Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
Teresa Cristina around age 54, c. 1876.
Empress consort of Brazil
Tenure	30 May 1843 – 15 November 1889
Burial	5 December 1939 Imperial Mausoleum, Petrópolis
Spouse	Pedro II of Brazil
Issue	Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Princess Leopoldina of Brazil Pedro, Prince Imperial of Brazil
Names Teresa Cristina Maria Giuseppa Gaspare Baltassare Melchiore Gennara Francesca de Padova Donata Bonosa Andrea d'Avelino Rita Luitgarda Geltruda Venancia Taddea Spiridione Rocca Matilde
House	House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Father	Francis I of the Two Sicilies
Mother	Maria Isabella of Spain
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature

Dona^[A] Teresa Cristina (English: Theresa Christina; 14 March 1822 – 28 December 1889), nicknamed "Mother of the Brazilians", was the Empress consort of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil, who reigned from 1831 to 1889. Born a Princess of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (also known as the Kingdom of Naples) in present-day southern Italy, she was the daughter of King Francesco I (Francis I) of the Italian branch of the House of Bourbon, called Bourbon-Two Sicilies or Bourbon-Naples, and his wife Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain. Her father died when she was young, and she was neglected by her mother. It was long belived by historians that the Princess was raised in an ultra-conservative, intolerant atmosphere which resulted in a timid and unassertive character in public and an ability to be contented with very little materially or emotionally. Recent studies revealed a more complex character, who despite having respected the social norms of the era, was able to assert a limited independence due to an strong opiniated trait as well as an interest in learning, sciences and culture.

The Princess was considered past her prime when, at the age of 22, she was married by proxy to the 17-year old Brazilian Emperor Pedro II. Her spouse's expectations were disappointed upon meeting his bride, who lacked beauty, in person. Despite a cold beginning, the couple's relationship improved as time passed, due primarily to Teresa Cristina's patience, kindness, generosity and simplicity. These traits also helped her win the hearts of the Brazilian people, and her distance from political controversies shielded her from criticism. She occupied her time writing letters, reading, doing needlework, and attending to religious obligations and charitable projects. The Empress also sponsored archaeological studies in Italy and Italian immigration to Brazil.

Pedro II fell out with Teresa Cristina's brother Luigi, the Count of Áquila, as a result of a personality clash that was exacerbated by the young Emperor's immaturity and insecurity. Pedro II eventually grew to become self-assured and independent, which helped improve the couple's relationship and interactions. Even so, the marriage between Teresa Cristina and Pedro II never became passionately romantic, although a bond based upon family, mutual respect and fondness did develop. The Empress was a dutiful spouse and unfailingly supported the Emperor's positions and never interposed with her own views in public. She remained silent on the topic of his suspected extra-marital relationships—including a liaison with her daughters' governess. In turn, she was treated with unfailing respect and her position at Court and home was always secure. Of the four children Teresa Cristina bore him, two boys died in infancy and a daughter of typhoid fever at the early age of 24.

Teresa Cristina not only witnessed the Empire's expansive political and economic development during the reign of her husband, but also its downfall. She, along with the remaining members of the Imperial Family, was sent into exile after a coup d'état staged by a clique of army officers. Being cast from her beloved adopted land had a devastating effect on Teresa Cristina's spirit and health. Grieved and ill, she died of respiratory failure leading to cardiac arrest little more than a month after the monarchy's collapse. She was greatly loved by her subjects, both during her lifetime and afterwards. She was even respected by the Republicans who overthrew the Empire. Despite having had no direct impact on Brazil's political history, Teresa Cristina is well regarded by historians not only for her character and irreproachable behavior, but as well for her sponsorship of Brazilian culture.

Early life

Birth

Naples, capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, where Teresa Cristina was born and would live her early years

Teresa Cristina was the daughter of the then-Duke of Calabria, who later became King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. Through her father, she was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the Italian branch of the Spanish Bourbons. She was a descendant of France's "Sun King", Louis XIV in the male line through his grandson, Philip V of Spain. Teresa Cristina's mother was the Infanta Maria Isabel, daughter of King Carlos IV of Spain, and a younger sister of Carlota Joaquina—who married King João VI of Portugal and was thus the paternal grandmother of Teresa Cristina's future husband.

Born on 14 March 1822 in Naples, Teresa Cristina became an orphan when her father died in 1830. Her mother is said to have neglected her after marrying a young officer in 1839. Historiography has long asserted that she was raised in lonely isolation, in an environment of religious superstition, intolerance and conservatism. It has also described Teresa Cristina as a soft and timid character, unlike her ruthless father or her impulsive mother. She has even been depicted as unassertive, and accustomed to be satisfied in whatever circumstances she found herself.

Some historians have more recently held to a modified view of both the Neapolitan Bourbon court as a reactionary regime and of the extent of Teresa Cristina's passivity. Historian Aniello Angelo Avella states that the maligned interpretation of the Neapolitan Bourbons traces its origin to perspectives generated during the 19th century il Risorgimento (Italian unification) following the 1861 conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia. Teresa Cristina is revealed in her personal papers as a strongheaded character. She "was not a submissive woman but instead a person who respected the roles imposed by the ethics and values of her own times."

Physically, she had brown eyes, black hair, was short, a bit overweight, walked with a pronounced limp and, while not ugly, neither was she pretty. According to historian Pedro Calmon, Teresa Cristina had no true limp, but her odd way of walking was instead the result of bowed legs causing her to lean alternately right and left as she walked. She possessed a beautiful voice, which led her to often practice her singing skills and musical appreciation allowed her to enjoy opera and balls.

Marriage

The false portrait of Teresa Cristina that enticed Pedro II to accept the marriage proposal

Vincenzo Ramirez, minister of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, met in Vienna with a Brazilian envoy who had been unsuccessfully seeking a bride for his Emperor, the young Pedro II. The European royal houses which had been approached were wary, fearing that Pedro II might develop an erratic personality similar to that of his father, Emperor Dom Pedro I, who was also notorious for his infidelities. Ramirez seemed unconcerned and offered the hand of Teresa Cristina. Romantic attachment was secondary in an age in which the role of a royal consort was to bear heirs for her husband and nation. As a princess, eligible suitors were very limited, and the prospect of marrying an emperor was an opportunity not to be passed.

The government of the Two Sicilies sent Pedro II a painting depicting a beautiful young woman, which prompted him to accept the proposal. The Emperor was charmed by the portrait, saying that its subject appeared to be a "fairy princess". According to historian James McMurtry Longo, the woman portrayed in the painting was not Teresa Cristina, but someone else, and by the time Pedro II "discovered the deception, it was too late." Because of complicated royal intermarriages, Teresa Cristina was related to Pedro II in many degrees of consanguinity, which required a dispensation from Pope Gregory XVI before the marriage arrangements could be finalized. The permission was obtained, and a proxy wedding was held on 30 May 1843 in Naples, Pedro II being represented by his fiancée's brother Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse.

A small Brazilian fleet composed of a frigate and two corvettes departed for the Two Sicilies on 3 March 1843 to escort the new Empress of Brazil. The Brazilian squadron, accompanied by a Neapolitan naval division consisting of a ship of the line and three frigates, returned to Rio de Janeiro with Teresa Cristina on 3 September 1843. Pedro II immediately rushed to board the ship and greet his bride. Upon seeing this impetuous gesture, the crowds cheered and guns fired deafening salutes. Teresa Cristina fell in love with her new husband at first sight. He was tall, well-proportioned, blond, blue-eyed, and considered handsome in spite of a protunding jaw inherited from his Habsburg ancestors.

The Imperial couple at the time of their wedding, 1843. This lithograph portrays Teresa Cristina more realistically.

The 17-year old Pedro II was, for his part, clearly and greatly disappointed. In his eyes, Teresa Cristina seemed much older at 22—an age at which women of that era were deemed to be old maids. His first impressions were only of her physical flaws—and of how much her appearance differed from the portrait which had been sent to him. His high expectations were crushed, and he allowed his feelings of revulsion and rejection to show. One account has him needing to sit due to shock, while another has him turning on his heel and leaving. Historian Roderick J. Barman observed that "he may have done both these things." After a short interval, he left the ship and she returned to her cabin. Perceiving his disillusionment, she burst into tears, lamenting that "the emperor did not like me!"

Teresa Cristina learned that evening that the Emperor had based his expectations on a picture which did not accurately portray her. Teresa Cristina was despondent, although she hid her anguish from her husband and their subjects. She resolved to make the best of the situation, and wrote home: "I know my appearance is different from what has been announced. I will make every effort to live in such a way that nobody will be misled by my character. It will be my ambition to resemble the nature of Dona Leopoldina, my husband's mother, and to be a Brazilian with all my heart in everything I do." Although a proxy marriage had already been performed, an extravagant state wedding was held on 4 September at the cathedral in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil's new Empress won over her adopted countrymen with her pleasant disposition and earnestness. In the days following her arrival, she received expressions of affection and delight from every quarter—except from her new husband.

Empress consort of Brazil

Rift with the Count of Áquila

Teresa Cristina around age 29, c. 1851

One of the main purposes of a monarch's marriage was to provide a successor, and the announcement of a pregnancy was anxiously awaited. As months dragged on without an announcement, people began to speculate as to reasons for the delay, including questioning the Emperor's potency. The true reason was quite different: the Emperor had formed a dislike for his bride and had no wish to consummate the relationship. Teresa Cristina eventually asked to be sent back to her father in Italy. Pedro relented in the face of her obvious misery and marital relations finally commenced. Even so, Pedro II continued to treat his wife coldly and subjected her to many slights. Luigi, the Count of Áquila and Teresa Cristina's younger brother, had traveled with her to Brazil. He had married Pedro II's sister and heir, Januária, following Teresa Cristina's own marriage. Pedro II and his brother-in-law did not get along, and by mid-July, they had stopped speaking to each other. The Count's outgoing personality conflicted with the Emperor's introversion, and a penchant for frivolous pleasures offended Pedro II's sense of duty and propriety. Januária was enamoured of her new husband, and the contrast between the two couples irritated the Emperor further and highlighted his insecurity and immaturity. That both Januária and Teresa Cristina got along well with Áquila only compounded the Emperor's alienation.

The Neapolitans who had accompanied the bridal party to Brazil sought to carve out positions for themselves. Áquila's confessor was seen as inflaming the Count's ambitions; encouraging him to create his own faction among the courtiers. Paulo Barbosa da Silva (the palace steward) was alarmed by this. He, along with Aureliano de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba, had formed a group known as the "Courtier Faction" which was composed of high ranking palace servants and notable politicians. They had exercised a strong influence over Pedro II for years and had no intention of allowing rivals to challenge their positions.

The Courtier Faction began to exploit the family rift to its own advantage. The courtiers falsely insinuated that Áquila was cultivating a bloc plotting to seize the throne. The insecure young Emperor was inclined to accept this as fact, and the Count began to be slighted and excluded at court. Áquila reacted by openly complaining of the lack of consideration and respect being given to himself, and went on to contemptuously deride society and life in Brazil. Luigi requested repeatedly that Pedro II grant him leave to travel to Europe. When he and the Emperor publicly quarreled over the matter at a state banquet, permission was quickly granted to avoid a public scandal. The Count of Áquila and Januária set sail from Rio de Janeiro for Europe on 23 October 1844.

Domestic life

Leopoldina, Pedro II, Teresa Cristina (around age 41) and Isabel, c. 1863

Although the marriage had been strained from the beginning, Teresa Cristina continued striving to be a good wife. Her constancy toward fulfilling her duty, along with the birth of children, softened Pedro II's attitude. The two discovered shared interests, and their concern for and delight in their children created a sense of family happiness. That they were sexually active and compatible is witnessed by the series of pregnancies which ensued. After the birth of their first son in February 1845, the Empress bore children in July 1846, July 1847, and July 1848—named Afonso, Isabel, Leopoldina and Pedro, respectively.

The births stopped after July 1848. Four years of continual pregnancy may be part of the reason for the change. Another factor may have been the early death of her eldest child, Afonso, in June 1847. Upon the death of her youngest son Pedro in January 1850, there were only two daughters remaining as heirs to the throne. Although the Constitution allowed a female to succeed under male-preference primogeniture, the prevailing attitude at the time was that only a male was capable of exercising authority over the nation. Teresa Cristina was aware of her obligation to produce a male heir, and as a dutiful wife never gave any indication of resisting her role. Aside from the tragedies, another likely reason for the halt to childbearing is because the Emperor was becoming more attracted to other women who possessed beauty, wit and intelligence which the Empress could not provide.

Teresa Cristina had grown to be a vital part of Pedro II's family life and routine. She never filled the roles of romantic lover or intellectual partner, however. Her devotion to the Emperor remained firm, though she feared being supplanted. She continued to appear with the Emperor in public, and he continued to treat her with respect and consideration. She was not rejected or slighted, but the relationship had changed. Pedro II treated her more as a close friend and companion than as a wife.

The long-held view is that the Empress accepted the circumscribed role in which she found herself, and that her life, duty and purpose were tied to her position as the Emperor's wife. However, her personal letters reveal that she could be strongheaded, sometimes at odds with her husband, and who had a life of her own—albeit somewhat restricted. In a letter written on 2 May 1845 she stated: "I wait for the moment when we will meet, good Pedro, and seek forgiveness for all that I did to you during these days." In another letter of 24 January 1851, she acknowledged her difficult temperament: "I am not irritated at you [Pedro II] and you should forgive me because this is my character." Her friendships were limited to her ladies-in-waiting, and in particular Dona Josefina da Fonseca Costa. She was well-liked by her attendants, a good judge of the character of visitors and courtiers, unpretentious, generous, kindly and an affectionate mother and grandmother. She dressed and acted modestly, only wearing jewelry for occasions of state, and gave the impression of being somewhat sad.

She had no interest in politics and occupied her time writing letters, reading, doing needlework, and attending to religious obligations and charitable projects. Teresa Cristina did not lack intellectual interests, and she had developed passions for the arts, music and archaeology—especially the latter. The Empress began assembling a collection of archaeological artifacts from her earliest days in Brazil, and she exchanged hundreds of others with her brother, King Ferdinand II. She also sponsored archaeological studies in Italy and many of the artifacts—dated from the Etruscan civilization and Ancient Rome times—found were brought to Brazil. The Empress also aided in recruiting Italian physicians, engineers, professors, pharmacists, nurses, artists, artisans and qualified workers with the goal of improving public education and public health in Brazil.

Rivalry with the Countess of Barral

From left to right: Januária, the Count of Áquila, Teresa Cristina and Pedro II, c. 1871

Pedro II changed considerably in the period between the departure of Áquila and Januária in 1844 and the birth of his last child in 1848. He was more mature and confident, and no longer gave credence to allegations of plots against him. He learned to detect attempts at manipulating his decisions and rejected partisan influence-peddling. With growth, the Emperor's weaknesses faded and his strengths of character came to the fore. He learned to be not only impartial and diligent, but also courteous, patient and personable. He began to fully exercise authority, and his new social skills and diligence in government greatly enhanced his effectiveness and public image. He tamed his emotions, never losing his temper or displaying rudeness in public, and was "exceptionally discreet in words and cautious in action." In time, even the breach with Áquila was smoothed-over. Most importantly, this period saw the fall of the Courtier Faction. Pedro II quietly and decisively engineered an end to the power held by the courtiers—all of whom Teresa Cristina strongly disliked—by barring their access to his inner circle.

The relationship between Teresa Cristina and Pedro II never became passionately romantic. However, a bond based upon family, mutual respect and fondness did develop. The Empress was a dutiful spouse and unfailingly supported the Emperor's positions. She was silent on the subject of his relationships with other women, suspected or otherwise. In turn, she was treated with utmost respect and there was no question of her position ever being threatened or called into question.

Teresa Cristina found ignoring her husband's secret infidelities—hidden from the public, though not always from the Empress—more difficult after Pedro II named an aia (governess) for their daughters on 9 November 1856. The person chosen was Luísa de Barros, Countess of Barral, the Brazilian-born wife of a French nobleman. Barral possessed all the traits which Pedro II most admired in a woman: she was charming, vivacious, elegant, sophisticated, educated and confident. Charged with the education and upbringing of the young princessess, Barral soon captured the hearts of both Pedro II and his eldest daughter, Isabel. Leopoldina was not won-over and disliked the Countess. Although Barral "may not have escaped Pedro II's embraces", she "certainly avoided his bed."

Nonetheless, the Emperor's infatuation with the Countess sometimes put Teresa Cristina in an awkward position, as when her younger daughter Leopoldina naively asked her why Pedro II kept nudging Barral's foot during their class. The Countess's increasing intimacy with her husband and daughter was painful and vexing to Teresa Cristina. Although she feigned ignorance of the situation, it did not pass unnoticed. She wrote in her diary that Barral "wished to make me tell her that I did not like her, but I did not say either yes or no." Historian Tobias Monteiro wrote that the Empress "could not disguise that she detested Barral." To someone with Teresa Cristina's character, it must have been difficult to accept the situation. Leopoldina wrote about her in 22 October 1866: "Mommy is a very good person, but she is kind of dominating, likes everything to go only the way she wants, although God in the gospel says that the woman owes submission to the husband."

Later years

End of the Empire and exile

Teresa Cristina at age 55, 29 March 1877

The years passed and Teresa Cristina's daughters matured. Isabel and Leopoldina were married to Princes Gaston of Orléans (the Count of Eu) and August of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary, respectively, at the end of 1864. The newlywed couples moved on to new lives, and their governess, the Countess of Barral, returned in March 1865 to France, where she had lived prior to being appointed to oversee the princesses. Leopoldina died of typhoid fever on 7 February 1871, which was devastating to the small Imperial Family. Pedro II decided on a trip to Europe that same year in order to, among other reasons, "cheer up" Teresa Cristina (as stated in his own words) and to pay a visit to Leopoldina's four small boys. The Imperial couple would travel abroad again during 1876 and 1887.

Teresa Cristina did not seem to enjoy traveling, and the trips did not distract her. She preferred her ordinary life in Brazil, "devoting herself to her family, religious devotions, and charitable works." In fact, visiting her native land only served to resurrect painful memories. Her family had been dethroned in 1861 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had been annexed to what would later become the unified Kingdom of Italy. Everyone she had known from her youth was gone. As she wrote in 1872: "I do not know how to tell what was the impression I had upon seeing again, after 28 years, my fatherland and not to find anyone for whom I cared." Pedro II and Teresa Cristina brought with them, after their first trip to Europe in 1872, the two oldest of Leopoldina's children: Pedro Augusto and Augusto. They were to be raised by the Imperial couple as possible heirs, since Isabel was then childless (until the birth of her first child in 1875).

By the 1880s, Teresa Cristina even seemed to "have become more assertive with her spouse on personal matters". Pedro II reveals in a letter written to the Countess of Barral in early 1881 that: "The [container] with the earrings which you mentioned, has been the cause for much recrimination on the part of someone [Teresa Cristina] who thinks that I have been to blame for their disappearance." Her son-in-law, Gaston of Orléans, the Count of Eu, wrote his father a letter recounting how she had accidentally broken her arm in October 1885: "On Monday 26 when crossing the library on the way to dinner with the emperor who as usual preceded her by a few steps (and with whom, I infer from what she told us, she was arguing as she sometimes does), she caught her foot in a file under a table and fell down flat face forward." Time passed, and the old couple still behaved as ever. Nonetheless, she continued to express undiminished love for her husband.

The tranquil domestic routine ended when an Army faction rebelled and deposed Pedro II on 15 November 1889, ordering the entire Imperial Family to leave Brazil. Although the nation was in the midst of an unparalleled period of economic progress and its international reputation had never been better, from the early 1880s the monarchy had been allowed to become increasingly undermined. The main causes can be attributed to Teresa Cristina's husband, who had long ceased to desire a continuation of the monarchy in Brazil. He allowed Imperial authority to be steadily eroded, allowed the rise of discontentment among former slaveowners who resented the abolition of slavery in 1888 and did nothing to suppress insubordination among those military officers who had openly advocated the creation of a dictatorial republic. Upon hearing the order to depart, an officer told the Empress: "Resignation, my lady." She replied to him: "I have it always, but how not to weep having to leave this land forever!"

The fall of the Brazilian monarchy had a crushing effect on Teresa Cristina's spirit. According to historian Roderick J. Barman, the "events of November 15, 1889, broke her emotionally and physically." The Empress "loved Brazil and its inhabitants. She desired nothing more than to end her days there. Aged 66 and plagued by both cardiac asthma and arthritis, she now faced the prospect of accompanying her husband in unceasing movement across the face of Europe, spending her last years virtually alone in alien and uncomfortable lodgings." Having been ill during almost the entire voyage across the Atlantic, Teresa Cristina and her family arrived in Lisbon, Portugal, on 7 December. André Rebouças, a renowned Brazilian abolitionist leader, who of his own free will had accompanied the Imperial Family into exile, wrote in his diary that he had to awaken at 3:30 during the night "to help the empress, who was crying due to a most painful attack of asthma."

Death

Teresa Cristina around age 65, c. 1887

From Lisbon the Imperial couple went on to Porto. Isabel and her family, as well as Pedro Augusto, departed to Spain. On 24 December, the Imperial Family received official news that they had been banished forever from the country. Up until that point, they had only been requested to leave with no indication as to how long they were to stay away. The "news broke D. Teresa Cristina's will to live." Pedro II wrote in his journal on 28 December 1889: "Hearing the Empress complain I went to see what it was. She is cold with a pain in her sides; but she does not have any fever." She was not thought to be near death, so her requests for a priest went unheeded, and Pedro II went out on tour of the town. With no family to attend her and with little company, Teresa Cristina's breathing became increasingly labored, and the failure of her respiratory system led to cardiac arrest and death at 2:00 pm.

As she lay dying, Teresa Cristina said to Maria Isabel de Andrade Pinto, Baroness of Japurá (sister-in-law of Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré): "Maria Isabel, I do not die of illness, I die of sorrow and of regret!" Her last words were: "I miss my daughter and my grandchildren. I can not embrace her for the last time. Brazil, beautiful land... To there I can not return..." According to historian Lídia Besouchet, a "huge crowd" gathered in Porto to witness her funeral. By request of her husband, Teresa Cristina's body was carried to the Church of São Vicente de Fora near Lisbon, where it was interred in the Braganza Pantheon. Her remains, along with Pedro II's, were later repatriated to Brazil in 1921 with much fanfare and pomp. They were given a final resting place in the Cathedral of Petrópolis in 1939.

It came almost as a surprise that the person who suffered the most from Teresa Cristina's death was Pedro II himself. According to historian José Murilo de Carbalho, despite his "initial disappointment with the fianceé, her lack of attractiveness, the love affairs into which he allowed himself be carried, the act of living together for 46 years ended up generating in him a strong feeling of friendship and respect for his wife, which her death brought to the surface." This opinion is shared by Roderick J. Barman, who said that only "after she was no more did he begin to appreciate her concern, her kindness, her self-denial, and her generosity. The realization came slowly and with growing force." He goes on to say that to "assuage his sense of guilt and to lessen his deprivation, D. Pedro quickly redefined his mental image of D. Teresa Cristina, viewing her as 'minha Santa' [my Saint]." She "was now his superior, surpassing him in virtues. She was enjoying in heaven the rewards and recognition he had not given her on earth, Her very sanctitude assured D. Pedro that she had forgiven him his past neglect and that she would intercede with the Almighty to secure him forgiveness there too. As a saint she would watch over him and aid him until he died."

Reaction to death

Teresa Cristina around age 65, c. 1887

The news of Teresa Cristina's death produced sincere mourning in Brazil. Her simplicity, kindness and—especially—her safe distance from political controversy shielded her from criticism, including from republicans. The Brazilian poet and journalist Artur Azevedo wrote of the general view toward Teresa Cristina after her death: "I never spoke to her, but also never passed her without respectifuly removing my hat and bowing myself, not to the Empress, but to the sweet and honest figure of a poor, almost humble, bourgeoise. I saw many extremist republicans do the same." He continued: "They called her the mother of the Brazilians, and we all really attributed to her a kind of a filial veneration. That is the truth." Azevedo also said that she "had no enemy. The most violent enemies of the monarchy never insulted her with the shadow of an allusion, with any semblance of irreverence, and who knows? Her virtue might have been the strongest sustenance of this throne, which crumbled another day." She "had the good sense of never taking part in politics, of never getting involved in State affairs." And finally: "Her death will be long bewailed: D. Teresa Cristina was one of those beings whose memory has the right to tears."

Newspapers in Brazil also reported her passing. The Gazeta de Notícias (News Gazette) commented: "Who was this saintly lady, we do not need to repeat it. All Brazil knows that, in this blow which hurt the former Emperor profoundly, it is remembered that she was justly and universally proclaimed the mother of the Brazilians." The Jornal do Commercio (Commercial Journal) wrote: "For forty and six years Dona Teresa Cristina lived in the Brazilian fatherland which she sincerely loved, and during that long time never, anywhere in this vast country, was her name pronounced except in praise and words of regard." It concluded: "Next to her husband, who was for a long time the head of the Brazilian nation, her influence was known to be felt only for the good."

Legacy

Teresa Cristina has been given a less than prominent place in Brazil's history. Historian Aniello Angelo Avella said that the Empress, nicknamed "by her contemporaries as 'Mother of the Brazilians'," is "completely unknown in Italy and little studied in Brazil". According to his view, the few existing sources relegate her to having "lived in the shadow of her husband, dedicating herself to her daughters' education, to home affairs, to charity." The image which results "is of a woman of limited culture, blank, silent, who compensated with kindness and virtues of the heart the lack of physical attributes." And this is the view that has come to be enshrined in history and the popular imagination, despite being not quite a true representation of Teresa Cristina, since she was a well learned and willful woman.

According to historian Eli Behar, she became notable "for her discretion, which kept her far from being associated with any political movement; and for her tenderness and charity, which earned her the cognomen 'Mother of the Brazilians'." A similar opinion is voiced by Historian Benedito Antunes, who said that she "was beloved by Brazilians, who defined her, for her discretion, as the 'silent empress', and yet regarded her as 'the mother of the Brazilians'." He also praised the Empress for her sponsorship of cultural and scientific development: she "promoted culture in various ways, bringing from Italy artists, intellectuals, scientists, botanists, musicians, thus contributing to the progress and enrichment of the nation's cultural life." This view is shared by historian Eugenia Zerbini, who argued that, thanks to her, Brazil has now the largest classical archaeological collection in Latin America.

Just prior to his own death, Pedro II donated most of his possessions to the Brazilian government, which were later divided between the Brazilian National Archives, the Imperial Museum of Brazil, the National Library of Brazil and the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. The exact number of the donated items is still uncertain. The donated materials from the Palace of São Cristóvão alone—the residence of the Imperial couple—included more than 48,000 bound volumes, plus collections of photographs, maps, rare manuscripts, coins, medals, and other effects. It is estimated that more than 100,000 items from the bequest were divided between the National Library and the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. Pedro II imposed only one condition: that the gift was to be named in honor of his late wife, and so it is presently known as the "Teresa Cristina Maria Collection". The collection is registered by UNESCO as part of the heritage of humanity in its Memory of the World Programme. Finally, Teresa Cristina is remembered in the names of several Brazilian cities, including Teresópolis (in Rio de Janeiro), Teresina (capital of Piauí), Cristina (in Minas Gerais) and Imperatriz (in Maranhão).

Titles and honors

Styles of Teresa Cristina, Empress of Brazil
Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere over the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown
Reference style	Her Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	Ma'am

Titles and styles

• 14 March 1822 – 30 May 1843: Her Royal Highness The Most Serene Princess Senhora Donna Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
• 30 May 1843 – 15 November 1889: Her Imperial Majesty The Empress

Honors

• Band of the Spanish Order of Queen Maria Luisa.
• Band of the Portuguese Order of Saint Isabel.
• Insignia of the Austrian Order of the Starry Cross.
• Insignia of the Bavarian Order of Saint Elizabeth.
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.
• Grand Dame of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta.

Genealogy

Ancestry

Family of Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

16. Philip V of Spain 8. Charles III of Spain 17. Elisabeth of Parma 4. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 18. Augustus III of Poland 9. Maria Amalia of Saxony 19. Maria Josepha of Austria 2. Francis I of the Two Sicilies 20. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 10. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 21. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 5. Maria Carolina of Austria 22. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 11. Maria Theresa of Austria 23. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1. Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies 24. Philip V of Spain (= 16) 12. Charles III of Spain (= 8) 25. Elisabeth of Parma (= 17) 6. Charles IV of Spain 26. Augustus III of Poland (= 18) 13. Maria Amalia of Saxony (= 9) 27. Maria Josepha of Austria (= 19) 3. Maria Isabella of Spain 28. Philip V of Spain (= 16) 14. Philip, Duke of Parma 29. Elisabeth of Parma (= 17) 7. Maria Luisa of Parma 30. Louis XV of France 15. Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France 31. Maria Leszczyńska

Issue

Name	Portrait	Lifespan	Notes
By Pedro II of Brazil (2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891; married by proxy in 30 May 1843)
Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil		23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847	Prince Imperial of Brazil from birth to his death in 1847.
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil		29 July 1846 – 14 November 1921	Princess Imperial of Brazil and Countess of Eu due to her marriage to Gaston d'Orléans. She had 3 sons from this marriage. She also acted as Regent of the Empire while her father was traveling abroad.
Princess Leopoldina of Brazil		13 July 1847 – 7 February 1871	Married Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary with 4 sons resulting from this marriage.
Pedro, Prince Imperial of Brazil		19 July 1848 – 9 January 1850	Prince Imperial of Brazil from birth to his death in 1850.

Endnotes

1. ^{^} Dona is a Portuguese and Brazilian honorific added to a name which is rendered in English as Dame or Lady, in Italian as Donna and in Spanish as Doña. Its male equivalent in Portuguese is Dom, in English Lord and in Spanish and Italian Don.

References

Antunes, Benedito (2009). Machado de Assis e a crítica internacional. São Paulo: UNESP. ISBN 9788571399778.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Avella, Aniello Angelo (6 September 2010). "Teresa Cristina Maria de Bourbon, uma imperatriz silenciada" (PDF). Associação Nacional de História. Retrieved 22 January 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804735107.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:En icon

Barman, Roderick J. (2005). Princesa Isabel: gênero e poder no século XIX. São Paulo: UNESP. ISBN 8571395985.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Behar, Eli (1980). Vultos do Brasil: biografias, história e geografia. São Paulo: Hemus. ISBN 8528900061.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Besouchet, Lídia (1993). Pedro II e o Século XIX (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. ISBN 85-209-0494-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. Vol. 5. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Cenni, Franco (2003). Italianos no Brasil (3 ed.). São Paulo: UNESP. ISBN 8531406714.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Kidder, D. P. (1857). Brazil and the Brazilians, portrayed in historical and descriptive sketches. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Childs & Peterson.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:En icon

Longo, James McMurtry (2008). Isabel Orleans-Bragança: The Brazilian Princess Who Freed the Slaves. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-3201-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:En icon

Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. Template:Pt icon

Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). Vol. 3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. Template:Pt icon

"Biblioteca Digital Mundial". Rio&Cultura: o Rio de Janeiro em suas mãos. Rio & Cultura. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2010.Template:Pt icon

Rodrigues, Ana Cristina Campos (10 November 2009). "Os Mapas do Imperador: a catalogação e identificação da Cartografia da Coleção Teresa Cristina Maria" (PDF). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Retrieved 12 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Sauer, Arthur (1889). Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial (Almanaque Laemmert). Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert & C.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As Barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (2 ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 85-7164-837-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

Vanni, Julio Cezar. Italianos no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Comunità, 2000 Template:Pt icon

Zerbini, Eugenia (2007). Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional. 2 (17). Rio de Janeiro: SABIN. ISSN 1808-4001. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Template:Pt icon

External links

• World Digital Library presentation of Teresa Cristina Maria, Imperatriz, Consorte de Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil or Teresa Cristina Maria, Empress and Consort of Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil. National Library of Brazil.