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On 15 April 2019, shortly before 18:50 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] (16:50 [[UTC]]), a fire broke out in the roof of [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame Cathedral]] in [[Paris]], causing severe damage to the building. The fire was fully extinguished twelve hours later on the following day, but fire crews remained to identify and extinguish residual fires.
On 15 April 2019, shortly before 18:50 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] (16:50 [[UTC]]), a fire broke out in the roof of [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame Cathedral]] in [[Paris]], causing severe damage to the building. The fire was fully extinguished twelve hours later on the following day, but fire crews remained to identify and extinguish residual fires.


The cathedral's spire and roof collapsed, and considerable damage was sustained to the interior, upper walls, and windows of the church, as well as numerous works of art. The stone [[sexpartite vault|vaulted ceiling]] beneath the roof prevented most of the fire from descending into the interior of the cathedral below, which ultimately saved the building from further damage. No deaths were reported, while staff for the Cathedreal are working to assess damage to the interior features and religious artefacts stored within the vault of building.
The cathedral's spire and roof collapsed, and considerable damage was sustained to the interior, upper walls, and windows of the church, as well as numerous works of art. The stone [[sexpartite vault|vaulted ceiling]] beneath the roof prevented most of the fire from descending into the interior of the cathedral below, which ultimately saved the building from further damage. No deaths were reported, while staff for the Cathedral are working to assess damage to the interior features and religious artifacts stored within the vault of building.


President [[Emmanuel Macron]] promised the country will restore the cathedral and launched a fundraising campaign which brought in over {{To USD|730000000|FRA}} from several large benefactors within 24 hours of the fire.
President [[Emmanuel Macron]] promised the country will restore the cathedral and launched a fundraising campaign which brought in over {{To USD|730000000|FRA}} from several large benefactors within 24 hours of the fire.

Revision as of 20:25, 16 April 2019

Notre-Dame Cathedral fire
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in Paris
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (Paris)
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in France
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (France)
Date15 April 2019 (2019-04-15)
Time18:50 CEST (16:50 UTC)
Duration15 hours[1]
VenueNotre-Dame de Paris
LocationÎle de la Cité, Paris, France
Coordinates48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
CauseUnknown, under investigation
Deaths0[2]
Non-fatal injuries3; One firefighter and two police officers[3][4][5]
Property damageRoof and spire destroyed; windows and vaulted ceilings damaged

On 15 April 2019, shortly before 18:50 CEST (16:50 UTC), a fire broke out in the roof of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, causing severe damage to the building. The fire was fully extinguished twelve hours later on the following day, but fire crews remained to identify and extinguish residual fires.

The cathedral's spire and roof collapsed, and considerable damage was sustained to the interior, upper walls, and windows of the church, as well as numerous works of art. The stone vaulted ceiling beneath the roof prevented most of the fire from descending into the interior of the cathedral below, which ultimately saved the building from further damage. No deaths were reported, while staff for the Cathedral are working to assess damage to the interior features and religious artifacts stored within the vault of building.

President Emmanuel Macron promised the country will restore the cathedral and launched a fundraising campaign which brought in over 863371000 from several large benefactors within 24 hours of the fire.

Background

Construction of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris (Our Lady of Paris) began in the 12th century, using stonework for the walls and vault and wood for the main roofs and its spire. A new flèche (spire) designed by Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc was added in the 19th century, in oak covered with lead; the original, damaged by wind, had been removed between 1786 and 1791.[6] The cathedral was listed as part of the "Paris, Banks of the Seine" UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.[7]

In recent years, the cathedral had started to show significant wear, with some of the stonework crumbling, primarily due to environmental pollution. Philippe Villeneuve, architect-in-chief of Historic Monuments in France, stated in July 2017 that "pollution is the biggest culprit."[8] In 2014, the Ministry of Culture estimated the cost of the renovation work needed by the cathedral at €150 million.[9]

In 2016, the Archdiocese of Paris launched an appeal to raise €100 million over the following five to ten years to meet the costs of maintenance and restoration.[8] At the time of the fire, it was undergoing renovations on the spire, estimated to cost €6 million.[10][11] Steel scaffolding had been erected around the roofs.[12][13] Renovation works often cause fires, and such fires can smoulder for hours before being noticed. It is suspected that the Notre Dame fire may have been caused by the renovation work,[14] which required soldering[15] and blowtorch use.[16]

Fire

The fire at an early stage

Originally the Paris prosecutor Rémy Heitz [fr], stated the fire started in the cathedral's attic around 18:50 CEST, when the cathedral was open to tourists.[3] However, it was later discovered the fire likely started about 18:20 local time when security guards first heard the fire alarm and began evacuating the cathedral, but were unable to find a fire until 18:43 when the alarm rang again.[17] A mass was scheduled around that time, between 18:15 and 19:00, and was in progress prior to the evacuation.[18][19]

According to those at the scene, the doors of the cathedral were abruptly closed on them as they tried to enter, and white smoke started spreading from the roof.[20] The smoke turned to black, indicating that timber was burning.[20]

Emergency response

Police quickly evacuated the Île de la Cité, and the city closed access to the island.[20][21][22] People gathered on the banks of the Seine and at nearby buildings to watch.[20] Most of the fire was extinguished by 23:30 CEST, and the fire was considered completely extinguished by 3:30 CEST the next day, after about twelve hours of fire-fighting.[23][3] Fire crews remained to identify and extinguish residual fires.[24]

A spokesman for the Paris Fire Brigade announced that more than four hundred firefighters were engaged.[25] The fire was primarily fought from the inside, in line with common French firefighting practice. Attacking the fire from the outside risked damaging the interior by deflecting flames and hot gasses (at temperatures up to 800 Celsius) inwards.[15] Water cannons from ground-based vehicles were carefully used to douse the fire while avoiding further damage to the building.[25][26][27] The possibility of aerial firefighting was discounted, as the weight of the water and the intensity of the drop at low altitude could have weakened the cathedral's structure.[28] The limestone of which the cathedral is built can also crack in the heat, especially if it is abruptly chilled by being doused with water.[29] Molten lead from the roof also posed a hazard to firefighters.[20]

Paris police reported that no one was killed,[4][3] but one firefighter and two police officers were injured.[30][3]

Damage

Structure

The spire just before its collapse

Within an hour of flames being seen, the lead-clad timber roof of the cathedral, including its timber central spire, was engulfed,[31][32] causing it to collapse onto the masonry of the cathedral's ceiling vault.[33] The oak section of the church's roof was destroyed.[34] Much of the timber structure that burned was the cathedral's "forest": wooden roof trusses, made from approximately 21 hectares (0.21 km2; 52 acres) of oak trees cut down for the construction of the cathedral, each individual tree contributing a single beam. The older timbers date from the early 13th century.[35][36] Approximately 210 tonnes (230 short tons) of lead sheet sat atop the timber framing to complete the cathedral's roof.[37] The lead used to sheathe the roof melted widely.[20]

There was fear that the collapsing timber roof would damage the stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral and supports the walls from the inside (the flying buttresses support it from the outside). If the masonry vault had collapsed, the damage would have been significantly worse;[38][39] there were fears that the entire structure would be destroyed.[21] Although the vaulting was intended by the medieval designers to protect the nave from roof fires, this is not always effective; similar cathedrals have been completely destroyed by fires in the past.[29] Lead melting down onto the vaults could have unbalanced them, causing collapse.[40] However, the vaults mostly remained intact, and continued to support the flaming roof timbers after they collapsed, preventing most of the burning roof from falling into the cathedral's nave. A few sections fell, leaving holes in the vault,[33] through which the fire could be seen from the nave below.[2]

Around 23:15 CEST, an official with the Interior Ministry reported that the fire had weakened and that "both towers of the cathedral are safe."[32][41] The primary structure, including both of the towers, and one-third of the roof remain standing.[20] Early pictures taken inside the cathedral after the fire showed that most of the stone vaulted ceiling remained in place, but sections had collapsed allowing flaming debris to fall through.[3][33]

The north rose window was reported to remain intact.[42] Later images showed that all three of the church's 13th-century rose windows survived,[43] although there was damage to some of the 19th-century windows.[44]

  • The triangular wooden roof framing and curved masonry vault in a schematic transverse section
    The triangular wooden roof framing and curved masonry vault in a schematic transverse section
  • Curved masonry rib vaults in the church interior before the fire
    Curved masonry rib vaults in the church interior before the fire
  • Timber framing in the cathedral roof interior before the fire; the top of the curved vault is below
    Timber framing in the cathedral roof interior before the fire; the top of the curved vault is below
  • Triangular exterior form of the roof before the fire
    Triangular exterior form of the roof before the fire
  • Lead sheet roofing on the outside of the wood structure. Molten lead fell into the cathedral interior, creating a hazard for firefighters.
    Lead sheet roofing on the outside of the wood structure. Molten lead fell into the cathedral interior, creating a hazard for firefighters.
  • Steel renovation scaffolding; the destroyed roof formerly filled the glowing triangular space.
    Steel renovation scaffolding; the destroyed roof formerly filled the glowing triangular space.

Contents and decorative elements

The cathedral contained a large number of artworks, religious items, and other antiques.[45] Some contents were evacuated by a human chain of civil servants, including emergency responders and municipal workers.[46] Others were protected from direct contact with the fire by the surviving portions of the building;[46] many of the relics and works of art that were not removed therefore survived the fire, but the state of some is still unknown.[35]

Artwork, relics, and other antiques stored at the cathedral include a crown of thorns which some believe to be the one Jesus wore prior to his crucifixion, a purported piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified, a much-rebuilt pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, stained glass windows, the Virgin of Paris statue of Mary and the baby Jesus, and bronze statues of the twelve Apostles.[45] According to a spokesperson for the cathedral, some of the artwork had already been removed prior to the renovations, whilst most of the sacred relics were held in the cathedral's sacristy, and are thought to be safe.[47]

Images showed that several pews were destroyed and that the sculpted arches had been blackened by smoke, though the church's main cross and altar survived.[48][49][50]

Some paintings appear to have been damaged not by fire, but by smoke.[51][19] These paintings are expected to be transported to the Louvre.[19]

Stone, copper, and bronze statues, including statues of the twelve Apostles that surrounded the base of the spire, had been removed from the site as part of the renovations;[12][52] work on the statues was finished on 11 April, and the rooster reliquary atop the spire was due to be removed within weeks.[16] The reliquary is believed to have been lost when the spire fell.[35]

Other than the statues, which had been removed from the spire for renovations four days before the fire,[52] the first artefacts to be confirmed as rescued from the blaze were the crown of thorns and the Tunic of St. Louis.[53] As of 15 April 2019, 23:31 CEST, these were the first relics confirmed to have been saved from the fire.[53][52]

Some lead holding stained glass windows together melted in the heat of the fire.[51][24] The day after the fire, a spokesperson for the cathedral reported that the three major rose windows, dating to the 12th and 13th centuries, had not been damaged. However, the cathedral's rector later indicated that one of the rose windows may have become unstable and may have to be dismantled for safekeeping. Damage to the cathedral's stained glass appeared restricted to 19th-century windows, with much less historical value.[44]

According to Laurent Prades, steward of the cathedral's interior patrimony, the two pipe organs were not significantly damaged: "The [ancient] large organ was not touched at all except that it was very dusty. But it did not take a single drop of water. It took soot and dust, so it is currently unusable, but nothing has burned, nothing has melted. [...] [The second, modern organ] was drenched, but it was to preserve the 18th century stalls that are just below."[54]

The cathedral bells were hung in the towers; at least the bourdon has been preserved.[35] The liturgical treasury of the cathedral and the "grands Mays" monumental tablets were evacuated during the fire.[35]

Investigation

Within hours, the Paris prosecutor's office had opened an investigation into the fire,[20] led by the Paris Region Judicial Police.[55] The cause of the fire was not immediately known, but it was being treated as accidental.[20] The investigation most strongly suspected a case of "accidental destruction by fire", but had not ruled anything out, saying it was too early to know the cause of the fire.[56][57][15] The firm Le Bras Frères that was carrying out the renovations stated they had followed procedure, and would co-operate fully with the investigation. They also stated that none of their personnel were on site at the time the fire broke out[46] (it set off alarms around 18:20 in the evening,[17] and the workers normally stop work at 17:00, 17:30 at the latest[57]). Though it is as yet unknown whether the renovation contributed to the fire, renovation-related fires such as the one at Notre Dame can smoulder for hours unseen before breaking out.[14]

Reactions

Eyewitness video

President Emmanuel Macron postponed a major speech planned for the evening after news of the fire broke.[58] He had been due to give a televised address to outline measures he plans to take following nationwide public debates held in response to the yellow vests movement.[59] Multiple groups gathered in vigils for Notre-Dame.[60][61] The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, described the fire as "terrible".[62] The fire has been compared, in level of importance, to the 1992 Windsor Castle fire, and has raised questions about the safety of other similar structures.[19]

Medievalist Claude Gauvard claimed that not enough money had been spent on maintenance, saying: "The ongoing works finally got started – and it was high time, and perhaps even a little late. I went up to the foot of the spire (before the renovations began) and some of the brickwork was disjointed, held in place by a grate to prevent it falling."[63]

Numerous world, Catholic, and other religious leaders and governments expressed their sorrow and extended condolences to the French people and authorities.[a] The Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, tweeted[b] on the 15th: "To all the priests of Paris: The firefighters are still fighting to save the towers of Notre-Dame de Paris. The frame, the roof, and the spire are consumed. Let us pray. If you wish, you may ring the bells of your churches as an invitation to prayer."[87]

Through the night of 15 April and into the next day, citizens and visitors to Paris gathered along the Seine to hold vigils, pray and sing prayers to the damaged cathedral.[88]

Reconstruction and fundraising

On the night of the fire, President Macron announced that the cathedral, which is owned by the state, would be rebuilt, and launched an international fundraiser the next day.[56][89][21][90] The exact cost to repair the cathedral is unknown, but the heritage foundation Fondation du patrimoine [fr] estimated the damage in the hundreds of millions of euro.[46] European art insurers anticipate the cost to rebuild could grow as high as about €7 billion, taking into account the massive amount of scaffolding needed to replace the roof.[91] This cost does not include damage to any of the artwork or artifacts within the cathedral; art insurers stated that any pieces on loan from other museums would have likely been insured, but the works owned by the cathedral would not have been insurable.[91]

The Île-de-France region announced it would allocate €10 million, and the City of Paris declared it would make €50 million available.[92]

Less than 24 hours after the fire had broken out, over €700 million had been pledged for its reconstruction.[93] Entrepreneur and billionaire François-Henri Pinault pledged €100 million from his family's investment company, Groupe Artémis;[89][94] LVMH owner and billionaire Bernard Arnault and his family pledged €200 million;[95] Patrick Pouyanné, CEO of Total, said the company would donate €100 million.[96] The Bettencourt family, principal owners of L'Oréal, announced they would donate €200 million.[97] Other companies and individuals pledged unspecified amounts toward funding reconstruction.[98]

Donor Type Nationality Pledged
Arnault Family & LVMH Private France €200 million
Bettencourt Family & L'Oréal Private France €200 million[99]
Pinault Family & Artémis Private France €100 million
Total SA Private France €100 million[100]
Paris Public France €50 million[101][102]
JCDecaux Private France €20 million[103]
Bouygues Family Private France €10 million[104]
FIMALAC Private France €10 million[102]
Île-de-France Public France €10 million[102]
Société générale Private France €10 million[105]
BPCE Private France €10 millions[105]
Kravis family Private United States €8.85 million[102]
Crédit agricole Private France €5 million
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Public France €2 million[106]
Occitanie Public France €1.5 million[107]
Capgemini Private France €1 million[108]
Total pledged ~ €738 million

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including the Vatican,[56] Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom,[64] Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres,[65] President of the European Council Donald Tusk,[66] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[67][19] Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel,[5] Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez,[68] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May,[69][70] Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte, President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,[71], President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev,[72] President of Romania Klaus Iohannis,[73] Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán,[74] Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras,[75] Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau,[76][77] President of the United States Donald Trump,[78] President of Russia Vladimir Putin,[79] President of Israel Reuven Rivlin,[80] King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa,[81] President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping,[82] Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison, King Mohammed VI of Morocco,[83] President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[84] President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo,[85] and Gérald Caussé, Presiding Bishop of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who is from Paris.[86]
  2. ^ #NotreDameCathedral

References

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