for Carpatho-Ukraine, which was occupied by Hungary.
• Czechoslovakia was reconstituted in 1945, renamed from 1960 the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, in March 1990 the Czechoslovak Federal Republic, and finally from April 1990 the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In 1993 it was separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

D

Dagestan (1919-1920)

• The Emirate of Daghestan seceded from Russia in 1919. It was reincorporated into Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1920.

Danzig (1920-1939: Danzig/Gdańsk)

• After the defeat of Germany in World War I, the city of Danzig in 1920 became the Free City of Danzig, an international protectorate. It was annexed by Germany in 1939. Nowadays it is part of Poland and named Gdańsk.

E

Eastern Rumelia (1879-1908: Източна Румелия / Istočna Rumelija)

• In 1878 inside the Ottoman Empire the Vilayet of Eastern Rumelia was created, gaining autonomy in 1879. Between 1885 and 1886 it was annexed to Bulgaria, but nominal Ottoman rule was restored in 1886. In 1908 Eastern Rumelia was incorporated into Bulgaria.

Estonia (1918-1940: Eesti)

• After the Russian revolution Estonia seceded from Russia in 1918 as the Republic of Estonia. It was added by German occupiers to the Baltic State during most of 1918, but restored later that year. A counter-government of the Estonian Conciliar Republic was active from 1918-1919 in Russian-occupied territory. In 1940 Estonia is occupied by the USSR, renamed into Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and incorporated in the USSR. It was restored for 5 days in 1944, but remained part of the USSR. Nowadays it is independent again.

F

Finnish Democratic Republic (1939-1940: Suomi)

• During the Russo-Finnish War the USSR created the Finnish Democratic Republic in 1939. It was dissolved the following year and its part of Finland incorporated into the USSR.

Fiume (1920-1924)

• The status of the Hungarian city of Fiume was disputed between Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after World War I. In 1920 the city gained de facto independence as the Independent State of Fiume, but in 1924 was incorporated into Fascist Italy. Nowadays it is part of Croatia and named Rijeka.

Flanders (1917-1918: Vlaanderen)

• In 1917, during the German occupation of Belgium, the Independent State of Flanders was proclaimed. This state was terminated by the Allied occupation forces in 1918.

Frankfurt (1813-1866)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Free City of Frankfurt, a German state since the fourteenth century, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War, in 1866, it was annexed by Prussia. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

G

Gagauzia (1992-1995: Gagauz-Yeri/)

• In 1992 Gagauzia unilaterally seceded from Moldova as the Republic of Gagauzia. After negotiations Gagauzia was reincorporated into Moldova in 1995.

Georgia (1918-1922: საქართველო / Sakartvelo)

• Georgia, part of Russia, became part of Transcaucasia in 1918, but a month later proclaimed independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia. In 1921 this was renamed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union. Nowadays it is independent again as Georgia.

German Democratic Republic (1949-1990: Deutsche Demokratische Republik)

• After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the eastern part of Germany was annexed by Poland and the USSR, and the rest of the country was divided into occupation zones by the Allied Powers. The USSR occupied the central zone, including the eastern part of Berlin, in which the German Democratic Republic was established in 1949. In 1990 it merged into the Federal Republic of Germany.

Guastalla (1814-1859)

• After periods of French occupation, the Duchy of Guastalla, an Italian state since 1402, was restored in 1814. It was annexed by Modena in 1859. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

Republic of Gumuljina (1913)

• The Republic of Gumuljina, was a short-lived republic in Thrace established in 1913 after Bulgarian forces retreated at the end of the second Balkan War. Nowadays it is part of Greece and its main town, Gumuldjina, is known as Komotini.

Guria (1352-1830: გურია / Guria)

• The Principality of Guria, established in 1352, was incorporated into Russia in 1830. Nowadays it is part of Georgia.

H

Hamburg (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, a German state since 1618, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Hanover (1813-1866: Hannover)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Electorate of Hanover (Hannover), a German state originating from the fifteenth century Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen, became more or less independent. It is renamed Kingdom of Hanover in 1814. Hanover was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866 and in personal union with the United Kingdom until 1837, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it is in 1866 annexed by Prussia. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Herceg-Bosna (1993-1994)

• The Croats inside Bosnia and Hercegovina declare in 1993 independence as the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna. It accepts to be part of Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1994.

Hesse-Darmstadt (1813-1871: Hessen (-Darmstadt))

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, a German state since 1567 (United Hesse since 1265), became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Hesse-Homburg (1813-1866: Hessen (-Homburg))

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Landgraviate of Hesse, a German state since 1708 (United Hesse since 1265), became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it is annexed in 1866 by Hesse-Darmstadt but ceded to Prussia later that year. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Hesse-Kassel (1813-1866: Hessen (-Kassel))

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Electorate of Hesse, a German state since 1567 (United Hesse since 1265), became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. It was annexed by Prussia in 1866 after the Prussian-Austrian War. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1813-1849)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a German state since 1576, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. From 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. In 1850 it was incorporated into Prussia. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1813-1849)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Sigmaringen, a German state since 1576, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. From 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. In 1850 it was incorporated into Prussia. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

I

Icaria {1912: Ικαρία / Ikaria)

• The Free State of Icaria seceded in 1912 from the Ottoman Empire. Later that year it was incorporated into Greece

Ingria, North (1918-1920: Pohjois Inkeri)

• After the Russian Revolution, the Republic of North Ingria seceded from Russia with the support of Finland with the aim to be incorporated into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Peace Treaty of Dorpat it was re-integrated into Russia.

Ionian Islands (1800-1807 and 1815-1864: Ιόνιοι Νήσοι / Isole Ionie)

• The Ionian Islands, formerly part of the Venetian Republic, became after periods of occupation by various foreign countries (French Republic 1797-1799, Russian and Ottoman Empires 1799-1800, French Empire 1807-1815 and the United Kingdom 1809-1815), in 1800 the Septinsular Republic (Επτάνησος Πολιτεία / Repubblica Settinsulare), a republic under the suzerainty of the Ottoman and the protection of the Russian Empires and in 1815 the United States of the Ionian Islands (Ηνωμένον Κράτος των Ιονίων Νήσων / Stati Uniti delle Isole Ionie), a republic under British protectorate. On postage stamps issued in 1859 the country is referred as Ιονικόν Κράτος (Ionian State). The islands were incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1864.

Irish Republic (1916-1922: Saorstát Éireann / Poblacht na hÉireann)

• The Irish Republic was declared during the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. In 1919, the Sinn Féin members elected to the British House of Commons convened in Dublin as Dáil Éireann and ratified the establishment of the 1916 Republic. By approving the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921 and the Constitution of the Irish Free State in October 1922, the Dáil agreed to the dissolution of the Irish Republic and its replacement with the Irish Free State. It is now divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Irish Freestate (1922)

• The Irish Freestate (Saorstáit Eireann) was the twenty-six county Irish state defined by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It is now known as the Republic of Ireland and is no longer a British Dominion.

K

Kruševo Republic (1903: Крушевo / Kruševo)

• During the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in Macedonia against the Ottoman Empire in 1903 the Kruševan Republic is proclaimed in the liberated part of Macedonia. The Kruševan Republic lasted for 10 days before it was re-taken by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. Nowadays it is part of the Republic of Macedonia.

L

Lajtabansag State (1921: Lajtabánság)

• Lajtabánság was a short lived Hungarian state in the territory of nowadays Burgenland after the Treaty of Trianon after the Hungarian Army left the territory but before the Austrian annexation. The state lived between 04.10.1921. and 05.11.1921.

Latvia (1918-1940: Latvija)

• After attempts to create an independent Latvia in early 1918, German puppet states of Courland and the Baltic State are formed. Courland joined the Baltic State later that year, but after the German defeat, Latvia became independent as the Republic of Latvia in the end of 1918. Russia took over power in 1919 and established the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic. Later in 1919 the Republic of Latvia is restored. After the occupation by the USSR in 1940, it was again renamed Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic and incorporated in the USSR. During the first days of the German attack on the USSR in 1941 an independent republic of Latvia was declared, as was the case for 1 day in 1945. Nowadays it is independent again.

Lemko-Rusyn (1918-1920: Ruska Lemkivshchyna)

• In 1918 the Lemko Republic secedes from Austria-Hungary. It is renamed Lemko-Rusyn Republic later and incorporated into Poland in 1920.

Limerick Soviet (1919)

• During the Irish War of Independence the Limerick Trades and Labour Council declared a general strike and formed the Limerick Soviet. It lasted from April 15 to April 27 1919 Nowadays it is part of the Republic of Ireland.

Lippe (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Lippe, a German state since the twelfth century, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Litbel (1919: Litbelas)

• In 1919 the two soviet republics of Lithuania and Belorussia merge into the Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Later that year the republic is defeated and the territory divided between Lithuania and Poland.

Lithuania (1918-1940: Lietuva)

• After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1918 the independence of the State of Lithuania is proclaimed. It is renamed Kingdom of Lithuania and subsequently Republic of Lithuania the same year. Parts of the country came under control of the Russian puppet state of Litbel in 1918 and 1919, but Lithuanian rule is restored. Poland occupied parts of Lithuania to create Central Lithuania in 1920. After the occupation by the USSR in 1940, it is renamed Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and incorporated in the USSR. During the first days of the German attack on the USSR in 1941 an independent republic of Lithuania is declared. Nowadays it is independent again.

Lübeck (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck, a German state since 1226, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Lucca (1817-1847)

• After periods of French and Austrian occupation, the Duchy of Lucca, an Italian state since 1288, was restored in 1817. It was annexed by Tuscany in 1847. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

M

Massa and Carrara (1814-1859)

• After periods of French occupation, the double state of the Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara, an Italian state since 1467, was restored in 1814. It was annexed by Modena in 1859. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a German state since , became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, a German state since , became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Memel Territory (1920-1923: Memelgebiet, Memelland, Klaipėda region)

• In 1920, area on the northern bank of the Neman River up to the city of Memel and surroundings were detached from Germany. A form of free state was established as Memelland. In 1923 it was annexed by Lithuania under the name of Klaipėda Region.

Menton (1848)

• The Free States of Menton and Roquebrune seceded from Monaco in 1848. Later that year it was de facto annexed by Sardinia. Nowadays it is part of France.

Mirdita Republic (1921: Mirditë)

• The Republic of Mirdita was proclaimed in northern Albania during the transition period to independence in 1921. Later that year it was extinguished by Albania.

Modena (1814-1859: Modena)

• After periods of French occupation, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio, an Italian state since 1289, was restored in 1814. It was renamed Modena in 1859 and annexed by the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859, Central Italy being annexed by Sardinia the same year. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

Moldavia (1601-1861: Moldova)

• Moldavia, that had become independent from the Ottoman Empire and united with Wallachia in 1593, became finally in 1601 part of the Ottoman Empire as the tributary Principality of Moldavia with a various growing degree of independence. The eastern parts of Moldavia were separated by Russia in 1812. In 1861 it merged with Wallachia into the United Romanian Principalities (renamed Romania in 1866), that became independent in 1877. Parts of the former Principality are now part of Moldova and Ukraine.

Moldavia (1918: Moldova)

• In January 1918 Bessarabia, before 1812 part of the Principality of Moldavia secedes from Russia as Moldavian Democratic Republic. It merged in April 1918 into Romania. Nowadays it is independent again as Moldova, but some parts in the north and south are part of Ukraine.

Montenegro (1878-1918, 1941-1944: Црна Гора / Crna Gora)

• In 1878 the independence of the Principality of Montenegro, nominally under Ottoman suzerainty and de facto independent since 1516, was internationally recognized. It was renamed Kingdom of Montenegro in 1910, and, after the Austrian-Hungarian occupation of 1916, was united with Serbia in 1918, and was absorbed later that year into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, Kingdom of Yugoslavia since 1929. Between 1941 and 1944 Montenegro was a Nazi-occupied puppet state. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, it became republic within the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. It is now independent again as Montenegro.

Moresnet (1816-1919)

• In 1816 Neutral Moresnet becomes a territory under common administration of the Netherlands and Prussia. The Netherlands are replaced by Belgium in 1830. After World War I in 1919 the territory is ceded to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles and formally annexed in 1920.

Munster Republic (1922)

• In 1922 Irish Republicans formed the Munster Republic. The republic was defeated later that year and was integrated into the Irish Free State. Today, the territory is part of the Republic of Ireland.

N

Naissaar (1917 - 1918)

• After World War I the Soviet Republic of Naissaar was established in 1917. In 1918 it was conquered by Germany. Nowadays it is part of Estonia.

Nakhichevan (1747-1828, 1918-1921, 1990: Naxçıvan)

• In 1747 the Khanate of Nakhichevan became more or less independent from Persia. In 1828 it was annexed by Russia.
• Under the name of Republic of Araks it proclaimed independence in 1918, renamed in 1919 into Aradayan Republic. Aradayan was occupied by Armenia in 1919, but after the conquest by soviet forces in 1920 it became the soviet puppet state Soviet Socialist Republic of Nakhichevan. Nakhichevan was incorporpated into Azerbaijan in 1921.
• In 1990 independence is declared again, without becoming reality.

Nassau (1813-1866)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Duchy of Nassau, a German state since the 12th century, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it was annexed in 1866 by Prussia. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

O

Oldenburg (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Duchy of Oldenburg , a German state, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and was renamed in 1829 into Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. From 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ends with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Ottoman Empire (1307-1920: Aliye-i Osmaniye)

• In 1307 the Ottoman Emirate was formed. It gradually developed into the Ottoman Empire in 1473, a country that ruled large parts of South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In 1920 it was dissolved and continued in a smaller form by Turkey.

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Palatinate (1923: Pfalz)

• Separatists seceded in 1923 from Germany and proclaimed the Palatinate Republic. This effort collapsed within months.

Papal States (1814-1870: Stati Pontificii)

• After periods of French occupation, the Papal States, an Italian state since 754 ruled by the Pope, was restored in 1814. It was temporarily named United Italian Provinces in 1831 and Roman Republic in 1849. In 1870 it was annexed by Italy. In 1929, during Mussolini's rule, Italy recognized the continuing sovereignty of the pope over the much smaller Vatican City State.

Parma and Piacenza (1814-1859: Parma e Piacenza)

• After periods of French occupation, the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza, an Italian state since 1545, was restored in 1814. It was temporarily annexed by Austria in 1848 and Sardinia in 1859. The duchies were annexed by Modena in 1859. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

Piana degli Albanesi (June 1940-December 1940)

• This small town in Sicily declared the Independent Arbëresh State of Hora e Arbëreshëvet for a small period. It was a communist state but allowed the Byzantine Catholic church.

Pindus (1941-1945: Pindo)

• The Italian and Bulgarian occupiers of Southern Yugoslavia and northwest Greece created the puppet state Principality of Pindus. It was abolished in 1945. Nowadays it is part of Greece and the Republic of Macedonia.

Pontecorvo (1820-1821)

• In 1820 the Republic of Pontecorvo seceded from the Papal States, but Papal rule was restored in 1821.

Prussia (1618-1871: Preußen)

• Inside and outside the Holy Roman Empire the merger of the Markgraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia, leads in 1618 to the formation of the double state Electorate Brandenburg and Duchy of Prussia, the latter renamed in 1701 Kingdom of Prussia. In 1772 the double state becomes known as the Royal Prussian States. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became the leading member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. It was a leading force in the creation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it becomes a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany with significant parts of its territory located in Poland and small pieces of territory incorporated into Lithuania, Russia, and the Czech Republic.

R

Reuß Junior Line (1813-1871: Reuß jüngere Linie)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Reuß Junior Line, a small German state in Thuringia since 1673, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Reuß Senior Line (1813-1871: Reuß ältere Linie)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Reuß Senior Line, a small German state in Thuringia since 1673, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Rhineland (1923: Rheinland)

• Separatists supported by French and Belgian occupation forces seceded in 1923 from Germany and proclaimed the Rhine Republic. This effort collapsed within months.

Russian Empire (1547-1922: Россия / Rossija)

• In 1547 Muscovy was succeeded by the Russian Tsardom, since 1721 known as Russian Empire. In 1917 the polity used the names of Russia, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Republic, followed in 1918 by Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. It united with the soviet republics in Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. Nowadays most of its former territory forms the Russian Federation.

S

Saar Territory (1920-1935: Saargebiet)

• The League of Nations separated the Saar region from Germany and established the Saar Territory under its administration. It was reincorporated by plebiscite into Germany in 1935.

Saarland (1947-1957)

• In 1947 the French occupation territories in Germany created Saarland, a state closely related to France. Saarland became part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.

Sardinia (1720-1861: Sardegna).

• The islands of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1326, in a personal union with Aragon. In 1720 it is acquired by the House of Savoy, giving the name Kingdom of Sardinia or informally Piedmont-Sardinia to the combined Savoy ruled teritories. The mainland parts of the countries were occupied between 1800 and 1814. Between 1859 and 1861 it annexed most other Italian states and after the unification with the Two Sicilies succeeded by Italy.

Saxe-Altenburg (1813-1871: Sachsen-Altenburg)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Altenburg, a German state since 1602, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and is until 1826 in a personal union with Saxe-Gotha. From 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxe-Coburg (1815-1826: Sachsen-Coburg)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, also known as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a German state since 1572, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815. In 1826 it merged with Saxe-Gotha into Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1871: Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha)

• Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Gotha become a combined double state 1826 named Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation until 1866. From 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxe-Gotha (1813-1826: Sachsen-Gotha)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Gotha, also known as Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, a German state since 1572, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815. In 1826 it merged with Saxe-Coburg into Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxe-Hildburghausen (1813-1826: Sachsen-Hildburghausen)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Hildburghausen, a German state since 1680, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation since 1815. In 1826 it became part of Saxe-Meiningen. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxe-Meiningen (1813-1871: Sachsen-Meiningen)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Meiningen, a German state since 1680, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. It absorbed Saxe-Hildburghausen in 1826. From 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1813-1871: Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, a German state since 1566 (as Saxe-Weimar), became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Saxony (1813-1871: Sachsen)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Kingdom of Saxony, a German state since 1180, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Schaumburg-Lippe (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, a German state since 1280, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, a German state since 1711, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, a German state since 1697, became more or less independent. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Serbia (1878-1918, 1941-1944: Србија/Srbija)

• In 1878 the independence of the Principality of Serbia, nominally under Ottoman suzerainty and de facto independent since 1815, is internationally recognized. It was renamed Kingdom of Serbia in 1882. It gradually enlarged its territory and became in 1918 part the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became Yugoslavia). Between 1941 and 1944 Serbia was a Nazi-occupied puppet state. It is now independent again as Serbia.

Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006: Srbija i Crna Gora)

• In 2003 as a result of compromise of the Republics of Montenegro and Serbia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was trasnformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. After a Montenegrin independence referendum in 2006, the state union was dissolved. Nowadays independent Serbia and Montenegro

Slovakia (1939-1945: Slovensko)

• The Slovak Republic was declared in 1939 under Nazi-Germany's "protection". It arose from Czechoslovakia, which split into the Slovak Republic, Carpatho-Ukraine (occupied by Hungary), and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. After the German capitulation it became part of Czechoslovakia again. Nowadays it is part of the territory of Slovakia

Sonderbund (1845-1847)

• Seven cantons from Switzerland created their own confederation, Sonderbund, in 1845. It was reincorporated into Switzerland in 1847.

Srpska (1992-1995: Српска / Srpska)

• Serbs in Bosnia and Hercegovina declared independence in 1992 as the Republika Srpska (Serb Republic). The republic became one of the two entities of Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1995.

Srpska Krajina (1991-1997: Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina)

• Serbs in Croatia created the Republika Srpska Krajina in 1991 after the breakup of Socialist Yugoslavia. In 1995 it was mostly captured by the Croatian forces after the military operation named Operation Storm (Oluja). The remainder of Srpska Krajina (Srem-Baranja Oblast) was peacefully incorporated into Croatia in 1997. Nowadays it is part of Croatia.

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918: Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba / Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба / Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov)

• The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of the World War I by the resident population of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The state united with Serbia in 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

T

Transcaucasia (1918, 1922: Закавказ / Zakavkaz)

• After the Communists took power in Russia in 1918, the Democratic Federative Republic of Transcaucasia seceded from Russia. Later that year, Transcaucasia separated into Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
• In 1922 these countries were united by Soviet occupiers into the Federative Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia, later in 1922 renamed the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The TSFSR became in the same month part of the USSR.

Transylvania (1918: Transilvania/ Erdély/Siebenbürgen)

• In 1918 Transylvania seceded from Austria-Hungary. Later that year it joined Romania.

Trieste (1947-1954: Trieste/Trst)

• After the Italian defeat in World War II, the Anglo-American and Yugoslav occupation authorities form in 1947 under United Nations mandate the Free Territory of Trieste . In 1954 the territory was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia and in 1990 the Yugoslavian part was sub-divided between Slovenia and Croatia.

Tuscany (1814-1859: Toscane)

• After periods of French occupation, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, an Italian state since 1197 as Florence, was restored in 1814. It was united with Parma and Modena in the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859 and incorporated into Sardinia in 1860. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

Two Sicilies (1759-1861: Due Sicilie)

• The southern parts of mainland Italy and Sicily become in 1130 the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1281 the kingdom was split into the Kingdom of Sicily, informally Kingdom of Naples, and the Kingdom of Sicily. The two kingdoms were sometimes in personal union and ruled by Aragon, Spain and Austria between 1442 and 1759. From 1759 the two kingdoms had a joint king, the king of Naples. After the French period the country was reunited as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816. Between 1848 and 1849 the entities had two separate administrations. It was united with Sardinia in 1860. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

U

Ukraine (1917-1922: Україна / Ukrayina)

• Ukraine seceded in 1917 from Russia as the Ukrainian Democratic Republic. Owing to the civil war, and the aftermath of World War I, power shifted between communists and non-communists, which led to a succession of names: Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian State, Hetmanate of Ukraine, Ukrainian People's Republic and finally Ukrainian Socialist Conciliar Republic. The latter became in 1922 a founding component of the USSR. Nowadays it is independent again as Ukraine.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1922-1991: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик / Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, SSSR)

• In 1922 Russia formed together with the Soviet Republics of Ukraine, Belorussia and Transcaucasia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The USSR was dissolved in 1991 and its member states continue as independent states. In Europe these are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Užice (1941: Užička Republika / Ужичка Република)

• The Republic of Užice was a short-lived state that existed in Autumn 1941 in the western part of Nazi-occupied Serbia. The Republic was established by the fighters of the Partisan resistance movement and its capital was in the town of Užice. In November 1941, German troops occupied this territory again, while the majority of Partisan forces escaped towards Bosnia.

V

Venice (1848-1849: Venezia)

• Venice, part of Austria since 1813, declared independence twice in 1848 as the Venetian State as a restoration of the Republic of Venice. Austrian rule was restored in 1849. Nowadays it is part of Italy.

W

Waldeck-Pyrmont (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont, a German state since 1625, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Confederation in 1867. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Wallachia (1593-1861: Ţara Românească or Valahia)

• Wallachia, which briefly gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1593, was subsumed back into the Empire in 1601 as the tributary Principality of Wallachia with a variable degree of independence. In 1861 it merged with Moldavia into the United Romanian Principalities (renamed Romania in 1866), that became independent in 1877.

Western Bosnia (1993-1995: Zapadna Bosna)

• Inside Bosnia and Hercegovina the state of Western Bosnia was formed in 1993. It was occupied in 1994, but restored later that year. It was again occupied and annexed by Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1995.

Western Ukraine (1918–1919: Західна Українa/Zakhidna Ukrayina)

• After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the Ukrainian State seceded in 1918 from Austria. It was renamed the West Ukrainian People's Republic within a month. In 1919 Western Ukraine united with the Ukrainian National Republic, but was incorporated into Poland in 1920, and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939. Today it is part of Ukraine.

Württemberg (1813-1871)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Kingdom of Württemberg, a German state since 1083, became more or less independent. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866, and from 1848 until 1849 it was part of the short-lived German Empire. Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Y

Yugoslavia (1918-2003: Jugoslavija/Југославија)

• The Kingdom of Serbia united the South Slavic parts of Austria-Hungary (the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs) in 1918 into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929 it was reconstituated as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Between 1941 and 1944/5 parts of it were occupied by the Axis forces of Nazy Germany, Italy (with Albania), Hungary, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria and created puppet-states: Independent State of Croatia, the Kingdom of Montenegro, the Kingdom of Serbia (with Banat) and the Principality of Pindus. In 1943 the Yugoslav Partisans proclaimed a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, which officially replaced the Kingdom in 1945. It was reformed in 1946 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, which was in 1963 renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the secessions of the Republics of Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia (in 1991) and Bosnia-Hercegovina (in 1992) from the federation, the remaining rump of Yugoslavia was reconstituted into a new federal state, named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after the Republic of Montenegro decided to keep the Yugoslav state with the Republic of Serbia in a 1992 referendum. In 2003 this federation was transformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro as a result of compromise between the two member-states. Nowdays Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Slovenia and Montenegro

External links

• Footnotes to History
• Rulers