James Farmer

James L. Farmer, Jr.
Farmer in 1964
Born	James Leonard Farmer, Jr. (1920-01-12)January 12, 1920 Marshall, Texas
Died	July 9, 1999(1999-07-09) (aged 79) Fredericksburg, Virginia
Cause of death	Diabetes complications
Nationality	United States
Education	Wiley College
Occupation	Civil rights activist
Known for	Co-founder of C.O.R.E
Spouse	Lula Peterson (1945 - 1977)
Children	2 children
Parent(s)	James L. Farmer, Sr. (father), Pearl Houston (mother)

James Leonard Farmer, Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a civil rights activist and leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. He was the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride, which eventually led to the desegregration of inter-state transportation in the United States.

In 1942, Farmer and a group of students co-founded the Committee of Racial Equality, which later became the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), an organization that sought to bring an end to racial segregation in the United States through nonviolence. Farmer was the organization's first leader, serving as the national chairman from 1942 to 1944. He held the position as an honorary chairman in the Democratic Socialists of America. ilovealliehill<33(:

Early life

Farmer was born in Marshall, Texas, to James L. Farmer, Sr. and Pearl Houston. His father was a professor at Wiley College, a historically black college, and his mother was a homemaker.

Farmer was a child prodigy; at the age of 14, he enrolled at Wiley College, where he was the captain of the debate team. His part in its winning performance was portrayed by Denzel Whitaker in the 2007 film The Great Debaters, directed by and starring Denzel Washington.

During the 1950s, Farmer served as national secretary of the Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID), the youth branch of the socialist League for Industrial Democracy. SLID later became Students for a Democratic Society.

Freedom Rides

In 1961 Farmer, who was working for the NAACP, was reelected as the national director of CORE, at a time when the civil rights movement was gaining power. He immediately planned a repeat of CORE's 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, a trip of eight white and eight black men challenging segregation in transportation in the Upper South. This time, however, the group planned to journey through the Deep South. Farmer coined a new name for the trip: the Freedom Ride.

On May 4, the participants, this time including women as well as men [including white supporters], journeyed to the Deep South and challenged segregated bus terminals as well as seating on the vehicles. The riders were met with severe violence and garnered national media attention. Their efforts sparked a summer of similar rides by other Civil Rights leaders and thousands of ordinary citizens. Although the Freedom Rides were attacked by whites, they became recognized as an effective strategy, and the Congress of Racial Equality received nationwide attention. Farmer became a well-known civil rights leader. The Freedom Rides captured the imagination of the nation through photographs, newspaper accounts, and motion pictures. They inspired Erin Gruwell's teaching techniques and the Freedom Writers Foundation.

Later career

Growing disenchanted with emerging militancy and black nationalist sentiments in CORE, Farmer resigned as director in 1966. He took a teaching position at Lincoln University, a historically black college (HBCU), and continued to lecture. In 1968 Farmer ran for U.S. Congress as a Liberal Party candidate backed by the Republican Party, but lost to Shirley Chisholm. His defeat was not total; the newly elected President Richard Nixon offered him the position of Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now Health and Human Services).

Farmer retired from politics in 1971 but remained active, lecturing and serving on various boards and committees. In 1975 he co-founded Fund for an Open Society. Its vision is a nation in which people live in stably integrated communities, where political and civic power is shared by people of different races and ethnicities. He led this organization until 1999.

He published his autobiography Lay Bare the Heart in 1985. From 1984 through 1998, Farmer taught at Mary Washington College (now The University of Mary Washington) in Fredericksburg, Virginia. In 1998 President Bill Clinton awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Farmer died in 1999 in Fredericksburg, Virginia of complications from diabetes.

Publications

• Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. James Farmer, Penguin-Plume, 1986 ISBN 0-452-25803-0

Several issues of Fellowship magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1992 (Spring, Summer and Winter issues) contained discussions by Farmer and George Houser about the founding of CORE. A conference at Bluffton College in Bluffton, Ohio, on Oct. 22, 1992, "Erasing the Color Line in the North", explored CORE and the origins of the Civil Rights Movement. Both Houser and Farmer attended. Academics and the participants unanimously agreed that the founders of CORE were Jim Farmer, George Houser and Bernice Fisher. The conference has been preserved on videotape available from Bluffton College.

External links

• "Who is James Farmer?", University of Mary Washington
• Oral History Interviews with James Farmer, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
• Dr. James Farmer Jr. Civil Rights Documentary “The Good Fight” Fascinates And Educates, Movie Review from ShortFilmTexas.com
• University of Mary Washington James Farmer Oral History Project