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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 162.220.42.222 (talk) at 18:39, 22 April 2021 (→‎Error in metab diagram under Pharmacology). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

What do we mean by Safe?

Stating a drug as being safe is an overly generalised and inappropriate comment. Indeed this drug may be associated with increased cancer risk and has been known to cause Hepatic VOD. It carries with it some risks vis-à-vis reproduction. I doubt if the normal reader would consider "safe" the appropriate word, certainly as a clinical scientist I do not. It would be more appropriate to view these issues in terms of cost to benefit analysis.

Given the use of this wording I doubt the objectiveness of the perspective of this article, thus I removed the word safe to allow the reader, given the side-effects listed and those mentioned here, to draw their own conclusions. SMSIRL 02:23, 12 May 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Mergefrom suggestion (Imuran)

My understanding is that in most cases stand-alone articles for brands of drugs for which there is a generic article aren't encouraged. My reading of the content of Imuran suggests there isn't much specifically about the brand vs. the substance in that stub-article. I'll leave it to a second- or third-opinion to actually enact or approve the merger. Regards, --User:Ceyockey (talk to me) 16:08, 3 December 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Side effects

"Side effects are uncommon, but include nausea, HA and rash."

What is HA? Harksaw 18:31, 1 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]

--- i was wondering the same thing - headache???? Woood 14:31, 2 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I'm guessing "HA" might mean uncontrollable laughter? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.47.16.42 (talk) 03:12, 25 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]

IBD

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03732.x large series in IBD. JFW | T@lk 13:41, 15 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]

Drug Interactions

Azathioprine appears to be a potent antagonist of warfarin and may be hazardous to patients with an underlying hypercoaguable state. --lbeben 01:48, 23 November 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lbeben (talk • contribs)

Error in image

The image in the Azathioprine article says HC3 when it should say H3C. I don't know how to edit the image so could someone who know how to do that correct it? Thanks. HowardRubin (talk) 03:43, 7 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Use in cases of eczema / atopic dermatitis

This information might be added to this article.

In the spring of 2006 researchers reported on a study funded by the British Skin Foundation (Dr. Simon Meggitt, Royal Victoria infirmary & Prof. Nick Reynolds, Newcastle University) that azathioprine holds great promise for the treatment of moderate to severe eczema and atopic dermatitis. As a result of this study and other anecdotal evidence in the 40 year history of azathioprine use, the (British) National Eczema Society now lists azathioprine as a third-line treatment for severe to moderate cases of these skin diseases.

S. Meggitt, J. Gray, N. Reynolds Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial The Lancet, Volume 367, Issue 9513, Pages 839-846, 2006.

S. Brown, N.J. Reynolds Atopic and non-atopic eczema British Medical Journal, Issue 332, Pages 584-588, 2006.


--Symmerhill (a.k.a. Summerhill) (talk) 19:52, 27 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Pronunciation

How do you pronounce "Azathioprine"? is it AY-zuh-THIGH-oh-preen or uh-ZATH-ee-oh-preen or something else? nohat (talk) 21:47, 21 May 2010 (UTC)[reply]

I've added the pronunciation as per John C. Wells's Long Pronunciation Dictionary: AZ-uh-THIGH-oh-preen. +Angr 16:25, 23 May 2010 (UTC)[reply]
But on medline plus it's AY-za-THYE-oh-preen...--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 08:03, 27 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

why so many side effects?

It's unbalanced.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 01:32, 17 May 2012 (UTC)[reply]

GA

I'm thinking of working this into a GA during the holiday...any advice?--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 14:35, 20 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

We need page numbers for the AHFS in ref number one. I have filled in some data in the drug box and organized per WP:MEDMOS Doc James (talk · contribs · email)(please leave replies on my talk page) 20:15, 22 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
I only have the 2008 one...I'll use that one instead.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 20:46, 22 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Sure no worries. Is it similar to the online version? http://www.drugs.com/monograph/Azathioprine.html Doc James (talk · contribs · email)(please leave replies on my talk page) 20:59, 22 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Yes it is similar. The problem is, the one I have in eletronic from is without any page numbers, but only with section name (92:44)--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 21:23, 22 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Missing sections?

Could you have a look at the sections list at WP:MOSMED#Drugs and medications? The contraindications and pharmacokinetics sections seem to be missing, as well as information on chemical and physical properties (ideally including synthesis). I'll try to add something when time allows, but don't rely on me. Cheers, ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 08:58, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

For contraindications it's already included in Adverse effects section. I'm trying to look for chemical part.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 12:27, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Synthesis added.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 15:20, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

File:AZA metabolism.svg

Vectorised File:AZA metabolism.svg and added structures. Could somebody tell me what 6-MMP is so that I can add it? And shouldn't the compound at the right be thioguanosine monophosphate? --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 11:56, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks a lot! I've added what 6-MMP is.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 12:20, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks! I'll update the image, and also add a bit more on kinetics to the article. By the way, thanks for your work here and for your GA nomination. Hope the article makes it! --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 13:48, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Indications

At the moment there's a massive imbalance between "indications" and "adverse events". There are loads of articles that discuss clinical uses of azathioprine in particular disease states, such as IBD, SLE and such. At the very least I would recommend listing Cochrane reviews of its use.

There are professional recommendations for the regular monitoring of the blood count during treatment. These may need to be listed. JFW | T@lk 23:25, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Yes it's unbalanced, I'll try to fix that.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 05:02, 24 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Is it necessary to list out information about azathioprine used in all autoimmune diseases?--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 07:10, 27 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Section "Kidney transplantations"

  • Can you tell whether radiotherapy for transplant rejection is really used in clinics, or was this just an experiment years ago?
  • "It is administered either at the time of antigenic stimulation or within the following two days." What does that mean? AZA has to be taken as long as the allograft lives, not just a day or two.

Thanks, ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 22:06, 27 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

radiation is used, but not very often. The administration starts either at the time of antigenic stimulation or within the following two days. Thanks!--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 23:16, 27 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

More on pathway/mechanism

--ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 18:52, 30 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]

GA Review

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This review is transcluded from Talk:Azathioprine/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.

Reviewer: I plan to review this article, which is likely to take me a few days due to patchy editing time. Jfdwolff (talk · contribs) 13:50, 31 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]

I will continue making additions as I go along, and will let you know when I'm finished. JFW | T@lk 15:14, 2 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
  • General:
    • Referencing style seems consistent but I'm not sure whether we need quite so many commas and periods in the lists of authors.
    • Some sections are very short and would benefit from either expanding or merging with others. JFW | T@lk 15:14, 2 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
  • Intro:
    • The introduction is quite short and doesn't fully summarise the remaining sections of the article.
    • The list of drug names in other countries is not found elsewhere in the article, and is thus not referenced. While I agree that this information is easily verifiable, I appreciate it might be tricky finding a single source that lists these names in a reliable fashion. JFW | T@lk 15:14, 2 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
      • Thanks for finding the source, but it doesn't say which name is used in which country. It is not a breaking point.
    • I'm not entirely convinced that the average reader understands the word "prodrug", which may require a brief explanation.
    • The reference titled "ahf" needs a page number or range. I have no access to the source, so can't do it for you.
    • The phrase "Cancer is the major long term side effect" suggests that a lot of people who take azathioprine develop cancer. It would be good to give an idea about percentages, provided a good secondary source is available. JFW | T@lk 21:21, 10 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
    • The source used to discuss TPMT deficiency (Konstantopoulou) is a case report that doesn't really meet the requirements of WP:MEDRS. While it is an educational source, I imagine better sources are available for these particular assertions. In fact, the Patel source seems to discuss the topic in some detail.
  • Medical uses
    • I would suggest rephrasing "which are generally considered as autoimmune diseases as well" to "which are immune-mediated as well". The conditions listed are not classical autoimmune diseases.
    • It might be an idea to add the licence data for other English-speaking countries. From the British National Formulary it would appear that azathioprine is licensed for RA and transplant rejection, and not licensed for other conditions.
    • The sources for "kidney transplantation" are less than ideal. Referring to UK guidelines, mycophenolate is possibly better. We need secondary sources to reflect these developments.
    • With regards to rheumatoid arthritis, I have been puzzled by the fact that azathioprine is much less popular than methotrexate as a DMARD. When I search Pubmed on the subject, very little has been written on the subject in the last 10 years. I have no idea whether my suspicions are correct, and whether they need to be reflected here.
    • With regards to IBD, the header currently only mentions Crohn's but I would broaden this to "Inflammatory bowel disease". Some of the references are a bit rusty (1998 is 14 years ago). A very strong source is the 2011 British guideline for IBD (doi:10.1136/gut.2010.224154). There are Cochrane reviews in both Crohn's and UC (quoted in Mowat et al) that would deserve mention here. The paediatric section is currently partially based on a primary source, and ideally a secondary source should be used if possible.
    • With regards to other conditions, I think we should only mention clinical uses that can be supported with secondary sources. For MS, we should be citing the Cochrane review rather than a derivative source (doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003982.pub2). JFW | T@lk 15:49, 12 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
  • Reply:
    • Reference -- It's because most of them are from {{cite doi}} or {{cite pmid}}.
    • Sections -- I've merged some of them.
    • Introduction -- can you give me some advice on improving that?
    • List of drug names -- I've added the refs, not sure they're suitable or not though.
  • Thanks!--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 07:08, 3 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Sorry, been very busy these days. Will be back next week.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 16:59, 23 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Suggestions

I recently rewrote the Thioguanine entry, then unfortunately suffered over-enthusiasm and began editing Azathioprine without checking to see it was already being edited. All my changes deleted. Suggest the following be considered:

    • Aza is the pro-drug for 6-mercaptopurine so virtually everything that applies to Aza also applies to 6MP.
    • Under Adverse Events, the common dose-dependent adverse events should be listed - they include flu-like symptoms (myalgia, tiredness, fever) and generalised hepatotoxicity which are not noted, and bone marrow suppression (with its symptoms including neutropenia and lymphopenia - not noted). Other toxicity is idiosyncratic, considered to be of immune origin, and include (more rarely) rash and pancreatitis, and (more commonly) nausea. The latter is quite common and is a major cause of non-compliance.
    • Overdose is not an adverse event, it is misuse - deliberate or otherwise.
    • TPMT is a central feature of all thiopurine PK and as such determines both the correct dosing and the likelihood of adverse events, it is not an adverse event in itself.
    • TPMT activity is not measured in serum - this is incorrect, it is measured in red blood cells.
    • The frequency of TPMT polymorphism is 5%, which means that the activity is 'low' in 10% of patients and 'absent or completely deficient' in 0.3%.
    • TPMT deficiency is associated with both bone marrow suppression and nausea, as shown by the only prospective study performed (Ansari A, Arenas M, Greenfield S, Morris D, Lindsay J, Smith M, Lewis C, Marinaki A, Duley J, Sanderson J (2008). Prospective evaluation of the pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 28(8):973-83).
    • TPMT does not explain all bone marrow suppression - this is incorrectly stated - attributed to Reuther et al. TPMT explains only 30% of neutropenia, the rest is considered to be caused by co-therapies and infections (CMV etc).
      • Hm, interesting one. The neutropenia caused by infections and co-medication is not caused by azathioprine, so TMPT deficiency explains all azathioprine-related neutropenia?? --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 08:54, 10 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
        • Poorly explained by me (late-night brain-fog). Everyone quotes the study from Colombel which concluded: "Twenty-seven percent of patients with CD and myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy had mutant alleles of the TPMT gene associated with enzyme deficiency. Myelosuppression is more often caused by other factors. Continued monitoring of blood cell counts remains mandatory in patients treated with azathioprine." - Gastroenterology. 2000 Jun;118(6):1025-30. Genotypic analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in patients with Crohn's disease and severe myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy. Colombel JF, Ferrari N, Debuysere H, Marteau P, Gendre JP, Bonaz B, Soulé JC, Modigliani R, Touze Y, Catala P, Libersa C, Broly F. PMID:10833476. So while patients with TPMT deficiency have a high risk of myelosuppression (not just neutropenia, as my fogged brian remembered) if improperly dosed, the proportion of patients with myelosuppression and TPMT deficiency is less than 30% overall. Johnaduley (talk) 07:20, 11 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
    • Happy to supply reference list - it is long because thiopurines are hugely studied, especially as a model for pharmacogenetics. it would be ideal to write up all of the thiopurine drugs and TPMT with cross-referencing and cross-copied text, with exceptions for the peculiarities for each drug (e.g. VOD for thioguanine). Johnaduley (talk) 14:12, 9 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for the advices. I'm busy these days, so I'll look in to it later. More inputs would be welcomed.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 23:55, 9 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks from me as well. --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 08:54, 10 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
    • I realise that at least one editor is uncomfortable with the seeming accent on side effects, but hepatitis really should be noted - The only prospective study of azathioprine (a large London-based project) found the following proportions of adverse drug reaction (ADRs) to Aza:
      • Gastric intolerance (incl nausea) 41%
      • Flu-like symptoms 13.3%
      • Pancreatitis 9.6%
      • Hepatitis 9.6%
      • Rash 9.6%
      • Myelotoxicity (bone marrow suppression) 8.4%
      • Other 8.4%
      • Ref: Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008 Oct 15;28(8):973-83. PMID:18616518. Prospective evaluation of the pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Ansari A, Arenas M, Greenfield SM, Morris D, Lindsay J, Gilshenan K, Smith M, Lewis C, Marinaki A, Duley J, Sanderson J. (Table 1). (Gastric intolerance/Nausea is generally regarded as being higher in IBD patients probably because of their gastric sensitivity. Sorry to quote one of my one publications - you can also check papers from other 'heavies' in the field: anything by W Sandborn, W Evans & M Relling, J Colombel, L Lennard, R Weinshilboum is bound to be ok. It's a large and complex topic, but considering that any one time there would be ~50,000 patients in Australia and ~150,000 in Britain on thiopurines, it is important.Johnaduley (talk) 07:20, 11 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]
    • As regarding Indications... Azathioprine is an old drug (50+ years) but is still front-line therapy for Crohn's Disease and many other diseases, as well as being an invaluable steroid-sparing drug, so it has been widely used - not quite for "coughs, colds, warts and moles". Anyhow, good luck with it! And yes, Jsjsjs1111, it must have been fun living in the West End/South Brisbane area, no doubt missing jogging along the Southbank and swimming in the subtropical pools there? On the other hand I miss some aspects of life in London, where I lived 100 yards from the Thames at Rotherhithe, for almost 16 years. As my young son said at the time, when asked if he liked living in central London, "Yes it's quite nice, in the Spring all the birds start coughing in the trees" Johnaduley (talk) 07:20, 11 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Minor Intro error

Intro section has minor typo - The main adverse effect of azathioprine is bone marrow suppression, and in case of people [insert something like: who are genetically deficient for the enzyme] thiopurine S-methyltransferase...

It's looking good. Mercaptopurine could be virtually merged with Azathioprine, with minor difference. -Jad — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.27.62.92 (talk) 23:29, 9 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

It's now fixed, and thank you very much, dear fellow from Brisbane! I used to live in South Bank last year, just 5 minutes from Mater Health Services :)--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 23:58, 9 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

major changes

Please follow MOS:MED when you change it, thanks.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 12:15, 9 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

more on mechanism

  • Fotoohi, A. K.; Coulthard, S. A.; Albertioni, F. (2010). "Thiopurines: Factors influencing toxicity and response". Biochemical Pharmacology. 79 (9): 1211–1220. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.006. PMID 20096268.--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 12:49, 9 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

GA Review

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Reviewing
This review is transcluded from Talk:Azathioprine/GA2. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.

Reviewer: LT910001 (talk · contribs) 06:07, 20 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]


If there are no objections, I'll take this review. I'll note at the outset I've had no role in editing or creating this article. I welcome other editors at any stage to contribute to this review. I will spend a day familiarising myself with the article and then provide an assessment. While you wait, why not spare a thought for the other nominees, and conduct a review or two yourself? This provides excellent insight into the reviewing process, is enjoyable and interesting. A list can be found here Kind regards, Tom (LT) (talk) 06:07, 20 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks you very much!--Jsjsjs1111 (talk) 07:54, 20 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]


Thanks for waiting. In conducting this review, I will:

  • Provide an assessment using WP:GARC
  • If this article does not meet the criteria, explain what areas need improvement.
  • Provide possible solutions that may (or may not) be used to fix these.

Assessment

Rate Attribute Review Comment
1. Well-written:
1a. the prose is clear, concise, and understandable to an appropriately broad audience; spelling and grammar are correct. Very clear and understandable.
1b. it complies with the Manual of Style guidelines for lead sections, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation.
2. Verifiable with no original research:
2a. it contains a list of all references (sources of information), presented in accordance with the layout style guideline. I discuss this below.
2b. reliable sources are cited inline. All content that could reasonably be challenged, except for plot summaries and that which summarizes cited content elsewhere in the article, must be cited no later than the end of the paragraph (or line if the content is not in prose).
2c. it contains no original research.
3. Broad in its coverage:
3a. it addresses the main aspects of the topic.
3b. it stays focused on the topic without going into unnecessary detail (see summary style).
4. Neutral: it represents viewpoints fairly and without editorial bias, giving due weight to each.
5. Stable: it does not change significantly from day to day because of an ongoing edit war or content dispute.
6. Illustrated, if possible, by media such as images, video, or audio:
6a. media are tagged with their copyright statuses, and valid non-free use rationales are provided for non-free content.
6b. media are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions.
7. Overall assessment.

Commentary

Thanks for your edits so far bringing the article up to its current standard. I find it very easy to read, and I like your writing style. I have a few comments, particularly relating to the sources that have been used.--Tom (LT) (talk) 04:09, 23 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]

  • A number of sources are primary sources (eg RCTs or case reports), which we try not to use WP:MEDRS
  • A number of sources are quite "old" for a pharmacology article. It would be good if, at the minimum, sources used citing medical information are provided from the last 10 years (ideally 5 if possible)
  • Two small sections lack citations: the "off-label uses" and "the nitro group is introduced with nitric and sulfuric acid."
  • I suggest remove this unsourced sentence "which are immune-mediated as well", which, although true, is unsourced and doesn't really add anything to the article.

That's not to downplay this article or the work you've put in. Over the next few days I will:--Tom (LT) (talk) 04:09, 23 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]

  • Upload a more thorough list of which sources I am pointing to
  • Do a check for close paraphrasing
  • Verify the sources
  • Fix any minor grammatical errors

Update

Jsjsjs1111, I do think a number of aspects of this article need to be improved before it can be passed as stated above. There hasn't been much editing or communication from you, so I'm going to fail this review. This article is written very well and I particularly thank you and other editors for writing it in an easily-accessible way. That said a number of references do need to be updated to ensure that the information is up-to-date. I encourage you to renominate when the sources have been updated and reviewed (best would be is if you could find one or two other reviews to replace a number of RCTs used here). Kind regards, --Tom (LT) (talk) 05:22, 18 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks for the review! Sorry I've been busy recently and unable to do much on this article. (It's jsjsjs1111 in IP)14.202.52.129 (talk) 01:32, 23 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

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Error in metab diagram under Pharmacology

Resolved
 – Error in diagram corrected by ἀνυπόδητος. ―Biochemistry🙴❤ 18:37, 16 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]

There is an error in the metabolism diagram; the 5-carbon cycloalkanes should be riboses. Also, it may be helpful to include glutathione's role in the non-enzymatic reduction of AZA to 6-MP. ―Biochemistry🙴❤ 03:16, 10 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Fixed. Thanks for catching this! --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 09:22, 13 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]
@Anypodetos: You're welcome; thanks for fixing that!―Biochemistry🙴❤ 18:37, 16 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]

now fixed 64.112.182.1 (talk) 16:06, 10 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The riboses in the metabolism diagram are depicted with only four carbons, but they are a five carbon sugar. Compare your structure of say TIMP with that of its wiki-page where it is drawn correctly. You are missing the extra "CH2" group before the 5' alcohol on *ALL* structures.64.112.182.1 (talk) 20:22, 9 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks. Should be fixed now. --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 16:51, 10 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
EDIT: removed my original "not fixed" complaint above, looks good now! Thanks for the fix. 162.220.42.222 (talk) 18:39, 22 April 2021 (UTC)[reply]

eGPA?

Just saw Azathioprine used in the treatment of eosinophilic GPA [1]. Should we mention this as one of the conditions the drug is used to treat? Myoglobin (talk) 00:39, 13 April 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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