Magic: The Gathering

Magic: The Gathering

Magic: The Gathering's card back design
Designers	Richard Garfield
Publishers	Wizards of the Coast
Players	2 or more
Setup time	< 3 minutes1
Playing time	~ 25 minutes2
Chance	Some
Age range	13+
Skills	Card playing Arithmetic
1 Excluding deck construction. 2 Games may take much longer or shorter depending on a deck's play style and the number of players.

Magic: The Gathering (colloquially "Magic", "MTG", or "Magic Cards") is a collectible card game created by a mathematics professor Richard Garfield and introduced in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast, an American game publisher later purchased by Hasbro. Magic is the first example of the modern collectible card game genre and still thrives today, with an estimated six million players in over seventy countries. Magic can be played by two or more players each using a deck of printed cards or through the internet-based Magic: The Gathering Online on a computer. Other computer programs like Magic Workstation or Apprentice allow you to play Magic or other card games online as well.

Each game represents a battle between powerful wizards who use the magical spells, items, and fantastic creatures depicted on individual Magic cards to defeat their opponents. Although the original concept of the game drew heavily from the motifs of traditional fantasy role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons, the gameplay of Magic bears little resemblance to pencil-and-paper adventure games, while having substantially more cards and more complex rules than other card games.

An organized tournament system and a community of professional Magic players has developed; as has a secondary market for Magic cards. Magic cards can be valuable due to not only their scarcity, but also their utility in game play and the aesthetic qualities of their artwork.

History

Peter Adkison (then CEO of Wizards of the Coast games company) first met with Richard Garfield to discuss Garfield's new game RoboRally. Adkison was not enthusiastic about the game, as board games are expensive to produce and difficult to market. He did enjoy Garfield's ideas and mentioned that he was looking for a portable game that could be played in the downtime that frequently occurs at gaming conventions. Garfield returned later with a prototype he had been working with on and off over the last few years under the development name of Mana Clash. Adkison immediately saw the potential of the game and agreed to produce it. The game was rechristened Magic: The Gathering and underwent a general release on August 5 1993.

Role-players were enthusiastic early fans of Magic, but the game achieved much wider popularity among strategy gamers. The commercial success of the game prompted a wave of other collectible card games to flood the market in the mid-1990s.

In 1996, Wizards of the Coast established the "Pro Tour", a circuit of tournaments where players can compete for a top prize of US$40,000 for a single weekend-long tournament. Sanctioned through the Duelists' Convocation International, the tournaments add an element of prestige to the game by virtue of the cash payouts and media coverage from within the community.

In 2002, an official online version of the game was released. While unofficial methods of online play existed previously, Magic: The Gathering Online quickly became a success for the company thanks to its rules enforcement, feature-rich environment, and accessible nature. A new, updated version of Magic Online is expected in late 2007.

Awards

• 1994: Mensa Top five mind games award
• 1994: Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board game of 1993
• 1999: Inducted alongside Richard Garfield into the Origins Hall of Fame
• 2003: GAMES Magazine selected it for its Games Hall of Fame

Game play

Main articles: Magic: The Gathering rules and List of Magic: The Gathering keywords

File:MagicCards.jpg

Magic: The Gathering cards of various types and colors. © Wizards of the Coast, Inc. Images used with permission.

In a game of Magic, two or more players are engaged in a battle as powerful wizards known as planeswalkers. A player starts the game with twenty life points and loses when he or she runs out of them. The most common method of reducing an opponent's life is to attack with summoned creatures, although numerous other methods exist. There are other ways to win or lose the game, but loss of life is the most common.

Players start with seven cards. They battle each other by casting spell cards, using mana, or magical energy, typically drawn from land cards. Spells can have a single, one-time effect, set up a lasting magical effect, or summon a creature to fight for its player. More powerful spells cost more mana or other resources such as cards in a player's hand or even his or her own life points.

Some spells have effects that override normal game rules (e.g., allow a player to play more than one land per turn). The "Golden Rule of Magic" states that "Whenever a card's text directly contradicts the rules, the card takes precedence." Resolving interactions between conflicting spell effects is one of the more difficult aspects of game play. A detailed rulebook exists to clarify these conflicts.

Deck construction

See also: Magic: The Gathering deck types

A player needs a deck before he or she can play a game of Magic. Beginners typically start with an initial preconstructed deck (Known by many magic players as "precons"). In most styles of game play, players may customize their decks with any of the cards they own based on the particular player's technique, playing style, or even the anticipated content of an opponent's deck.

In general, decks are required to be a minimum of sixty cards. Players may use no more than four copies of any named card, with the exception of "basic lands," which act as a standard resource in Magic. Both these rules are loosened in "limited" formats where a small number of new cards are opened for play from booster packs or preconstructed decks, with a minimum deck size of 40 cards and no four-of rule in such formats. Depending on the type of play some more powerful cards are "restricted," which means that only one of that card is allowed per deck, or "banned," meaning that card cannot be used at all. Experienced players typically play with the minimum deck size for more consistent performance from their decks.

The decision on what colors to use is a key part of creating a deck. Although five colors of spells are available, lowering the number of colors used makes the player more likely to draw a correct mixture of spells and land that create mana of the correct color, so one- and two-color decks are the most common. Since the five colors each have different strengths and weaknesses, however, playing more colors can help create a more versatile and well-rounded deck.

The colors of Magic

Most spells come in one of five colors. The colors can be seen on the back of the cards, in a pentagonal design, called the "Color Pie" or "Color Wheel". Clockwise from the top, they are: white, blue, black, red, and green (abbreviated as W, U, B, R, G, respectively). To play a spell of a certain color, mana of that color is required. This mana is normally generated by a land with one of the basic land types, respectively: plains, island, swamp, mountain, and forest.

The balances and distinctions between the five colors form one of the defining aspects of the game. The various strengths and weaknesses of each color are attributed to the fact that each color represents a different "style" of magic.

• White (Plains) is the color of order, healing, organization, purity, balance, law, justice, community, righteousness, and light (although not necessarily "good"). White's strengths are a roster of small creatures that are powerful for their cost, such as soldiers, knights, paladins and angels; protecting those creatures; healing and/or preventing damage; imposing restrictions on players; removing artifacts and enchantments; and the ability to "equalize" the playing field. White's weaknesses include its difficulty in directly killing opposing creatures, its inability to change game plans, and the fact that many of its most powerful spells affect all players equally: one of its signature spells, "Wrath of God," kills all' creatures in play, including its own.

• Blue (Island) is the color of knowledge, illusion, reason, dreams, ingenuity, manipulation, and trickery, as well as the classical elements of air and water. Blue's cards are best at letting a player draw additional cards, stealing control of opposing permanents, returning permanents to their owner's hands (informally called "bouncing" them), and "countering" (canceling) an opponent's spells, causing the mana to go to waste while the spell itself has no effect. Blue's creatures, which include shapeshifters, sea creatures and wizards, tend to have weaker base statistics than other colors, but commonly have flying or other "evasive" abilities. Blue's weaknesses include having trouble dealing with things that cannot be counterspelled, an expensive set of spells (especially its creatures), and a lack of ways to increase its mana production.

• Black (Swamp) is the color of death, darkness, despair, plague, selfishness, ambition, greed, corruption, and amorality (although not necessarily "evil"). Black cards are best at eliminating creatures, making players discard cards from their hand, and raising creatures from the dead. Black, which seeks to win at all costs, delights in flexibility and unconventional tactics, and has limited access to many abilities or effects that are normally restricted to the other colors; however, these effects tend to require heavy sacrifices in resources, such as creatures, life, or cards. Black's main weaknesses are an almost complete inability to deal with enchantments and artifacts, its tendency to hurt itself almost as badly as it hurts the opponent, and difficulties in removing other black creatures directly from the field (though this restriction has been lightened in recent years).

• Red (Mountain) is the color of chaos, destruction, war, passion, and fury, as well as lightning and the classical element of fire. Red shares an association with the classical element of earth with the color green; red has an affinity for the nonliving aspects of earth (rock and stone) while green is focused on the organic aspects. Red is one of the best colors for destroying opposing lands and artifacts, sacrificing permanent resources for temporary (but hopefully game-winning) power, and playing spells that deal "direct damage" to creatures or players, like "Lightning Bolt" or "Fireball" (which gave rise to another term for direct damage, "burn"). Red has a wide array of creatures, but with the exception of the infamous dragons, most of them are small and weak; it also has the vast majority of cards that involve random chance. Red shares the trickery theme with blue and can temporarily steal opponents' creatures or divert their spells. Red's weaknesses include its inability to destroy enchantments, the random or self-destructive nature of many of its spells, and its generally weak late-game play: it is designed to win fast or not at all.

• Green (Forest) is the color of life, nature, growth, instinct, and interdependence. Green creatures tend to have the strongest base statistics in the game, and many of its spells make them stronger still. Green also excels at destroying "unnatural" artifacts and enchantments, increasing a player's life total, and increasing mana-production capabilities. However, nearly all of Green's strategies depend on simply steamrolling the enemy with creatures; it has very little to offer should the opponent manage to incapacitate or overwhelm its horde. It also has a distinct shortage of flying creatures.

The colors adjacent to each other on the pentagon are "allied" and often have similar, complementary abilities. For example, Blue has a relatively large number of flying creatures, which it shares with White and Black, which are next to it. The two non-adjacent colors to a particular color are "enemy" colors, and are thematically opposed. For instance, Red tends to be very aggressive, while White and Blue are often more defensive in nature. The R&D team at Wizards of the Coast balances the power between the five colors by using the Color Pie to define the colors' differences. This guideline lays out the capabilities, themes, and mechanics of each color and allows for every color to have its own distinct attributes and philosophy. The pie is used to ensure new cards are thematically in the correct color and do not impede on the territory of other colors.

Multi-color cards were introduced in the Legends set and use a gold frame to distinguish them from mono-color cards. These cards require mana from two or more different colors to be played. Multi-color cards tend to combine the philosophy and mechanics of all the colors used in the spell's cost. More recently, two-color "hybrid" cards that can be paid with either of the card's colors (as opposed to both) were introduced in the Ravnica set. Hybrid cards are distinguished by a gradient frame with those two colors. Multi-color cards tend to be proportionally more powerful compared to single-color or even hybrid cards, because of the restriction of having to play all the colors in the casting cost.

Artifacts are cards that exist without the colors of magic. They do not require a specific color of mana to play. Flavor-wise, artifacts are magical machines or objects that can be used by any player. Typically, artifacts provide abilities that are not unique to any color, or which the designers wished to make available to all colors. Some artifacts are also creatures, and a few others are also lands. Although artifacts do not require certain colors of mana to play, some require certain colors of mana to use their abilities.

Variant rules

Main article: Variant Magic: The Gathering formats

While the primary method of Magic play is one-on-one using standard deck construction rules, casual play groups as well as Wizards of the Coast have developed many alternative formats for playing the game. The most popular alternatives describe ways of playing with more than two players or change the rules about how decks can be built.

Organized play

Officially sanctioned Magic tournaments attract participants of all ages and are held around the world. These players in Rostock, Germany competed for an invitation to a professional tournament in Nagoya, Japan.

Main article: Duelists' Convocation International

Magic: The Gathering has grown tremendously since it was first introduced in 1993, and a large culture has developed around the game. Magic tournaments are arranged almost every weekend in gaming stores, schools, universities, and (in Europe) pubs and bars. Larger tournaments with hundreds of competitors from around the globe sponsored by Wizards of the Coast are arranged many times every year. Large sums of money are paid out to those players who place the best in the tournament. A number of websites report on tournament news, give complete lists for the most currently popular decks, and feature articles on current issues of debate about the game. The DCI (formerly known as the Duelists' Convocation International) is the organizing body for sanctioned Magic events. The DCI is owned and operated by Wizards of the Coast. The "I" came later after the organization went global.

There are two types of organized play, Constructed and Limited.

Constructed

In Constructed tournaments, each player arrives with a pre-built deck. These decks must abide by the 60-card deck size and four-of card rules. Various tournament formats exist which define what card sets are allowed to be used, and which specific cards are disallowed.

In addition to the main deck, players are allowed a 15-card sideboard. Following the first game of a match, each player is permitted to replace any number of cards in his or her deck with an equal number of cards from his or her sideboard. Thus a player may alter his or her deck to better deal with the opponent's strategy. Tournaments are normally structured so that the first player to win two games is the winner of the match. The original deck configuration is restored before the start of the next match.

There are various formats in which Constructed tournaments can be held. They include Vintage (Type 1), Legacy (Type 1.5), Extended (Type 1.x), Standard (Type 2), and Block. The DCI maintains a Banned and Restricted List for each format, which defines certain abusive cards as not allowed (banned) or restricted to only one copy in a deck (restricted). Banning has generally been rare in the more modern formats, but is considered necessary for some of the older formats to control their power level. Restricting was more common in Magic's past; currently the only format in which there is a Restricted List is Vintage, as the DCI now prefers to ban cards outright rather than restrict them.

Block formats are defined by the cycle of three sets of cards in a given block. For example, the Ravnica block format consists of Ravnica: City of Guilds, Guildpact, and Dissension. Only cards that were printed in one of the sets in the appropriate block can be used in these formats.

Standard is the format defined by the current block, the last completed block, and the most recent core set. The current Standard card pool consists of Time Spiral block, Coldsnap, the Tenth Edition core set, and "Lorwyn" block.

Extended as a format rotates every three years and leaves the six most recent blocks and two most recent core sets. Any additional blocks to be released between rotations are automatically added to this format's card pool. The current extended format consists of the Invasion, Odyssey, Onslaught, Mirrodin, Kamigawa, Ravnica, Time Spiral, and Lorwyn blocks; the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth edition core sets; and Coldsnap.

Vintage is considered an eternal format because the card pool never rotates. This means that all the sets that are currently legal will continue to be legal and any new sets will automatically be included in the legal card pool. The only banned cards for Vintage are cards using the ante mechanic, Chaos Orb and Falling Star, two cards that must be flipped onto the table, and Shahrazad, a card that begins a subgame, making tournament games take too much space and time to complete. Because of the expense in acquiring the old cards to play competitive Vintage, most Vintage tournaments held are unsanctioned ones where players are permitted to proxy a certain number of cards. Proxies are treated as stand-ins of existing cards. They are not normally permitted in tournaments sanctioned by the DCI.

Legacy is the other eternal constructed format. It evolved from Type 1.5, a format defined by a banned list that merely consisted of all banned and restricted cards in the old Type 1. In 2004, the format was revitalized by separating the banned list from the rechristened Vintage and banning many old, powerful, and expensive cards such as Mishra's Workshop, Mana Drain, and Bazaar of Baghdad. The result is that Legacy has a lower power level than Vintage, which makes for longer games, and is considerably more affordable. The DCI has attempted to promote the format with the addition of a Legacy Grand Prix circuit. In 2007, the company announced that this format had selected for the final individual portion of the World Championships prior to the fixing a problem that they had made after moving the championships from summer/fall to fall/winter.

Limited

Limited tournaments are based on a pool of cards which the player receives at the time of the event. The decks in limited tournaments need only be 40 cards; all the unused cards function as the sideboard.

In sealed deck tournaments, each player receives a 75-card Tournament Pack (containing 45 cards and 30 basic lands) and two booster packs (each with 15 cards) from which to build their deck, though exceptions exist.

In a booster draft, several players (usually eight) are seated around a table and each player is given three booster packs. Each player opens a pack, selects a card from it and passes the remaining cards to his or her left. Each player then selects one of the 14 remaining cards from the pack that was just passed to him or her, and passes the remaining cards to the left again. This continues until all of the cards are depleted. The process is repeated with the second and third packs, except that the cards are passed to the right in the second pack. Players then build decks out of any of the cards that they selected during the drafting and add as many basic lands as they want. Booster draft tournaments are somewhat prone to collusion, as players can hold the cards their neighbors need at the expense of their own deck building. Talking, signaling, and showing cards is forbidden during the drafting process and may be penalized by disqualification from the tournament.

By winning a yearly Invitational tournament, Jon Finkel won the right for this card to feature his design and likeness. © Wizards of the Coast, Inc. Image used with permission.

Tournament structure

The DCI maintains a set of rules for being able to sanction tournaments, as well as runs its own circuit. Many hobby shops offer "Friday Night Magic" as an entrance to casual competitive play. The DCI runs the "Pro Tour" as a series of major tournaments to attract interest. They also run a special tournament set called the Junior Super Series (now known in the US as the Magic Scholarship Series) for underage competitors. This allows for a very broad base of gameplay.

Frequent winners of these events have made names for themselves in the Magic community, such as Kai Budde and Jon Finkel. As a promotional tool, the DCI launched the Hall of Fame in 2005 to honor these players after earning 100 lifetime pro points and spending nine-ten years on the scene.

New members will be inducted into the hall of fame at the 2007 Magic World Championships in New York during the New York Anime Festival.

The first Magic cards were printed exclusively in English, but current sets are also printed in Simplified Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.

Magic cards are normally divided into three rarities, which can be differentiated by the color of the expansion symbol. These are Common (Black), Uncommon (Silver), and Rare (Gold). Basic lands are their own rarity, and are colored black as commons. Most new cards are purchased in the form of "Booster Packs" or "Tournament Packs." A fifteen-card Booster Pack will typically contain one Rare, three Uncommons, and eleven Commons. A Tournament Pack typically contains three Rares, ten Uncommons, thirty-two Commons, and thirty Basic Lands. This means that three Booster Packs are roughly equivalent to one Tournament Pack.

The vast majority of Magic cards are marketed to the public in the form of sets. The biennially-released Core Set currently consists of three-hundred and eighty-three reprinted cards, with a mixture of old and new artwork. Tenth Edition is the most recent Core Set and was released on Saturday, July 14, 2007. Newly-designed cards are first sold in expansion sets with a "block" consisting of three theme-related expansion sets released over a period of a year. The first and largest part of a block is the set released in or around October and typically consists of three-hundred and six cards with eighty-eight Rares, eighty-eight Uncommons, one-hundred and ten Commons and twenty Basic Lands. At subsequent four-month intervals, the second and third expansion sets of the block are issued. These two smaller sets each typically consist of one-hundred and sixty-five cards divided into fifty-five Commons, fifty-five Uncommons, fifty-five Rares, and zero Basic Lands. The number of cards per set and the rarity distribution has varied over time.

In 2003, starting with the Eighth Edition Core Set, the game went through its biggest visual change since its creation—a new card frame layout was developed to allow more rules text and larger art on the cards, while reducing the thick, colored border to a minimum. The new frame design aimed to improve contrast and readability using black type instead of the previous white, a new font, and partitioned areas for the name, card type, and power and toughness.

Secondary market

There is an active secondary market in individual cards among players and game shops. On eBay, for example, there are an estimated 30,000 Magic: The Gathering card auctions running at any one time. Many other physical and online stores also sell single cards or "playsets" of four of a card. Common cards rarely sell for more than a few cents and are usually sold in bulk. Uncommon cards and weak rares typically cost under US$1. The most expensive cards in Standard tournament play usually cost approximately US$10-20. On rare occasions if the cards are particularly powerful, some might even sell for US$25-30.

The Alpha version of the Black Lotus card is usually considered to be the most valuable, non-promotional, Magic card ever printed. (Unlimited version shown.)
© Wizards of the Coast, Inc.
Image used with permission.

The most expensive card which was in regular print (as opposed to being a promotional or special printing) is Black Lotus, with average prices as of 2007 above US$1,000 and high-quality "graded" copies rising above US$3,000—in 2005, a "Pristine 10 grade" Beckett Grading Services graded Beta Black Lotus was bought by Darren Adams, owner of West Coast Sports Cards & Gaming Distributors in Federal Way, Washington, for a record $20,000. A small number of cards of similar age, rarity, and playability—chiefly among them the other cards in the so-called "Power Nine"—routinely reach high prices as well. In 2003, after the rotation of the Extended tournament format and in combination with the first Type 1 Championships, the prices for such old, tournament-level cards underwent a large, unexpected increase.

As new sets come out, older cards are occasionally reprinted. If a card has high play value, reprinting will often increase the original version's price because of renewed demand among players. However, if the card is primarily attractive to collectors, reprinting will often decrease the original version's value. Wizards of the Coast formulated an official "Reprint Policy" in 1995 in an attempt to guarantee to collectors the value of many old cards. The Policy details certain cards that are unavailable to be printed again.

Wholesale distributors are not allowed to ship product to foreign nationalities. Additionally, several countries still have import restrictions that could be construed to bar the import of Magic: The Gathering or other collectible card games (Italy, for example, places restrictions on the importation of "playing cards").

Non-English cards often have different prices on the secondary market than their English equivalents, depending on the desirability on the language. Certain languages, such as Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Italian, are less valuable than English cards, while Asian languages, along with Russian and German, are often worth more to the American or English-speaking collector. While this is a highly debated topic and often left to the opinion of the collector, a select number of people are willing to pay extremely high prices for foreign cards.

Artwork

Each card has an illustration to represent the flavor of the card, often reflecting the setting of the expansion for which it was designed. Magic’s initial few sets were a mixed bag in art quality; while Wizards of the Coast had hired some established and well-known artists, they also commissioned card art from newcomers to the industry with mixed results. Since that initial period, the quality of the artwork has generally stabilized, and many well-known fantasy and science-fiction illustrators have worked for Magic. Wizards of the Coast's purchase of TSR, and with it, the Dungeons & Dragons property, has led to some bleed between the games, with artists performing work for both. Notable artists who have contributed art for Magic cards include John Avon, Gerald Brom, John Coulthart, Tony DiTerlizzi, Mike Dringenberg, Kaja Foglio, Phil Foglio, Donato Giancola, Rebecca Guay, John Howe, Todd Lockwood, Keith Parkinson, Mark Poole, Ron Spencer, Bryan Talbot, Matt Cavotta, Gary Ruddell and Kev Walker.

Much of Magic's early artwork was commissioned with little specific direction or concern for visual cohesion. However, after a few years of submissions featuring beings with wings on creatures unable to fly, or multiple creatures in the art of what was intended to be a single creature, the art direction team decided to impose a few constraints so that the artistic vision more closely aligned with the design and development of the cards. Each block of cards now has its own style guide with sketches and descriptions of the various races and places featured in the setting.

A few early sets experimented with alternate art for cards. However, Wizards came to believe that this impeded easy recognition of a card and that having multiple versions caused confusion when identifying a card at a glance. Consequently, alternate art is now only used sparingly and mostly for promotional cards. That said, when older cards are reprinted in new (non-Core Edition, and not "timeshifted" reprints in the Time Spiral set) sets, Wizards of the Coast has guaranteed that they will be printed with new art to make them more collectible.

Ever since 1995, the copyright on all artwork commissioned is transferred to Wizards of the Coast once a contract is signed. However, the artist is allowed to sell the original piece and printed reproductions of it, and for established and prolific Magic artists, this can be a lucrative source of revenue.

As Magic has expanded across the globe, its artwork has had to change for its international audience. Artwork has been edited or given alternate art to comply with the governmental standards. For example, the portrayal of skeletons and most undead in artwork is prohibited by the Chinese government.

Storyline

Main article: Magic: The Gathering storylines

An intricate storyline underlies the cards released in each expansion and is shown in the art and flavor text of the cards, as well as in novels and anthologies published by Wizards of the Coast (and formerly by HarperPrism). It takes place in the multiverse, which consists of an infinite number of planes. Important storyline characters or objects often appear as cards in Magic sets as "Legendary" creatures, unique cards of which there can only be one in play at a time.

The expansion sets from Antiquities through Scourge are set on the plane of Dominaria and are a roughly chronological timeline of that plane's history (with the exception of the Urza's Saga Block). Major recurring characters include Urza and his brother Mishra. The sets from Weatherlight through Apocalypse follow in particular the story of the crew of the Weatherlight, allies of Urza against Yawgmoth. Magic began to venture out of Dominaria and into several new planes such as Mirrodin, Kamigawa, and Ravnica. The Magic storyline has since returned to Dominaria with the Time Spiral block.

Controversial aspects

Expense

With three to four new sets appearing each year, many players complain that it requires a substantial investment to maintain a Magic collection that is competitive and/or complete. The principal competitive format, Standard, uses only cards from the last completed block, the block currently in print, and the most recent "core set", forcing players who wish to remain competitive to constantly update their collection. Formats such as Extended, Legacy, and Vintage that allow older sets to be played, on the other hand, may have cards that are out-of-print, hard-to-find, or simply widely-used; this can cause older cards with high competitive value to increase in price dramatically depending on the usablility and interactions of the content from various parts of the game.

Many players enjoy the challenge of making a good, solid deck on a tight budget, rather than trying to keep up on the most cutting edge cards. The viability of "budget" decks is at best variable for serious tournament competition; some metagames have strong decks composed entirely of commons and uncommons, but others require an $80 investment in land cards to even begin. The average cost of a good quality Block deck (which is arguably the cheapest Constructed format) for the Ravnica block is well over US$100, and in the Vintage metagame, cards with only a tiny printing in the original release of the game are format-definers and are considered essential for competitive play.

Those who wish to play the game without paying for rarer cards can use proxy cards or "gold bordered" decks, neither of which are tournament legal, or use free Magic software clients such as Magic Workstation and Apprentice.

Luck vs. skill

Magic, like many other games, combines chance and skill. A common complaint, however, is that there is too much luck involved with the basic resource of the game: land. Too much land (mana flood) or too little (mana screw/drought), especially early in the game, can ruin a player's chance at victory without the player having made a mistake. A common response is to say that the luck in the game can be minimized by proper deck construction. A proper land count can minimize mana problems. Other cards can minimize the player's dependence on mana. The standard land count in most decks ranges from 18 to 26, although the use of special spells or lands (such as Land Tax, Harrow, and Brushland) and the relative costs of the main spells within the deck can substantially increase or decrease the number of lands required.

A "mulligan" rule was later introduced into the game, first informally in casual play and then in the official game rules. The modern "Paris mulligan" allows players to shuffle an unsatisfactory opening hand back into the deck at the start of the game, draw a new hand with one fewer card, and repeat until satisfied. The "standard mulligan," still used in some casual play circles and in multiplayer formats on Magic Online, allows a single "free" redraw of seven new cards if a player's initial hand contains seven, six, one or no lands.

Net decking

The Internet has played an important role in competitive Magic. Strategy discussions and tournament reports frequently include a listing of the exact contents of a deck and descriptions of its performance against others. Some players will take this information and construct a similar (or even the same) deck, relying on the expertise and experience of other players. This strategy, referred to as "net decking," is often a good one, but it is not a guarantee that the player will be able to repeat the deck's earlier success. The player may be inexperienced, unfamiliar with the operation of the deck, or enter an event where a large number of other players have also "net decked." In such a tournament, a metagamed-deck (a deck designed to defeat common builds in an environment) may be a superior choice. Some players advocate Limited formats of competitive Magic over Constructed formats because of this phenomenon.

Demonic themes

File:Lord of the pit.jpg

© Wizards of the Coast, Inc. Image used with permission.

For the first few years of its life, Magic: The Gathering featured occasional cards with names or artwork that implied demonic or occultist themes (such as the cards Demonic Tutor and Unholy Strength, which both featured pentagrams in their artwork). Although there was a long period when all references to demons were carefully avoided, the game still received criticism for its occult themes.

Later, believing that the depiction of demons was becoming less controversial, Wizards of the Coast abandoned this policy and started reprinting demons and cards with "demonic" in their name in 2002. This change was foreshadowed in Ask Wizards, a question-and-answer section of Magicthegathering.com, with a tongue-in-cheek response from Brady Dommermuth, Creative Director of Magic at the time:

So in short, we would never, ever, ever print anything gross like a Demon in a million million years. Unless it was a fun, happy demon. Like a Grinning Demon, for example. That would be super fun!

However, although there are a number of cards that represent demons, Magic boasts over 13,000 different cards, most of which have no relation to demonic themes . The themes most often used in Magic are folklore, classic fantasy and cultures inspired by the real world.

File:Jeweled bird.jpg

Older cards interacted with the ante. © Wizards of the Coast, Inc. Image used with permission.

Gambling

The original set of rules prescribed all games were to be played for ante. Each player would remove a card at random from the deck they wished to play with and those cards would be set aside. At the end of the match, the winner would become the owner of both cards. There were a few cards with rules designed to interact with this gambling aspect, allowing replacements of cards up for ante, adding more cards to the ante, or even permanently trading cards in play. This was controversial because many regions had restrictions on games of chance. The rule was later made optional because of these restrictions and because of the dislike most players have for having to possibly lose a card they own. The gambling rule is forbidden at sanctioned events and is now mostly a relic of the past, though it still sees occasional usage in friendly games as well as the "5 color" format. The last card to mention ante was in the 1995 expansion set Homelands.

Patent

Main article: Collectible card game § Patent

A patent was granted to Wizards of the Coast in 1997 for "a novel method of game play and game components that in one embodiment are in the form of trading cards" that includes claims covering games whose rules include many of Magic's elements in combination, including concepts such as changing orientation of a game component to indicate use (referred to in the Magic and Vampire: The Eternal Struggle rules as "tapping") and constructing a deck by selecting cards from a larger pool. The patent has aroused criticism from some observers, who believe some of its claims to be invalid.

In 2003, the patent was an element of a larger legal dispute between Wizards of the Coast and Nintendo, regarding trade secrets related to Nintendo's Pokémon Trading Card Game. The legal action was settled out of court, and its terms were not disclosed.

Notes and references

• Moursund, Beth (2002). The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic: The Gathering. New York, NY: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-443-2.
• Baldwin & Waters (1998). The Art of Magic: A fantasy of world building and the art of the Rath Cycle. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast. ISBN 0-7869-1178-6.
• "The Games Magazine Hall of Fame". (December 2003). Games, p. 48.
• Magic: The Gathering Core Set 9 Starter CD

See also

• Magic: The Gathering rules
  • List of Magic: The Gathering keywords
• Magic: The Gathering sets, also called "expansions"
  • Magic: The Gathering preconstructed theme decks
• Magic: The Gathering storylines
  • List of characters in Magic: The Gathering
  • List of Magic: The Gathering novels
• Magic: The Gathering video games
• Duelists' Convocation International, the official Magic tournament sanctioning body
  • Pro Tour (Magic: The Gathering)
  • Magic: The Gathering World Championship
• Magic: The Gathering deck types
• The Duelist, at one time a monthly magazine that was produced by Wizards
• The Sideboard, a now defunct magazine dedicated to tournament play
• Duel Masters, a spin-off game by Wizards of the Coast based on Magic

External links

Official sites

• MagicTheGathering.com Official site for Magic: The Gathering
  • Magic Academy, a strategy archive for beginners and intermediate players
• Gatherer Official Magic: The Gathering card database
• The DCI.com Official site for Wizards of the Coast organized play
• MTGOnline.com Official site for Magic: The Gathering Online

Unofficial sites

• Magic Card Reader Collectable Cards Detection Algorithm
• The Casual Player's Alliance Community for casual (non-tournament) play
• Crystal Keep Set information and official ruling summaries
• MagicCards.Info An alternative Magic card database
• Magic Deck Vortex A casual-themed website with an attached forum
• Magic-League A website for MTG-online playing and netdecking
• The Magic Library Background information on promotional cards and other collectible items
• The Mana Drain An international site for "Vintage" (Type I) Magic
• The Math of Magic An essay on the mathematics of Magic: The Gathering
• Phyrexia.com Magic storyline information
• The Source A site for the "Legacy" format
• Magic YouTube Channel Wizards of the Coast's YouTube Channel for Magic: The Gathering