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"Zooropa"
Song

"Zooropa" (Template:Pron-en, zoo-ROH-pə)[B] is a song by the rock band U2. It is the opening track from their 1993 album Zooropa. The song was the result of combining two pieces of music, the first of which was conceived in the studio, and the second of which was discovered by guitarist The Edge while listening to soundchecks the band had done while on tour. The lyrics were written by vocalist Bono, describing two characters in a brightly-lit city in a futuristic version of European society. Lyrics in the song were based on advertising slogans, and also featured the phrase "dream out loud", which has appeared in other U2 media. Several themes were touched in the song, including moral confusion and European society.

Promotional recordings of the song were released in the United States and Mexico, and the song appeared on two record charts shortly after its release in 1993. The song was briefly performed on the band's Zoo TV Tour, but it was later dropped from the set list, as it was too difficult for the band to perform live. The track received mostly positive reception from critics, who praised it as the album's opening track.

Background and recording

A city at night. Along the top are several tall buildings with colourful lights, and at the bottom is an approaching highway filled with heavy traffic.
The song is set in a brightly-lit city filled with advertisements, such as Tokyo.

During the Zoo TV Tour in 1992, U2 were trying to create a vision of an attractive future for Europe, as opposed to a negative, dystopian image that would be found in science fiction. With recent and ongoing events in Europe, such as the Revolutions of 1989, the enlargement of the European Union, and the Bosnian War, lead vocalist Bono created a surreal vision of a European location called "Zooropa".[1] This concept was first implemented into the fourth leg of the Zoo TV Tour, which was named "Zooropa",[2] and was later used as the name for the song and the album.[3] Bono has referred to Zooropa as being a concept album,[4] with a main theme of the exploration of interpellation within the European Union.[5] The place, "Zooropa", was also the setting for all the songs on the album.[6]

"['Zooropa'] was our attempt to create a world rather than just songs and it's a beautiful world. The opening was our new manifesto [... and] the audio equivalent of Blade Runner's visuals. If you closed your eyes you could see the neon, the giant LED screens advertising all manner of ephemera."

—Bono[7]

Bono and guitarist The Edge had been reading works by cyberpunk author William Gibson, who wrote about a futuristic urban environment known as "The Sprawl".[1] Gibson was an influence in the texture of the song, and Bono described his work as "fucked up sci-fi".[8] Bono wanted to use noise to create a visual setting for the song, similar to Gibson's futuristic world, filled with advertisements on LED displays and neon signs, as in the 1982 film Blade Runner.[7] With "Zooropa" as the album's opening song, Bono stated that he wanted the album's music to be like "legal drugs" that would create a trip where "you come out of the other end and you feel like you've been on some kind of a journey". The closing song on the album, "The Wanderer", features Johnny Cash on vocals, and was intended on being the "antidote" to the futuristic-sounding opener.[9]

The song was written during the album's sessions in Dublin, which took place from March to May 1993 between legs of the band's Zoo TV Tour.[10] "Zooropa" was first developed after The Edge listened to cassette recordings of the band's soundchecks from the Zoo TV Tour.[9] Along with the album's sound engineer Joe O'Herlihy, The Edge edited the best parts of the soundchecks together using Sound Tools to create a song arrangement, which served as a backing track.[1][7][11] The song's introduction was recorded separately from the remainder of the song. The band based the intro on a jam session in the studio, and producer Flood took parts of the jam and created an ambient mix.[1] The bass guitar during the intro was written and performed by drummer Larry Mullen, Jr., who came up with the piece during the recording sessions while The Edge was working on the album's guitar riffs.[12] The song pieces were then edited into a stereo mix, with the intro mixed in by Flood using a crossfade.[1] Synthesizer sounds were added by producer Brian Eno on a Yamaha DX7 keyboard, including a "squishy, mad-synth sound" that connected the different segments of the soundcheck. The Edge later added guitar tracks, as well as additional sounds to the song using an EMS Synthi A synthesizer.[7][11] At the last minute, the band had misgivings about the first segment of the soundcheck backing track. Having established an arrangement for the song, they performed it in the studio from start to finish; they used this replaying for the first part of the soundcheck backing track, while using portions of the new performance for the second segment.[1]

The band had originally intended on recording an EP during the sessions, but Zooropa eventually evolved into full-length album. "Zooropa" was one of five songs that were part of what would have become the band's EP, which also included "Babyface", "Numb", "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)", and "The Wanderer".[7] The original working title for the track was "Babble–Zooropa", as mentioned in a May 1993 issue of Hot Press, with the song composed of two parts—the two-minute introduction titled "Babble", and the remainder of the song titled "Zooropa".[8] A later working title was featured in a June 1993 issue of Billboard, which listed the song's title as "Zooropa I & II", also splitting the track into two parts.[13] When the album was released the following month, the track was simply titled "Zooropa".

Composition and themes

"Zooropa" begins with a two-minute-long introduction. As the song fades in, sustained chords are played, and a noisy collage of mainly indecipherable human voices from radio signals fades in at 0:19.[9][10][14] The voices from the background voices include a clip of George H. W. Bush saying "Peace talks", and are referenced in the album notes as "courtesy of the advertising world".[15] A quiet piano and bass guitar are heard above the voices, which get louder with each beat.[8] At 1:30, the volume of the voices raises suddenly and the bass part changes.[10] The introduction then begins to fade out fifteen seconds later, while a guitar riff played with a delay and wah-wah effect joins the mix. The riff is briefly played on its own before the bass guitar and drums join in at 2:03.[10] This is followed by background voices saying, "What do you want?" in both English and French ("Qu'est-ce que tv veux?"), and "De quoi as-tu peur?" (Template:Lang-en).[16][15] In response to the questions, the lyrics in the first three verses of the song consist of various advertising slogans.[1][17] At 3:45, following the first three verses, a break in the song's instrumentation occurs, except for guitar, and the song returns to a state similar to the introduction's end.[10] A rapid rhythmic synthesiser fades in and at 4:03, the drums and bass re-enter and the song assumes an increased tempo.[10] The theme of moral confusion and uncertainty becomes present in the remaining lyrics.

"There's this image of the 'overground'. It was a time when everyone was all indie and grey and dull—the 'underground'. The overground was like coming out into the bright light of a modern city. It's an amazing place to be, walking around these modern cities like Houston or Tokyo. And the idea was coming out into that, embracing it, going after it."

—Bono[1]

The song describes two characters in a setting with a dull and grey appeal, who emerge from blinking neon signs into a brightly-lit modern city.[1] The radio sound effects in the introduction were intended to create a mood and setting for the song. DJ Carter Alan noted that the sounds seemed to draw a connection from Achtung Baby, but Bono stated that it was not intentional and that he didn't want it to have "anything to do with the past".[9] Several advertising slogans were implemented word-for-word in the song's lyrics, including "Vorsprung durch Technik" (Template:Lang-en) (Audi),[18] "Be all that you can be" (United States Army),[19] "Fly the friendly skies" (United Airlines),[20] and "The appliance of science" (Zanussi).[21] Other lyrics in the first three verses feature references to product slogans or phrases, such as Colgate's "Ring of confidence"[22] ("We've got that ring of confidence"), Daz's "Bluey white"[23] ("A bluer kind of white"), and Fairy's "Mild green Fairy liquid"[24] ("We're mild and green and squeaky clean"), the latter of which The Edge claimed to be his favourite line of the song.[25]

Following the first three verses of advertising slogans, the song continues with the lyrics, "I have no compass, and I have no map" and "No reason to get back", referring to the uncertainty of the new direction of U2's music at the time.[4] The following verse begins with, "And I have no religion", which was included in the lyrics because Bono stated that he "believe[s] that religion is the enemy of God."[1] A review of the album in Melody Maker compared the lyric "Uncertainty can be a guiding light" towards the end of the song to the line "If you walk away, [...] I will follow" from U2's 1980 single "I Will Follow". The reviewer stated "The man (Bono) that once had so many answers now sounds simply confused."[26] The theme of moral confusion was first used in U2's song "Acrobat" from Achtung Baby.[8] The coda in "Zooropa" features the lyric "dream out loud", which Bono included as a reference to "Acrobat".[1] The phrase "dream out loud" was first used by Bono during the Lovetown Tour in 1989,[27] and has appeared several times in U2's work since then. The phrase was also used in the song "Always"[28] — a B-side to the "Beautiful Day" single released in 2000[29]  — and was spoken by Bono in the PopMart: Live from Mexico City video.[30]

Release and chart performance

A blue rectangle with a yellow circle of 12 stars in the middle.
The cover art to the "Zooropa" promo released in Mexico features the circle of stars from the Flag of Europe.

"Zooropa" was the opening track from the eponymous album, released on 5 July 1993 by Island Records on CD, cassette, LP, and DCC formats.[31] The song was not released as a single; however, promotional recordings of the song were distributed by Island Records in the United States and Mexico. The U.S. release was distributed on CD in a blank jewel case and featured an edited version of the song that removed the introduction.[31] The Mexico release was distributed on CD in a cardboard sleeve with the album version of the song, as well "Numb" as a second track, also from the Zooropa album.[32] The back of the sleeve featured the lyrics to "Zooropa", while the front of the sleeve featured artwork similar to that of the Zooropa album, except with the title centered and a solid black background. The artwork was designed by Works Associates of Dublin and featured a sketch of the circle of stars from the Flag of Europe with a "sad astronaut" figure in the middle.[33] The illustration, created by Shaughn McGrath,[10] was an alteration of the "graffiti babyface" by Charlie Whisker that was originally taken from the face of the Achtung Baby album artwork.[2] The cover's drawing was meant to represent the Soviet cosmonaut left floating in orbit for weeks after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[34]

Within several weeks following the album's release, "Zooropa" appeared on two Billboard charts based on its radio airplay in the United States. On 24 July 1993, it appeared on the Album Rock Tracks chart at number 26, and remained on the chart for ten weeks, eventually peaking at number eight.[35] "Zooropa" also appeared on the Modern Rock Tracks chart on 7 August 1993 at number 28, and peaked at number 13 during its eight weeks on the chart.[36] Three other songs from the album charted as well; however, "Zooropa" was the only non-single chart.[37]

Live appearances

A live concert at night. A large audience fills the venue and bright spotlights are pointed at the crowd in the centre.
"Zooropa" was played three times during U2's Zoo TV Tour in 1993.

During the Zoo TV Tour, clips of "Zooropa" were played during the beginning of the show. The clips included the lyric "What do you want?" repeated twice, which was displayed on video screens in various languages, and interspersed with a voice saying "It's very simple". This part of the opening segment was intended to create confusion among the audience regarding the show's message, and eventually lead to information overload.[38]

U2 performed "Zooropa" live at three concerts during the Zoo TV Tour. Along with "So Cruel", which was also performed three times during the tour, "Zooropa" was the least played song from a U2 album, among all the songs performed throughout the tour's duration.[39] Bono had originally discussed how the song would be played live during the album's recording sessions, and said that The Edge's guitar riffs may be extended in concert.[8] The song debuted live at a concert in Glasgow on 8 August 1993, and was performed in the middle of the concert, following "Numb". The live version of the song was much shorter than the album version, skipping the piano intro, as well as the first three verses, starting the song with the line "I have no compass, and I have no map". During the performance, Bono wore a blue military uniform, which was removed following the song. Bono spoke to the audience after the performance, stating how it was difficult to perform, and that playing it live was much different than writing it for the album. The song was played again at the following two concerts in London in the same place on the set list, but was still difficult for the band to perform instrumentally. According to the book U2 Live: A Concert Documentary, the debut performance of the song sounded "shaky" and needed more rehearsal, although its subsequent performances "sound[ed] better than in Glasgow".[40] Adam Clayton suggested performing the song as the show opener during the rehearsals for the final leg of the tour,[41] although it was never played, and was dropped from the tour's set lists following its second London performance.[42]

The song returned to U2's setlist on April 10, 2011 in São Paulo, Brazil as part of the U2 360° Tour. [43]

Reception

Critical response

David Sinclair of The Times and Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone both felt that "Zooropa" set the album's tone from the start, the latter of whom described Bono's singing and lyrics as a "Mephistophelean seducer".[16][44] Allmusic compared "Zooropa" to the anthems of U2's The Joshua Tree album,[45] and Entertainment Weekly's David Browne described the song as "'Where the Streets Have No Name' transported into the land of cyberpunk", comparing parts of the song to the techno and metallic music genres.[46] The Independent felt "Zooropa" was "a sprawling multi-sectioned piece that drifts from two minutes of gentle radio babble into a more familiar reverb-rock structure".[14] Jon Pareles from The New York Times said that the track was reminiscent of old U2 songs, but added new elements such as distorted vocals and repeating guitar squealing.[17] Daily Variety praised the title track over the rest of the songs on the album, stating how it was the only song that "explores the sort of melodic range usually associated with U2".[47]

Interpretations

"'Where the Streets Have No Name' is about the Kingdom of God. It is about eventual fulfillment and completion. It is about certainty, hope, and shalom. 'Zooropa,' on the other hand, offers no fulfillment, no certainty, no hope, no compass, no map, no religion. Zooropa is hell on earth."

–Robert Vagacs, author of Religious Nuts, Political Fanatics[15]

Robert Vagacs, author of the book Religious Nuts, Political Fanatics: U2 in the Theological Perspective, describes the song as the antimatter of "Where the Streets Have No Name", in both musical and thematic aspects. Vagacs discusses the location of Zooropa in detail throughout the book, and refers to Zooropa as a "wasteland" and a "dystopia", due to its lack of fulfillment and certainty. He also states how the Babylonian-like location uses its demigods to control its people through scientism, technicism, and economism.[15] The final track from Achtung Baby, "Love Is Blindness", is described as "an interpretive bridge into the land of Zooropa", which Vagacs explains is the setting for the album, as well as the setting for songs on U2's following album, Pop.[48] "Beautiful Day", the opening song from U2's 2000 album, All That You Can't Leave Behind, describes "a fresh start in Zooropa".[49]

The use of consumer slogans as song lyrics was also commented on by various sources. Critic Perry Gettelman interpreted them as meaning to "signify the emptiness of modern, godless life".[50] Kieran Keohane of York University stated that the slogans in "Zooropa" were to express an alienating form of interpellation,[5] while J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun referred to the slogans as a parody of the economic hype used to pass the Maastricht Treaty, through the promising of impossibilities, such as "Be a winner" and "Eat to get slimmer".[51] English professor Kurt Koenigsberger of Case Western Reserve University stated that the consumer advertisements constitute Zooropa as a "sardonically dystopic" location.[52] In the book Reading Rock and Roll, Robyn Brothers said that the song conveys a "sense of confusion in the wake of a technology speeding beyond our control", while referencing the lyrics "I hear voices, ridiculous voices / I'm in the slipstream".[53] Brothers also compared the song to "Acrobat", stating both songs reference a response to uncertainty and an unavoidable feeling of alienation.[54][55]

Legacy

Zooropa producer Flood claimed that "Zooropa" was one of his favourite songs on the album, along with "Daddy's Gonna Pay for Your Crashed Car", "The First Time", and "Numb".[11] Mullen felt that the song was "absolutely mesmerizing".[7] Following the release of "Zooropa", references to the song have appeared in professional writings and in other media. Thomas Diez of the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute made references to "Zooropa"'s lyrics in his review of Philip Thody's book, An Historical Introduction to the European Union.[56] Prior to the European leg of the Vertigo Tour in 2005, José Manuel Barroso, president of the European Commission, quoted the song's lyric "Don't worry baby, it's gonna be all right / Uncertainty can be a guiding light", after enlisting Bono in an effort to get governments in the European Union to give more money to developing countries.[57][58] Barroso also stated that the lyric inspired an article he wrote about the future of Europe.[59] Lyrics from the song also appeared in the reference book German English Words, under the book's listing for "Vorsprung durch Technik".[60]

Kurt Koenigsberger's book The Novel and the Menagerie mentioned "Zooropa" in a section discussing Salman Rushdie and his appearance on the Zoo TV Tour.[52] In 2008, the word "Zooropa" was used in an international finance textbook as the name of a fictional, generic city.[61] The book Religious Nuts, Political Fanatics lists "Zooropa" as one of 22 U2 songs for "recommended listening".[62] A 2009 review of U2's album No Line on the Horizon, MusicRadar described the song "Magnificent" as "'New Year's Day' meets 'Zooropa'".[63] In a 2010 poll by fan site @U2, approximately 12% out of 4,800 fans voted "Zooropa" as their favorite song from the album, which ranked in third following "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" and "Lemon".[64]

Track listing

U.S. promo (Island PRCD 6792-2)[31]
No.TitleLyricsMusicLength
1."Zooropa" (edit)BonoU24:42
Mexico promo (Island CD SN 199)[32]
No.TitleLyricsMusicLength
1."Zooropa"BonoU26:29
2."Numb"The EdgeU24:17

Charts

Chart (1993) Position
US Album Rock Tracks[65] 8
US Modern Rock Tracks[65] 13

Personnel

Notes

  1. ^
    Most pressings of the Zooropa album list the track time as 6:30, while releases such the Europe cassette, the Korea LP, and the song's Mexico promotional CD list the track as a second shorter (6:29).[32][66][67] The U.S. promotional CD features an edited version of the song, with a track time of 4:42.[31]
  2. ^
    Based on the pronunciations of "zoo"[68] and "Europa".[69]
  3. ^
    Larry Mullen, Jr.'s bass guitar performance was uncredited.[10][12]

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stokes 2005, pp. 111–112.
  2. ^ a b de la Parra 2003, pp. 160–161.
  3. ^ Moody 1997, p. 200.
  4. ^ a b Wenner, Jann (2 January 2006). "Bono: The Rolling Stone Interview Pt. 7: Zooropa – Achtung Baby" (MP3). Rolling Stone. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  5. ^ a b Keohane 1997, p. 293–294.
  6. ^ Urbanski 2003, p. 134.
  7. ^ a b c d e f U2 2006, pp. 247–248.
  8. ^ a b c d e Jackson, Joe (19 May 1993). "The Magical Mystery Tour" (subscription required). Hot Press. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  9. ^ a b c d Bono; The Edge (3 July 1993). (Interview). Interviewed by Carter Alan http://web.archive.org/web/20080531065602/http://www.wherethesitehasnoname.com/carter/cartint.asp. Archived from the original (Transcript) on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2009. {{cite interview}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 31 May 2008 suggested (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |subjectlink2= ignored (|subject-link2= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h (Media notes). {{cite AV media notes}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |PID= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c Flood 1993, p. 130.
  12. ^ a b Flanagan 1995, p. 230.
  13. ^ Rosen, Craig (19 June 1993). "PLG Flies Into Action With U2 Promo Plan". Billboard. 105 (25): 89. ISSN 0006-2510.
  14. ^ a b Gill, Andy (1 July 1993). "ROCK / Albums: Take the Cash and run: Andy Gill on the latest from U2: is it their most adventurous recording yet? Plus a single Sugarcube". The Independent. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d Vagacs 2005, pp. 50–51.
  16. ^ a b DeCurtis, Anthony (3 August 1993). "Zooropa: U2: Review". Rolling Stone (662). Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  17. ^ a b Pareles, Jon (4 July 1993). "RECORDINGS VIEW; A Raucous U2 Moves Farther Out on a Limb". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  18. ^ "Audi Glossary: Vorsprung durch Technik". Audi of America. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
  19. ^ Chambers, Mary Kate (9 October 2006). "Army recruiting messages help keep Army rolling along". Army News Service. United States Army. Retrieved 20 April 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "The Jet Age and Corporate Expansion: Timeline 6, 1959-1969". United Airlines. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  21. ^ Moyes, Jojo (13 April 2000). "Probably the greatest slogans in the world..." The Independent. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  22. ^ Smith & Taylor 2004, p. 94.
  23. ^ Harrison, Steve (8 June 2000). "Marketing Mix: Brand Manager of the Week". Marketing. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  24. ^ Thomas, Pat (26 May 2010). "Behind the label: Fairy Liquid". Ecologist. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  25. ^ "The Edge of the Zoo". Propaganda (18). Dublin: U2 Information Service. 1 November 1993. ISSN 0964-9859. OCLC 173329733.
  26. ^ Brothers 1999, pp. 256–257.
  27. ^ de la Parra 2003, p. 136.
  28. ^ "Lyrics: Always". U2.com. Live Nation. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  29. ^ "Beautiful Day". U2.com. Live Nation. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  30. ^ Mallet, David (director) (1998). PopMart: Live from Mexico City (Concert film). Island Records.
  31. ^ a b c d (Media notes). {{cite AV media notes}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Location= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |PID= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Type= ignored (|type= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b c (Media notes). {{cite AV media notes}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Location= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |PID= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Type= ignored (|type= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Kootnikoff 2010, p. 84.
  34. ^ Flanagan 1995, p. 265.
  35. ^ "Album Rock Tracks". Billboard. 106 (30–39). ISSN 0006-2510.
  36. ^ "Modern Rock Tracks". Billboard. 106 (32–39). ISSN 0006-2510.
  37. ^ "Zooropa (1993)". Billboard.com. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  38. ^ Brothers 1999, p. 247.
  39. ^ Mühlbradt, Matthias. "ZOO TV Tour". U2gigs.com. Retrieved 22 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ de la Parra 2003, pp. 168–169.
  41. ^ Flanagan 2005, pp. 374–376.
  42. ^ Mühlbradt, Matthias. "Zooropa". U2gigs.com. Retrieved 28 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ http://www.u2gigs.com/show1710.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ^ Sinclair, David (2 July 1993). "U2 boldly go where Euroman has been". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460.
  45. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Zooropa". Allmusic. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  46. ^ Browne, David (9 July 1993). "Music Review: Zooropa (1993)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  47. ^ Armoudian, Maria (3 July 1993). "Album Spotlight; U2's 'Zooropa' A Departure". Daily Variety: 8. ISSN 0011-5509.
  48. ^ Vagacs 2005, pp. 48, 52–58.
  49. ^ Vagacs 2005, p. 60–62.
  50. ^ Gettelman, Parry (23 July 1993). "U2, Zooropa". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  51. ^ Considine, J. D. (4 July 1993). "'ZOOROPA' Latest U2 album isn't 'bigger' and maybe that's better". The Baltimore Sun. p. 2. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  52. ^ a b Koenigsberger 2007, pp. 186–189.
  53. ^ Brothers 1999, p. 248.
  54. ^ Brothers 1999, p. 251.
  55. ^ Brothers 1999, p. 257.
  56. ^ Diez, Thomas (January 1999). "The Compass(es) of European Integration". H-Net Reviews. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  57. ^ Bounds, Andrew (May–June 2008). "Miracle or mirage?" (subscription required). E!Sharp. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  58. ^ Lynskey, Dorian (11 June 2005). "U2, King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  59. ^ "Geldof expects 'glorious failure'". BBC News. 9 June 2005. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  60. ^ Knapp 2005, p. 111.
  61. ^ Bekaert & Hodrick 2008, pp. 374–375.
  62. ^ Vagacs 2005, pp. 83–85.
  63. ^ Laing, Rob (19 February 2009). "U2 - No Line on the Horizon". MusicRadar. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  64. ^ "U2 Fan Survey 2010: F9. What's your favorite song from ZOOROPA?". @U2. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  65. ^ a b "U2: Charts & Awards: Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  66. ^ (Media notes). {{cite AV media notes}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Format= ignored (|format= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Location= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |PID= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Type= ignored (|type= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  67. ^ (Media notes). {{cite AV media notes}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Format= ignored (|format= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Location= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |PID= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Type= ignored (|type= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ "Zoo". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
  69. ^ "Europa". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
Bibliography

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