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2023 Ecuadorian general election

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2023 Ecuadorian general election
← 2021
  • 20 August 2023 (first round)
  • 15 October 2023 (second round)
Presidential election
 
Candidate Luisa González Daniel Noboa
Party RC ADN
Running mate Andrés Arauz Verónica Abad Rojas
First round votes 3,315,663
33.61% 		2,315,296
23.47%
President before election

Guillermo Lasso
CREO

Elected President

TBD

Politics of Ecuador
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Foreign relations
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    Minister: José Valencia Amores (list)
flag Ecuador portal

Snap general elections were held in Ecuador on 20 August 2023 to vote for President of Ecuador, members of the National Assembly and two referendums. Elections followed the invocation of muerte cruzada, which dissolved the National Assembly on 17 May 2023.[1] A run-off election will be held on 15 October 2023. Incumbent president Guillermo Lasso was eligible for a second term,[2] but he announced on 18 May that he would not stand for re-election.[3][4]

The officials elected—to both the executive and legislative branches—will serve out the remainder of the current presidential and legislative terms (2021–2025). A regular election for a full four-year term is expected to follow in early 2025.[5] A national referendum on oil exploitation in the Yasuní National Park and a local one on metallic mining in the Chocó Andino area were held on the same day.[6][7][8]

Advancing to the October 15 run-off, Luisa González of the Citizen Revolution Movement came in first place, winning 33% of the vote with Daniel Noboa of the National Democratic Action coming in second place with 24% of the vote.[9][10] Noboa's second place finish was seen as surprising and an upset with his debate performance seen as a key factor to his surprising rise.[11]

Background

Main article: 2023 Ecuadorian political crisis
Voting sheets used for the general elections.
Voting stations used for the elections.

On 17 May 2023, a day after he presented his defense in an impeachment process against him, President Lasso invoked the muerte cruzada mechanism provided for in Article 148 of the 2008 Constitution to dissolve the National Assembly, bringing forward legislative and presidential elections.[12]

On 18 May, Diana Atamaint, the president of the National Electoral Council (CNE), announced 20 August 2023 as the tentative date for the legislative election and the first round of the presidential vote. The CNE had until 24 May to finalize the electoral calendar.[13]

On 13 June, Luisa González was en route to register her presidential candidacy with the National Electoral Council with her supporters and president of the Citizen Revolution movement, Marcela Aguiñaga, when they were attacked with pepper spray and tear gas by the National Police.[14] She was treated at a Quito medical center after flushing her eyes from the pepper spray.[15] The National Police claimed to have used chemical agents to protect security and public order because of the hostile behavior of González's supporters.[16]

Less than two weeks before the election, on 9 August 2023, candidate Fernando Villavicencio was assassinated after a campaign rally in Quito at the age of 59.[17] He is the first presidential candidate to have been assassinated in the country since Abdon Calderon Muñoz's assassination in 1978.[18] The assassination of Villavicencio made international news.[19] He was replaced on the ballot by a fellow journalist, Christian Zurita, keeping Villavicencio's running mate Andrea González.[20]

A first round of the Presidential Election which was held on 20 August showed that no candidate reached the 50% threshold needed for election. Thus the two leading candidates from the first round will take part in a second round run-off which will be held on 15 October.

The general election has reportedly been overshadowed by narco politics.[21]

Electoral system

Demonstration in Quito supporting blank voting ("Vota no")

The president is elected using a modified two-round system, with a candidate required to get over 50% of the vote, or get over 40% of the vote and be 10 points ahead of their nearest rival, to be elected in the first round.[22] The president is limited to two consecutive four-year terms.[22][23]

Members of the National Assembly are elected by three methods.[23] Fifteen are elected by closed list proportional representation in a nationwide constituency.[24] Six are elected by overseas voters (two each from Canada/United States, Latin America and Asia/Europe/Oceania).[24] The remaining 116 members are elected from multi-member constituencies by closed list proportional representation, with all seats allocated using the Webster method.[24][25] Members of the National Assembly are limited to two four-year terms, regardless if they are consecutive or not.[25] There are gender quotas for the party lists, meaning there is alternation between men and women. There are no quotas for minority representation.[23]

Presidential candidates

President Guillermo Lasso declined to run on 19 May 2023

A day after the dissolution of the National Assembly on 17 May 2023, former Vice President Otto Sonnenholzner announced his candidacy for the presidency, with his campaign being endorsed by Actuemos Alliance and the Democratic Left Party.[26] That same day, former National Assembly member and journalist Fernando Villavicencio announced his campaign with the support of the Moviemento Construye Party.[27] On 19 May, President Lasso announced in an interview with The Washington Post that he would not run in the 2023 election.[3][4] Former Mayor of Guayaquil and 1992 and 1996 presidential candidate Jaime Nebot expressed interest in running under the Social Christian Party;[28][29] however, the party declined to nominate a candidate and instead endorsed businessman Jan Topić's candidacy on 21 May.[30]

On 24 May, former National Assembly member Daniel Noboa, son of businessman and former presidential candidate Álvaro Noboa, announced his candidacy and was endorsed by the Democrática Nacional Alliance.[31] The next day, former Azuay Provincial Prefect and 2021 presidential candidate Yaku Pérez Guartambel announced his candidacy and was endorsed by the Claro Que Se Puede Alliance and Pachakutik.[32] On 29 May, activist Bolívar Armijos Velasco announced his campaign along with the endorsement of the AMIGO Movement.[33]

On 6 June, President Lasso's party Creating Opportunities announced that they would not endorse a presidential candidate.[34] On 8 June, Quito-based businessman and 2021 presidential candidate Xavier Hervas announced his candidacy and was endorsed by the RETO Movement.[35] On 10 June, the Rafael Correa-funded Citizen Revolution Movement party sought to nominate former Vice President Jorge Glas as their nominee; Glas declined the nomination, however.[36] 2021 presidential runner-up Andrés Arauz also declined to run and instead sought the vice presidential candidacy.[37] The party instead nominated former Assemblywoman Luisa González as its presidential nominee and Arauz as her running mate.[37]

On 13 July 2023, the National Electoral Council (CNE) officially confirmed the eight candidacies of Armijos, González, Hervas, Noboa Azín, Pérez Guartambel, Sonnenholzner, Topić and Villavicencio.[38] The CNE also said that the official campaign period would run from 13 July until 20 August.[38]

On 13 August, journalist Christian Zurita was named as Villavicencio's replacement following his assassination.[20]

Advanced to Run-off

Name Born Experience Home province Running mate Campaign Ref

Luisa González 		22 November 1977
(age 46)
Quito, Pichincha 		Member of the National Assembly
(2021–2023)
Secretary of Public Administration
(2017)
Manabí 		Andrés Arauz Galarza Endorsed by:
File:Movimiento revolucion ciudadana.png
RC
Announced:
10 June 2023 		[39][37]

Daniel Noboa 		30 November 1987
(age 36)
Guayaquil, Guayas 		Member of the National Assembly
(2021–2023)
Founder of DNA Entertainment Group
Santa Elena 		Verónica Abad Rojas Endorsed by:
ADN[a]
Announced:
24 May 2023 		[31]
  1. ^ Alliance is composed of Pueblo, Igualdad y Democracia Party and Mover

Eliminated in first round

Name Born Experience Home province Running mate Campaign Ref

Bolívar Armijos 		9 January 1976
(age 48)
San Lorenzo, Esmeraldas 		President of CONAGOPARE
(2014–2019)
Esmeraldas 		Linda Romero Espinoza Endorsed by:
AMIGO
Announced:
29 May 2023 		[33]

Xavier Hervas 		7 October 1972
(age 52)
Guayaquil, Guayas 		President of NovaAlimentos S.A.
Candidate for president (2021)
Pichincha 		Luz Marina Vega Conejo Endorsed by:

RETO
Announced:
8 June 2023 		[35]

Yaku Pérez Guartambel 		26 February 1969
(age 55)
Cuenca, Azuay 		Provincial Prefect of Azuay Province
(2019–2020)
President of ECUARUNARI
(2013–2019)
Candidate for president (2021)
Azuay 		Nory Pinela Morán Endorsed by:
File:Claro que se puede.png
Claro Que Se
Puede[a]
Pachakutik
Announced:
25 May 2023 		[32]

Otto Sonnenholzner 		19 March 1983
(age 41)
Guayaquil, Guayas 		Vice President of Ecuador
(2018–2020)
Guayas 		Erika Paredes Sánchez Endorsed by:
Actuemos[b]
Democratic Left
Announced:
18 May 2023 		[26]

Jan Topić 		23 April 1983
(age 41)
Guayaquil, Guayas 		President of Telconet
(2010–present)
Guayas 		Diana Jácome Silva Endorsed by:
Por Un País
Sin Miedo[c]
Announced:
21 May 2023 		[30]

Christian Zurita 		4 April 1970
(age 54)
Quito, Pichincha 		Investigative journalist
Pichincha 		Andrea González Náder Endorsed by:
MC25[d]
Announced:
13 August 2023 		[20]
  1. ^ Alliance is composed of Popular Unity, Socialist Party – Broad Front of Ecuador and Democracia Sí
  2. ^ Alliance is composed of Avanza and SUMA
  3. ^ Alliance is composed of Social Christian Party (logo pictured), Patriotic Society Party and Democratic Center
  4. ^ Replacement candidate following assassination of Fernando Villavicencio

Assassinated prior to election

Name Personal Experience Home province Running mate Campaign Ref

Fernando Villavicencio 		11 October 1963
–
9 August 2023
(aged 59) 		Member of the National Assembly
(2021–2023)
Pichincha 		Andrea González Náder Endorsed by:
MC25
Announced:
17 May 2023
Assasinated:
9 August 2023 		[27][17]

Declined

Opinion polls

Run-off

Date Pollster Participants Margin
of error 		Daniel Noboa Luisa González Blank Null Undecided
1–2 September Comunicaliza[49] 6,002 1.26% 43.1% 35.4% 8.6% 12.9%

First round

Date Pollster Participants Margin of error Daniel Noboa Luisa González Otto Sonnenholzner Yaku Pérez Fernando Villavicencio Christian Zurita Xavier Hervas Jan Topić Bolivar Armijos Blank Null Undecided
2023 general election 20 August 2023 — — 23.47% 33.61% 7.06% 3.97% — 16.37% 0.49% 14.67% 0.36% 2.04 6.77 —
11–12 August Comunicaliza[50] 3,641 1.62% 3.3% 24.9% 8.2% 5.8% — 14.5% 1.6% 21.7% 0.3% 9.5% 10.2%
9 August 2023 Candidate Fernando Villavicencio is assassinated at a campaign rally in Quito; substituted by Christian Zurita on 13 August
9 August Cedatos[51] 1,803 3.1% 3.7% 35.4% 7.5% 11.9% 18.4% – 4.1% 18% 0.9% – – –
2.5% 24% 5.1% 8.1% 12.5% – 2.8% 12.2% 0.6% 11.9% 2.8% 17.5%
6 August Click Report[52] 3,040 3% 6.8% 29.3% 9.2% 14.4% 7.5% – 6.8% 9.6% 6.8% 16.9% 3.2% –
5 August Telcodata[53] 6,600 1.2% 2.0% 30.5% 6.5% 7.7% 6.8% – 1.6% 13.1% 0.2% 7.6% 23.8%
2 August IPSOS[53] 2,490 1.96% 4% 29% 16% 10% 12% – 5% 9% 1% 11% 5%
2 August Telcodata[54] 6,631 1.2% 2.1% 29.8% 7.7% 8.8% 7.4% – 2.2% 10.1% 0.3% 7.5% 23.9%
27 July Tracking[55] 1,250 5% 3.2% 23.2% 19.4% 10.1% 9.2% – 4.5% 3.8% 0.7% 14.1% 2.6% 9.2%
26 July Comunicaliza[56] 3,539 1.7% 4.2% 28.6% 12.6% 8.1% 9.2% – 4.4% 4.4% 0.5% 13.6% 14.5%
20 July Estrategas Infinity[57] 1,549 2.5% 3.1% 30.9% 11.9% 10.0% 7.8% – 5.0% 5.2% 0.3% 11.9% 3.0% 11.0%
18 July Cedatos[58] 1,300 3.1% 4.4% 26.6% 7.5% 12.5% 13.2% – 6.0% 3.2% 0.5% 2.6% 16.1% 7.6%
9 July Numma[59] 1,604 2.7% 6.4% 33.8% 17.5% 15.1% 10.2% – 6.9% 8.5% 1.6% – – –
3–9 July Tracking[60] 1,250 5% 4.6% 24.2% 15.2% 11.5% 8.0% – 5.4% 4.5% 0.6% 10.3% 15.3%
20 June–8 July Omar Maluk[61] 7,106 3% 4.4% 40.1% 14.7% 13.6% 9.1% – 10.3% 7.1% 0.6% – – –
3.7% 33.8% 12.4% 11.5% 7.7% – 8.7% 6.0% 0.5% 5.9% 9.8%
5–6 July Comunicaliza[62] 3,314 1.7% 4.5% 26.8% 12.8% 10.3% 9.3% – 6.5% 3.0% 0.1% 12.1% 14.1%
26 June–3 July Metria[63] 1,200 2.8% 3.1% 37.8% 18.2% 11.0% 7.5% – 1.7% 6.5% ›1% 10.1% – 4.0%
22–26 June Negocios & Estrategias[64][65] 3,524 1.7% 4% 52% 14% 13% 4% – 9% 5% 0% – – –
3% 41% 11% 10% 7% – 3% 4% 0% 21% –
1% 30% 8% 8% 5% – 2% 2% 0% 6% 38%
23–26 June Mercanalis[66] 4,000 3% 7% 38% 9% 12% 10% – 8% 14% 2% – – –
5% 27% 6% 9% 7% – 5% 10% 1% 12% 18% –
20–24 June Data Encuesta[67][68] 4,200 3.4% 5.2% 28.1% 9.6% 16.6% 9.3% – 7.3% 14.8% – – – 9.1%
19–20 June Estrategas Infinity[69] 3,645 1.62% 4.3% 28.0% 9.9% 8.8% 8.3% – 6.1% 2.5% 0.5% 3.9% 15.9% 11.8%
16–18 June Comunicaliza[70] 3,656 1.62% 3.8% 25.9% 11.2% 10.3% 8.0% – 6.2% 2.6% 0.4% 13.2% 18.4%
5–9 June Data Encuesta[71] 4,800 3.4% 4.2% 27.8% 7.6% 14.8% 7.1% – 6.2% 14.2% – – – 17.9%
Precandidates polling
Date Pollster Participants Margin
of error 		Guillermo Lasso
(CREO) 		Andrés Arauz
(RC) 		Rafael Correa
(RC) 		Luisa González
(RC) 		Carlos Rabascall
(RC) 		Leonidas Iza
(MUPP) 		Jaime Nebot
(PSC) 		Jan Topić
(PSC – PSP – CD) 		Yaku Pérez
(UP – PSE – DSÍ) 		Fernando Villavicencio
(MC25) 		Otto Sonnenholzner
(Avanza – SUMA) 		Xavier Hervas
(RETO) 		Daniel Noboa
(PID – MOVER) 		Others Null Blank Undecided
6/2 Estrategas Infinity[72] 1,518 3.4% 5.8% 27.2% – – – 9.2% – 3.2% 14.1% 9.3% 9.9% – 5.3% 4.6% 11.4% –
5/29 Cedatos[73] 2.400 1.3% – – – 2.6% – 9.1% – 4.0% 13.2% 6.5% 7.2% – 4.9% 1.1% 34.2% 4.7% 12.5%
– – – – 2.7% 6.3% – 4.5% 12.6% 6.8% 7.2% – 5.2% 1.2% 34.2% 4.6% 14.8%
4.3% 18.6% – – – 6.7% – 3.8% 11.4% 5.9% 5.7% – 4.8% – 23.7% 4.4% 10.9%
5/17 President Guillermo Lasso decrees "muerte cruzada", dissolving the National Assembly and calling snap elections.
4/21 IMASEN[74] 1,500 2.5% 2.0% – 32.3% – – – – – – – – 2.0% – 8.1% 19.3% – 36.3%
3/19 Clima Social[75] 5.600 1.3% 1.8% 16.5% – – – 8.4% 1.7% – 7.4% 2.5% 2.0% 6.0% – 18.1% 25.6% – 10.1%
2.3% – 40.4% – – 4.4% 0.62% – 4.0% 2.2% 1.4% 5.0% – 13.1% 19.7% – 6.9%

Results

President

CandidateRunning matePartyVotes%
Luisa GonzálezAndrés ArauzCitizen Revolution Movement3,315,66333.61
Daniel NoboaVerónica Abad RojasNational Democratic Action2,315,29623.47
Christian ZuritaAndrea González NáderMovimiento Construye1,614,43416.37
Jan TopićDiana Jácome SilvaPor Un País Sin Miedo1,446,81214.67
Otto SonnenholznerErika Paredes SánchezActuemos696,5487.06
Yaku PérezNory Pinela MoránClaro Que Se Puede391,6743.97
Xavier HervasLuz Marina Vega ConejoRETO Movement48,4280.49
Bolívar ArmijosLinda Romero EspinozaAMIGO Movement35,7850.36
Total9,864,640100.00
Valid votes9,864,64091.19
Invalid votes732,2096.77
Blank votes220,5682.04
Total votes10,817,417100.00
Registered voters/turnout13,045,55382.92
Source: CNE, eldiario
  • González
    González
  • Noboa
    Noboa
  • Zurita
    Zurita
  • Topić
    Topić

National Assembly

PartyNationalProvincial
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Citizen Revolution Movement[a]3,326,11039.7263,059,89835.6542
Movimiento Construye1,707,68220.3931,428,86916.6524
National Democratic Action1,219,25414.562884,74710.3111
Social Christian Party[b]996,20611.902948,33311.0512
Actuemos (Avanza–SUMA)377,9534.511577,3846.737
Patriotic Society Party264,7013.161118,9721.390
Claro Que Se Puede (UP–PSE–DSì)[c]240,0152.870360,0664.203
RETO Movement141,5771.690128,1741.490
AMIGO Movement100,9951.21069,2650.811
Pachakutik349,4504.074
Democratic Center137,7471.601
PSP–PSC[d]52,1190.612
MUPP–RETO[e]47,0170.551
MC–AMIGO[f]43,9350.511
Democratic Left[g]40,7430.470
CD–RETO–MP[h]29,7710.351
Ecuadorian Socialist Party[i]14,1000.160
PSP–PSC–CD[j]10,8600.130
CD–AMIGO[k]5,0090.060
Provincial movements (MSC/MPUP/Semilla/MPCG/Unete/MAS)276,3983.226
Total8,374,493100.00158,582,857100.00116
Valid votes8,374,49377.418,582,85779.41
Invalid/blank votes2,443,77322.592,225,58520.59
Total votes10,818,266100.0010,808,442100.00
Registered voters/turnout13,045,55382.9312,419,63287.03
Source: CNE
  1. ^ Supported by MAR70 and PLAN77 in El Oro and by Sumak Yuyay in Napo. 41 provincial seats won by RC, one won by PLAN77.
  2. ^ Supported by MDG in Guayas and by Caminantes in Manabi.
  3. ^ Supported by AFE in El Oro. One provincial seat won by UP, one by PSE, one by AFE.
  4. ^ Alliance running only in Chimborazo, Napo and Sucumbíos. Two provincial seats won by PSP.
  5. ^ Alliance running only in Chimborazo. One provincial seat won by RETO.
  6. ^ Alliance running only in Cotopaxi. One provincial seat won by MC.
  7. ^ Supported by MINGA in Bolivar.
  8. ^ Alliance running only in Orellana. One provincial seat won by RETO.
  9. ^ Run disjointly from the Claro Que Se Puede alliance only in Cañar
  10. ^ Alliance running only in Bolivar.
  11. ^ Alliance running only in Azuay.

Parliamentary results by province

Citizen Revolution Movement Movimiento Construye National Democratic Action Social Christian Party Actuemos Patriotic Society Party Claro Que Se Puede Alliance RETO Movement AMIGO Movement
Azuay Province 32.82% 24.09% 16.28% 8.43% 5.1% 2.15% 8.08% 1.83% 1.22%
Bolivar Province 28.98% 24.12% 8.25% 12.33% 4.21% 11.82% 4.95% 3.58% 1.76%
Cañar Province 36.49% 24.32% 11.59% 8.78% 4.47% 4.43% 6.63% 1.39% 1.91%
Carchi Province 31.99% 18.56% 17.26% 7.55% 5.56% 3.81% 4% 9.9% 1.37%
Cotopaxi Province 32.16% 23.31% 14.14% 9.72% 3.84% 6.02% 5.16% 2.76% 2.88%
Chimborazo Province 28.78% 29.03% 15.6% 8.63% 3.09% 6.11% 4.31% 2.61% 1.84%
El Oro Province 40.95% 19.65% 14.26% 13.42% 2.97% 2.01% 2.99% 2.16% 1.59%
Esmeraldas Province 51.16% 15.64% 6.8% 17.29% 3.4% 1.49% 2.14% 0.87% 1.21%
Guayas Province 42.59% 16.97% 16.06% 15.03% 5.38% 1.16% 1.3% 0.93% 0.58%
Imbabura Province 42.4% 20.69% 13.94% 8.81% 5.48% 2.44% 3.4% 1.48% 1.36%
Loja Province 27.11% 27.14% 20.49% 9.55% 4.49% 3.27% 3.65% 2.32% 1.98%
Los Rios Province 51.04% 11.74% 9.45% 17.64% 2.59% 2.68% 2.97% 1.12% 0.77%
Manabi Province 56.47% 12.48% 11.89% 10.99% 3.12% 1.68% 1.7% 0.86% 0.83%
Morona Santiago Province 29.4% 23.23% 10.28% 8.4% 6.16% 11.15% 7.43% 1.93% 2.01%
Napo Province 20.76% 22.9% 8.33% 7.12% 2.17% 27.78% 3.16% 6.63% 1.14%
Pastaza Province 21.35% 31.56% 13.33% 9.88% 3.8% 10.97% 4% 2.81% 2.3%
Pichincha Province 33.24% 28.33% 15% 9.53% 5.82% 2.84% 2.76% 1.32% 1.16%
Tungurahua Province 20.75% 26.88% 18.92% 11.13% 4.39% 6.66% 3.79% 5.91% 1.58%
Zamora Chinchipe Province 25.25% 24.38% 17.8% 7.57% 4.07% 8.59% 5.92% 4.45% 1.97%
Galápagos Province 30.19% 25.73% 9.6% 20.57% 6.46% 3.18% 2.07% 1.47% 0.73%
Sucumbíos Province 50.58% 12.94% 8.48% 5.76% 2.31% 14.41% 2.35% 1.88% 1.28%
Orellana Province 40.93% 15.84% 11.08% 7.37% 3.41% 9.85% 7.81% 1.97% 1.73%
Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province 41.9% 19.54% 14.58% 12.59% 2.83% 2.36% 1.99% 1.15% 3.08%
Santa Elena Province 45.3% 12.78% 22.08% 9.8% 3.11% 1.58% 1.92% 1.73% 1.69%
Europe, Oceania and Asia - - - - - - - - -
Canada and the United States - - - - - - - - -
Latin America, The Caribbean and Africa - - - - - - - - -
Source: CNE

Aftermath

First round

On 20 August, Luisa González advanced to the run-off election after finishing in first place, winning 33% of the vote.[10] Her first place finish was predicted.[76] She was noted by commentators as a protege to former President Rafael Correa.[10] Also advancing to the run-off was businessman Daniel Noboa, whose second place finish was seen as a surprise as his polling numbers were low in the days before the election.[9] His debate performance days before the election was seen as a key factor in his second place finish.[11] Violence, political stability and the assassination of Fernando Villavicencio were heavily noted a key factors for voters.[9]

In the National Assembly, the Citizen Revolution Movement won the most votes, coming in the first place at nearly 40% of the popular vote.[10] In second place, Villavicencio's Movimiento Construye won 20% of the popular vote.[10] Also on the ballot were votes on a referendum on oil exploitation in the Yasuní National Park and a local one on metallic mining in the Chocó Andino.[6][8] Voters voted to approve both measures, banning both oil exploitation in the Yasuní National Park, and metallic mining in the Chocó Andino.[77][78]

References

  1. ^ "Lasso quisiera gobernar nuevamente en 2025". Radio La Calle (in Spanish). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Guillermo Lasso no descarta buscar la reelección en el 2025 – Radio Pichincha". Pichincha Comunicaciones EP (in Spanish). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Presidente Guillermo Lasso reveló que no será candidato en estas elecciones". El Telégrafo. 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Torres, Arturo; Schmidt, Samantha (19 May 2023). "After dissolving legislature, Ecuador's president says he's leaving, too". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  5. ^ "Ecuador deberá vivir un proceso eleccionario en pocos meses. ¿Guillermo Lasso se puede presentar a elecciones?". El Universo. 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Ecuador Makes History: Vote to Keep the Oil in the Ground in Yasuní Underway | Amazon Watch". 1 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  7. ^ "In Ecuador biosphere, battle lines form over mining plans". France 24. 4 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  8. ^ a b "BNamericas – Ecuador mining referendum to be held same da..." BNamericas.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b c "A presidential runoff is likely in Ecuador between an ally of ex-president and a banana tycoon's son". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Ecuador candidate backed by Correa will face banana heir in second round". Reuters. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
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