Hongkongers

Hongkongers **香港人**
	File:BruceLeecard.jpgFile:LouisCha.jpg; File:LeslieCheung01.JPG; Bruce Lee, Louis Cha, Chow Yun-fat; John Woo, Maggie Cheung, Leslie Cheung; Jackie Chan, Marco Fu Ka-chun, Wong Kar-wai
Total population
	approx. 8,000,000
Regions with significant populations
Hong Kong	7,018,636[1]
Canada	615,152[2]
United States	329,888[3]
United Kingdom	145,000
Australia	67,122[4]
Languages
	Predominantly Hong Kong Cantonese, Mandarin, Hong Kong English
Religion
	Predominantly Buddhism and Taoism,; minority Christianity and others
Related ethnic groups
	Han Chinese

Hongkongers or Hong Kong people usually refers to residents of Hong Kong, and not necessarily ethnicity or nationality, although almost all Hongkongers are apparently of Chinese descent. "Hongkongers" is not legally defined in Chinese or English, but may mean Hong Kong permanent residents with identity cards, or those who have spent an extensive period of time in Hong Kong (which is open to personal interpretation). Locals, immigrants and expats alike may all be known as Hongkongers.

Terminology

Han Chinese residents of Hong Kong generally refer to themselves as Hèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese: 香港人; Cantonese Yale: Hèung Góng Yàhn), literally "Hong Kong people".

Most Hong Kong Chinese have ancestral roots from Guangdong Province and the Yangtze River Delta, as these two main Chinese groups inter-mingled. Few Hong Kong Chinese have partial European ancestry.

Variation

The terms Hongkonger (or Hong Konger), Hong Kong People, Hongkongese, are all translated into the Chinese term Hèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese: 香港人; Cantonese Yale: Hèung Góng Yàhn). As a result, the above terms are different only as far as English language usage is concerned. People from Hong Kong in Western countries are also referred to colloquially as Hongers or Honkies (sometimes spelt Hongkies).

Hongkonger is used more often by native speakers of English,^{[citation needed]} while Hong Kong People, a more direct translation of the term Hèung Góng Yàhn, is used to a greater extent by Chinese native speakers in Hong Kong when writing or speaking in English.^{[citation needed]} Hongkongese is a relatively recent term coined by the North American press.^[1]

The term Hong Kong Chinese (Chinese: 香港華人) was used more often in the 19th to early 20th century in Hong Kong, where the British population residing in Hong Kong made up a higher percentage than what it comprises now. One used to refer to an individual as Hong Kong Chinese in order to differentiate the person from a Hong Kong Briton.

In Hong Kong, the term "Hong Kong Chinese" is less frequently used since 98% of the population in Hong Kong is now Chinese; there is no other ethnic group in Hong Kong large enough to support such a differentiation, thus rendering the term redundant. However, outside Hong Kong, people of Hong Kong origin may choose to use the term Hong Kong Chinese to indicate to people unfamiliar with the demographics of Hong Kong that the individual is "a Chinese from Hong Kong".

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong

Han Chinese

Han Chinese make up the majority of Hong Kongers, most being from Guangdong from the 1930s to the 1980s. There are also the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories. Others were formerly from Shanghai, many being successful businessmen who shaped the economics of Hong Kong.

The majority of the new addition to the population are people from the mainland China. Ever since Hong Kong was a British colony, many mainland Chinese have immigrated to Hong Kong, and there is now a daily quota of 150 for those wishing to reside in Hong Kong.

Although both groups are Chinese, it might take some time for mainland Chinese to reach sufficient fluency in Cantonese and integrate successfully with the local community.

Ethnic minorities

Southeast Asians

Filipinos, Indonesians and Thais comprise the bulk of this group, with Filipinos in the lead. The vast majority are female migrant workers, employed as domestic helpers. They speak fluent English with some picking up fluent Cantonese. Most such domestic helpers are only in Hong Kong until they earn enough to support their families and have no permanent plans in Hong Kong. A very small fraction are married to local Hong Kong Chinese men. As of 2005, there were 130,000 Filipinos and 110,000 Indonesians in Hong Kong.

South Asians

South Asians mainly consist of Pakistanis, Indians and Nepalese. Many Nepalese are former Gurkha troops ("啹喀兵") from the British colonial era, disbanded after the 1997 handover but choosing to remain in Hong Kong. In past decades, the Hong Kong police force was made up of a significant portion of these South Asians, and many still work as labourers or in the security sector as bank guards and personal bodyguards of senior government officials, due to their reputation for resilience and strength (being designated a "martial race" by the British). A very small minority teach English in public and subsidised schools. Most speak fluent English with some managing fluent Cantonese. There are considerable Nepalese communities in Yuen Long and Kwun Chung. As of the 2006 by-census, there were at least 44,744 Hongkongers of South Asian descent.^[2]

Westerners

Many British and other Europeans in Hong Kong came during the colonial period, with some being able to speak fluent Cantonese. They are usually professionals, employees of multinational corporations or high-ranking foreign government officials, e.g. CEOs, diplomats, police superintendents, judges, doctors, university professors and airline pilots. Some also teach English in public and government-subsidised schools. Although many British returned to Britain after the 1997 handover of Hong Kong to China, a number still stayed and some even took up Chinese nationality in order to obtain HKSAR passports. The 2005 census indicates there were 13,490 British in Hong Kong.

Japanese

Japanese in Hong Kong are usually businessmen or high-ranking corporate employees and their families. Most came to Hong Kong in the 1980s during China's economic reforms, seeing it as a springboard to the China market. Some Japanese settled in Hong Kong and their second generation children often speak fluent Cantonese, but may enter international schools. If however they do not plan to stay in Hong Kong permanently, they may enrol their children in Japanese schools (Nihonjin gakkō), anticipating a future return to Japan. The 2005 census indicates 11,800 Japanese people in Hong Kong.

References

^ "Hong Kong Handover". University of Michigan University Library Journal of the International Institution. 1997 fall. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities" (PDF). Publications and Products of the 2006 Population By-census (xvi). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong. 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2008-01-23. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |filetype= ignored (|format= suggested) (help)

[1] "Hong Kong Handover". University of Michigan University Library Journal of the International Institution. 1997 fall. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[2006Census-2] "Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities" (PDF). Publications and Products of the 2006 Population By-census (xvi). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong. 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2008-01-23. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |filetype= ignored (|format= suggested) (help)

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