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Bulgars

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Bulgar warriors slaughter Byzantines, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century.

The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people, originally from Central Asia, who from the AD 2nd century inhabited the steppe north of the Caucasus and the banks of river Itil (now Volga). There are different theories about their origin, the most widely accepted theory being that they were a Turkic people.

Ethnic origin and linguistic affiliations

The oldest and most widely accepted theory is that the Bulgar language, now extinct, is a distant branch of the Turkic languages, and broadly classified as Bulgar Turkic, whose only living relative is the Chuvash language,[1] thus the Bulgars were a Turkic people.[2][3][4][5][6] It is supported, among other things, by the facts that some Bulgar words contained in the few surviving stone inscriptions,[7] and in other documents (mainly military and hierarchical terms such as tarkan, bagatur, and probably kan and kanartikin "prince") appear to be of Turkic origin, that the Bulgars apparently used a 12-year cyclic calendar similar to the one adopted by Turkic and Mongolian peoples from the Chinese, with names and numbers that are deciphered as Turkic, and that the Bulgars' supreme god was probably called Tangra, a deity widely known among the Turkic peoples.[8] Some also point out the presence of a (fairly small) number of Turkic loanwords in the Slavic Old Bulgarian language, and the fact that the Bulgars used an alphabet similar to the Turkic Orkhon script, although this alphabet hasn't been satisfactorily deciphered yet: fortunately, the Bulgar inscriptions were sometimes written in Greek or Cyrillic characters, most commonly in Greek, thus allowing the scholars to identify some of the Bulgar glosses. Accordingly, the name Bulgar is derived from the Turkic verb bulģa "to mix, shake, stir" and its derivative bulgak "revolt, disorder".[9]

File:Bulgar lands.jpg
Toponyms that are identical or similar in proposed Bulgar locations as an argument for the Iranian theory.

A newer theory, the Iranian theory, is that the Bulgar language was originally an Iranian language, and so the Bulgar people were an Iranian people, although some of its proponents concede that the language was later influenced by Turkic due to Hunnic military domination. This notion became popular in Bulgaria in the 1990s, with the works of Petar Dobrev, a specialist in economic history. Supporters of this theory are mostly Bulgarian historians such as Georgi Bakalov and Bozhidar Dimitrov. The theory is supported mostly by linguistic arguments, as authors (who are usually not linguists) attempt to prove the Iranian origin of a number of words and sometimes even grammatical features in Bulgar and modern Bulgarian.[10] Archaeological and cultural evidence is also used: for example, advocates of the theory state that Bulgars wrote from left to right, unlike Turkic peoples, and point out that some ancient authors differentiated between Turkic and Bulgar populations. However, this last argument is not endorsed by the fact that the term "Turk" was not used either exclusively, or particularly, for a certain, well-defined group of peoples, until much later. Petar Dobrev also dismisses the general view of all the above-mentioned titles, names of animals etc. as Turkic (except for the ordinal numbers for which he gives his own Pamirian etymologies). He maintains that these words, far from being evidence for the Bulgars being Turkic, were actually borrowed by Turkic and Mongol tribes from the Bulgars, as the Bulgars possessed, in his view, a more ancient and sophisticated civilization with roots in Sumerian and Akkadian culture.

Contemporary sources like Procopius, Agathias and Menander called the Kutrigur and Utigur Bulgars "Huns"[11] while others, like the Byzantine Patriarch Michael of Antioch, called them "Scythians" or "Sarmatians". But this latter identification is clearly due to the Byzantine tradition of naming peoples geographically; for example, centuries later the obviously Turkic Petchenegs and Cumans, were still addressed with the respective terms.

Archaeological remains show that the Bulgars had the typical culture of the nomadic equestrians of Central Asia. Anthropological data collected from early Bulgar necropolises from Bulgaria and the Ukrainian steppe shows that Bulgars were a high-statured Caucasoid people with slight Mongoloid features, and practiced artificial cranial deformation of the round type[12]. The same sort of anthropological type and burial rites are common in Central Asia, where the practice of artificial skull deformation was also common in the area Ancient Greeks called Bactria and locals call Bukhara, Bokhara or Balhara.[citation needed] It has been argued that the latter was the land of origin of the Bulgars.

History of Dzhagfar

The Bulgars had scytho-cimmerian origins according to Dzhagfar Tarihi (History of Dzhagfar - a medieval history of the Bulgarians. Volga Bulgaria), Bulgarian revolutionary and many ancient and modern historians. An early Armenian historian Moses Khorenatsi mentions the Bulgars as the "people Bulh", who settled in a region in Armenia (with the permission of king Arshak I 127-114 BC ), later called Vanand (after the Bulgarian king Vanand/Vund, who lead the Bulgars to Caucasus). He uses the information provided by an earlier syrian author Mar Abas Katina. In the geographical book Ashharacujc based on earlier researches by Claudius Ptolemaeus, the land of origin of the Bulgars is pointed to be the mountain Imeon (Pamir and Hindu Kush). [1] (map from Ashharacujc. See north of India - the Bulhi Tribe).

According to the history of Dzhagfar the Bulgars were Scythians from Pre-Turkic Turan/Pamir who later mixed with Cimmerians. They traveled a lot and established different countries with towns made out of stone. A Bulgarian revolutionary, nationalist and ethnologist/historian Georgi Rakovski refers to the Proto-Bulgarians as Aryans and Gimmerians/Cimmerians (He called the Bulgarians Bolg-Arians/Bolg-Aryans). A Muslim medieval scientist Ibn Fadlan who traveled to Volga Bulgaria calls the Bulgars "Sakalibi" and mentions the differences between the Turkic people he met and the Bulgars. He says that the Turkic tribes live primitively and savagely, they eat mainly meat, unlike them the Bulgarians have towns, laws, greeted him with bread (this tradition is still preserved in Both Danube and Volga Bulgaria) and grow different crops as well as breed cattle.

The names of towns, regions, peoples and mountains in the regions Bulgars inhabited also point to Imeon: Shuman (Bactria-Pamir) = Shumen (Danube Bulgaria) = Shumanai (east side of the Caspian sea) Ispara (Bactria) = Ispor (Bulgarian ruler) Balgar (Bactria) = Bolgar (Volga Bulgaria) = Bulgar Balkh (Bactria) = Balkhar (Balkaria-Caucasus) = Bulkar-Balkh (Balkaria-Caucas) Varnu (Bactria) = Varna (Bulgaria) Madar (Bactria) = Madara (Dunabe Bulgaria) Boil (Bactria) = Boil (Bulgarian title) Balkhani (Mountains on the eastern side of the Caspian) = Balk(h)an (Mountain range on the Balkan Peninsula) Suvar (Bactria) = Suvar (Voga Bulgaria) = Suvar/Sevar (Bulgarian Ruler) Osh (Bactria) = Oshed (Volga Bulgaria) etc.

The names of the Bulgarian rulers were also Indo-European in origin and some were identical with the names of sarmatian kings - Asparukh (Ispor), Kuber, Kubrat (Kurt), Suvar (Sevar), Gostun, Baian, Avitohol, Omurtag, Krum etc. Their language was also Indo European - from the Indo-Iranian group. Words such as Shar, Kushta, Kuche, Hubost, Zhena, Brat, Kaka, Kurpa, Chembas, Na, Nana, Khazna etc. have survived in the Bulgarian language to this day. [2] (Words from archeological findings from Danube, Great and Volga Bulgarias and their analogues in Pamir, Persia, Caucasus, Western Europe and Sumer)

[3] (Features of the old Bulgar language, preserved in the modern Bulgarian language)

[4] (A phonetic model of the language of the Asparukh and Kuber Bulgars) The anthropological type of 60% of the modern Bulgarians is Mediterranean - Caucasian (as well as of the Volga Bulgarians, although there were quite a few uralids there) and there were quite a few Pamirids - the same racial types are the skulls found in ancient Bulgarian burials. The ancient Bulgarians also practiced artificial skull deformation which was typical for the Sarmatians. The Bulgarian gods, myths, temples and culture have mostly Iranian and Finno-Ugric elements (either the Bulgarians got some things from the Ugric peoples or it was the other way around).

Culture and society

The Bulgars were governed by hereditary rulers. For three of these, the native form of their title, kanasubigi, is attested. This is generally assumed to include the word khan, probably in its archaic form kan. There is additional evidence suggesting that the latter title was used, e.g. the fact that the name of early Bulgarian ruler Pagan occurs in Patriarch Nicephorus's so-called Breviarium as Καμπαγάνος (Kampaganos), likely an erroneous rendition of the phrase "Kan Pagan"[13]. Among the proposed translations for the phrase kanasubigi as a whole are lord of the army, from the reconstructed Turkic phrase *sü begi, parallelling the attested Old Turkic sü baši,[14] and, more recently, (ruler) from God, from the Indo-European *su- and baga-, i.e. *su-baga (a counterpart of the Greek phrase ὁ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἄρχων, ho ek Theou archon, which is common in Bulgar inscriptions)[15]. This titulature presumably persisted until the Bulgars adopted Christianity.[16] Some Bulgar inscriptions written in Greek and later in Slavonic refer to the Bulgarian ruler respectively with the Greek title archon or the Slavic title knyaz.[17] Other similar but non-kingly titles attested among the Bulgarian noble class include kavkan (vicekan), tarkan, and boritarkan. The aristocratic families, whose members were called boila (boyars), bore military titles and formed the tribal and state governing class. The religion of the Bulgars is also obscure but it is supposed that it was monotheistic, worshipping the Turkic Sky god Tangra.

History

Migration to Europe

Map showing the location of Bulgars, c. 650.

In the early 2nd century, some groups of Bulgars migrated from Central Asia to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Between 351 and 389, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. Toponymic data testify to the fact that they remained there and were eventually assimilated by the Armenians.

Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century, other Bulgar tribes broke loose from their settlements in Central Asia to migrate to the fertile lands along the lower valleys of the Donets and the Don rivers and the Azov seashore, assimilating what was left of the Sarmatians. Some of these remained for centuries in their new settlements, whereas others moved on with the Huns towards Central Europe, settling in Pannonia.

Those Bulgars took part in the Hun raids on Central and Western Europe between 377 and 453. After the death of Attila in 453, and the subsequent disintegration of the Hunnish empire, the Bulgar tribes dispersed mostly to the eastern and southeastern parts of Europe.

At the end of the 5th century (probably in the years 480, 486, and 488) they fought against the Ostrogoths as allies of the Byzantine emperor Zeno. From 493 they carried out frequent attacks on the western territories of the Byzantine Empire. Later raids were carried out at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century.

In the middle of the 6th century, war broke out between the two main Bulgar tribes, the Kutrigur and Utigur. At the end of the 6th century, the Kutrigur allied with the Avars to conquer the Utigur. The Bulgars fell under the domination of the Göktürk Khanate in 568.

Establishment of Great Bulgaria

Main article: Old Great Bulgaria

United under Kubrat or Kurt of the Dulo clan (supposed [who?] to be identical to the ruler mentioned by Arabic chronicler At-Tabari under the name of Shahriar), the joined forces of the Onogur and Kutrigur Bulgars broke loose from the Turkic khanate in the 630s. They formed an independent state, often called by Byzantine sources[18] ‘the Old Great Bulgaria’, between the lower course of the Danube to the west, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea to the south, the Kuban River to the east, and the Donets River to the north. It is assumed that the state capital was Phanagoria, an ancient city on the Taman peninsula (see Tmutarakan). However, the archaeological evidence shows that the city became predominantly Bulgarian only after Kubrat's death and the consequent disintegration of his state.

Subsequent migrations

The legend tells that on his death-bed, Khan Kubrat had his sons gather sticks and bring them to him, which he then bundled together and told his eldest son Bayan to break the bundle. Bayan failed under the strength of the combined sticks, and, after the rest of the sons failed this test as well, Kubrat took the sticks back, separated each one, and broke them all one-by-one even in his weakened state. Then he told his sons the words "Unity makes strength", which have become a very popular Bulgarian slogan and now appears on the modern Bulgarian coat of arms.

The Byzantine Patriarch Nicephorus I [19] tells that Kubrat's sons, however, did not heed these very specific words, and thus soon after the death of Kubrat around 665, the Khazar expansion eventually led to the dissolution of Great Bulgaria.

The khan’s eldest son, Batbayan (also Bayan or Boyan), remained the ruler of the land north of the Black and the Azov Seas, which was, however, soon subdued by the Khazars. Those Bulgars converted to Judaism in the 9th century, along with the Khazars, and were eventually assimilated. A different theory claims that the Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria may be the descendants of this Bulgar branch.

Another Bulgar tribe, led by Kubrat’s second son Kotrag, migrated to the confluence of the Volga and Kama Rivers in what is now Russia (see Volga Bulgaria). The present-day republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be the descendants of Volga Bulgaria in terms of territory and people, though only Chuvash is thought to be similar to old Bulgar language.

A third Bulgar tribe, led by the youngest son Asparukh, moved westward, occupying today’s southern Bessarabia. After a successful war with Byzantium in 680, Asparukh's khanate conquered Moesia and Dobrudja and was recognized as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire and emperor Constantine IV Pogonatus in 681. The same year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of modern Bulgaria (see History of Bulgaria).

A fourth group of Bulgars, under Kouber, initially moved to Pannonia and subsequently settled in western Macedonia and eastern Albania where it formed a khanate, which joined Slavs to attack the Byzantine Empire.

The fifth and smallest group, of Alcek (also transliterated as 'Altsek' and 'Altzek'), after many peripeties, ended up led by Emnetzur and settled in Italy, northeast of Naples.

The Madara Rider (c. 710), a famous example of Bulgar art

List of Bulgar tribes

Tribes thought to have been Bulgar in origin include:

After the dissolution of Great Bulgaria these tribes formed:

See also

References

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online - Bolgar Turkic
  2. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press, 1994. page 6
  3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online - Bulgar
  4. ^ Bowersock, G. W. & Grabar, Oleg. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press, 1998. page 354
  5. ^ Chadwick, Henry. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church : from Apostolic Times. Oxford University Press, 2003. page 109
  6. ^ Reuter, Timothy. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press, 2000. page 492
  7. ^ Beshevliev, Vesselin. Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments. Sofia, 1981. web page
  8. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press, 1994. page 141
  9. ^ Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. Les Nomades : Les peuples nomades de la steppe des origines aux invasions mongoles. Paris: Errance, 2003: p.178.
  10. ^ Peter Dobrev, The language of the Asparukh and Kuber Bulgars, Vocabulary and grammar
  11. ^ The World of the Huns. Chapter IX. Language, by O. Maenchen-Helfen
  12. ^ D.Dimitrov,1987 History of the Proto-Bulgarians north and west of the Black Sea,
  13. ^ Източници за българската история - Fontes historiae bulgaricae. VI. Fontes graeci historiae Bulgaricae. БАН, София. p.305 (in Byzantine Greek and Bulgarian). Also available online
  14. ^ http://www.promacedonia.org/vb/vb_5.html
  15. ^ http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-0254.00077
  16. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. "East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500", page 46
  17. ^ Manassias Chronicle, Vatican transcription, p. 145, see Battle of Pliska
  18. ^ Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, "Historia syntomos, breviarium"
  19. ^ Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Historia syntomos, breviarium
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