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Mallar/Devendra Kula Vellalar
File:Tyagi Immanuvel Devendrar-5.JPG File:MaaveeranSundaralingaDevendrar8.jpg File:Pavanar.jpgFile:Chiyaan Vikram.jpg
Immanuvel Devendrar, Thalapathi Sundaralinga Devendrar, Devaneya Pavanar, Vikram
Total population
1.5 crore
Regions with significant populations
Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka
Languages
Tamil
Religion
Atheism, Hinduism, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Tamil people

Pallar(Tamil:பள்ளர்) or Mallar(Tamil: மள்ளர்) is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. They are mostly agriculturalists in Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka and amongst the Tamil diaspora.[1] They are also known as 'Devendra Kula Vellalar'. Pallars also suffix the title 'Kudumban' after their names.

Pallars are also known by the names kaladi, mannadi, moopan, pannadi, devendra kulathan in Tamil Nadu. Due to the poverty of this caste they are included in Scheduled Caste by the Government. They are present largely in the southern parts of Tamil Nadu. Pallars are denoted by the names Pallan, Devendra Kulathan, Kudumban, Kaaladi, Kadaiyan, Kootan, Pannadi in the Scheduled Caste.[2]

R. Deva Asirvatham(former Deputy collector) did an extensive research on Pallars and published his book Moovendar Yaar in 1977. This was the first book which stated that Pallars are the Mallars mentioned in the ancient Tamil literature and are the descendants of the famous Tamil Kings Chera, Chola, and Pandya. Later R. Deva Asirvatham expanded his book Moovendar Yaar and wrote four books Vellalar Yaar, Pallar Alla Mallar Aam Mannar, Moovendar Marabinaraana Devendrar Veelchi, Moovendar Marabinarana Devendrar Thaal Nilai Eithal based on the Tamil Literature, stone inscriptions, and research books written by several other researchers.

Research on the pallars is being continued by Dr.Gurusamy Siddhar (founder and leader, Tamilar Panbadu Samuga Aaivu Mandram). He wrote his book Tamil Ilakiyathil Pallar(Mallar) Devendra Kula Vellalar Adipdai Sandrugal in 1993. In this book he gives references about mallar from Tamil Literature.

Origin

Devendran

See also: sangam landscape

Devendra Kula Vellalar is an ancient group of people belonging to the Marutam land. They claim themselves to be the descendants of Devendran(the god of Marutam land). They also claim to be the first cultivators of rice in Tamilnadu. So they call themselves as 'Devendra Kula Vellalar'.[3][4]

A copper plate inscription from Palani about Devendra kula vellalar[5]:

ஈஷ்வரன் மகிழ்ந்து இணைமுடி தரிக்க அமரர்கள் மகிழ்ந்து இணைமுடி தரிக்க அமரர்கள் மகிழ்ந்து அதிசயத் திவாகும் விமரிசையாக விருது கொடுக்க மாலயன் ருத்திரன் மகேஷ்பரன் மகிழ்ந்து பொன்முடி யதனில் பூசன மணிய வாடாத மாலை மார்பினி லிலங்க வெட்டுப் பாவாடைகள் வீணைகள் முழங்க செந்நெல் சேறாடி சிறப்புடன் சூழ வெள்ளைக் குடையும் வெங்களிறுடனே டாலுடம்மான சத்தம் அதறிட மத்தாளம் கைத்தாமம் மகெஷ்பரத் துடனெ எல்லா விருதும் இயல்புடன் கொண்டு தெய்வ சபையை தெரிசனம் செய்து பதினெட் டாயுதம் பாங்குட னெடுத்து புரவியிலேறி பூலோக மதனில் சென்னலா யெங்கும் சிற்ப்பிக்கும் போது விசுவ கண்ணாளர் மேழியும் கொடுக்க மூவராசாக்கள் முடிமணம் சூட்ட செந்நெல்லை படைத்தோர் குகவேலருளால் 'குடும்பன்' தழைக்க சிவனரளாலே திருநீறணிந்து யெல்லா வுலகும் யிறவியுள் ளளவும் தெள்ளிமை யாத செந்நெலை படைத்தோர் சேத்துக்கால்ச் செல்வரான செந் நெல் முடி காவரலான முத்தளக்கும் கையாதிபரான பாண்டியன் பண்டான பாறதகதபரான அளவு கையிட்டவரான மூன்று கைக்குடையாதிபரான பஞ்ச கலசம் பாங்குடன் வயித்து அஞ்சலித் தேவர்கும் அன்னம் படைத்தவரான மண்ணை வெட்டிக் கொண்டு மலை தகத்தவரான கடல் கலங்கினும் மனங் கலங்காத வல்லபரான மாடக் குளத்தில் வந்துதித்தவறான பரமசிவனுக்கு பாத பணிவிடை செய்கின்றவரான தெய்வலோகத்தில் 'தெய்வேந்திரன் பிள்ளைகளாகிய' பழனித் தலத்தில் காணியாளனாகிய 'கொங்குப் பள்ளரில் பழனிப் பண்ணாடி'.

— – பழனிப் பட்டயம், வரி 195 – 217.

A copper plate inscription from Kamakshi amman temple about Devendra kula vellalar[6]:

"'தேவேந்திரப் பள்ளரில்' வெள்ளானன வேந்தன், மிக விருது பெற்றவன் சேத்துக்கால் சென்னன், சென்னல் முடி காவலன், தேவேந்திர வரபுத்திரன், மண்வெட்டி கொண்டு மலையைக் கடைந்த கண்ணன், வெள்ளானனக் கொடி படைத்தவன், வெள்ளைக்குடை, முத்துக்குடை, பவளக்குடை, பஞ்சவர்ணக்குடை, முகில் கொடி, புலிக்கொடி, அலகுக்கொடி படைத்தவன், தெய்வப் பொன்முடி தேவேந்திரனுக்குக் கொடுத்து இருகால் சிலம்பு வெகு விருது பெற்றவன் குருணிகுர 'தேவேந்திர பள்ளர்'"

— -காமாட்சியம்மன் கோயில் செப்புப்பட்டயம்

A copper plate inscription from Nallur about Devendra kula vellalar[7]:

"தேவேந்திர பள்ளன் வெள்ளை பூச்சக்கரக் குடை வெள்ளையானை படைத்தவர்"

— -நல்லூர் செப்புப்பட்டயம்

A copper plate inscription from Sivagangai about Devendra kula vellalar[8]:

"வெள்ளாண்மை யுலகில் வியனப்பேற் விளைய வள்ளல் தெய்வேந்திரன் வரிசையா யனுப்ப வெள்ளானை மீதில் விரைவகை முளுதுயர் தெள்ளிய புகழ் சேர் சேறாடிக் குடையும் செகத்தில்க் கொணர்ந்த தேவேந்திரக் குடும்பர் சேத்துக்கால் செல்வரான குடும்பர்களும்"

— -சிவகங்கை குடும்பர்கள் செப்பேடு

Genetics

According to Sengupta et al., 2006 study Pallar's have Y-chromosome-Haplogroups that show a curious mix of South Asian haplogroups. Their biggest lineage is R1a1 which forms 24% of their male population. This Y-chromosome lineage predominates North-West of the Indian subcontinent. They also have L1 and L3 where L1 is one of the most common Haplogroup in South India with an appreciable presence in North India and Pakistan, L3 is mostly observed among Pakistanis and almost absent among South Indians. Other pan-Indian Haplogroups like H, R2 and J2 are observed at frequencies greater than 10%.[9]

Mallar

Mallar and Mallathi

Mallar is a name which denotes the people of the Marutam land. The word Mallar is present in all Tamil literature from ancient times. The name Mallar denotes a group of people who are 'Warriors' and 'Farmers'.[10][11] This can be proven by the following examples.

An example from Thivagara Nigandu(9th century Tamil dictionary) giving meaning for the word Mallar as 'Warriors' and 'Farmers':

"அருந்திறல் வீரர்க்கும் பெருந்திறலுழவர்க்கும்
வருந்தகைத்தாகும் 'மள்ளர்' எனும் பெயர்"

— -திவாகர நிகண்டு

An example from pingala nigandu(dictionary) giving meaning for Mallar as 'Warriors' and Marutam land(Agriculture land) people:

"செருமலை வீரரும் திண்ணியோரும்
மருதநில மக்களும் 'மள்ளர்' என்ப"

— -பிங்கல நிகண்டு

Mallar is a caste

The word Mallar not only refers to warriors and farmers. It also refers to a caste.[12] Particularly the word Mallar refers to a caste belonging to Marutam land. This can be proved by the following examples.

“குன்றுடைக் குலமள்ளர்”

— - கம்பராமாயணம்.

நெடும் படை வாள் நாஞ்சில் உழு நிணச் சேற்றின்
உதிர நீர் நிறைந்த காப்பின்
கடும் பகடு படி கிடந்த கரும் பரப்பின்
இன மள்ளர் பரந்த கையில்
கடு ங்கமல மலர் நாறும் முடிபரந்த
பெருங்கிடக்கைப் பரந்த பண்ணை
தடம் பணையின் நறும் பழனம் தழுவியதே
எனப் பொலியும் தகையும் காண்மின்

— - கம்பராமாயணம்.வானரர் களம் – காண் படலம், செய்யுள் 25.

Marutam land

Main article: sangam landscape
Paddy fields in present day Tamil Nadu

Marutam is one of the five lands of ancient 'Tamil country'. It is a fertile land suitable for 'Agriculture'. It was present near the 'River's'. Like all the civilization's around the world which were present near the river's, the Marutam land gave birth to the 'Tamil Civilization'. Mallar's were the people who lived in the 'Marutam land'. Their 'God' was 'Vendan' or 'Indran'. They were 'Farmers' and 'Warrior's'.[12]

மருதம் - தலைவி கூற்று
மள்ளர் குழீஇய விழவி னானும்
மகளிர் தழீஇய துணங்கை யானும்
யாண்டுங் காணேன் மாண்தக் கோனை
யானுமோர் ஆடுகள மகளே என்கைக்
கோடீ ரிலங்குவளை நெகிழ்த்த
பீடுகெழு குரிசிலுமோர் ஆடுகள மகனே

— -ஆதிமந்தியார்(குறுந்தொகை).

History

Part of a series on
History of Tamil Nadu
Main
Sangam period
Medieval history
Categories

Tamil civilization

Tamil civilization developed on the banks of the rivers like Kaveri, Vaigai, Palar, Bhavani, Amaravathy, Thamirabarani. Agriculture was the backbone of the society. After the invention of agriculture, people settled near the rivers and became agriculturists. This change made them to form a society and develop their culture. They formed a leader for their society and the leader was called as vendan. The land which is near to river is called as Marutam land in Tamil Language. Ancient Tamil Nadu consisted of five lands namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutam, Neithal, Paalai. These lands were divided on the basis of their geographical locations.[13] Each land had its own god and people. The Marutam land people were mallar. Mallars were the farmers and their leader 'vendan' was selected from the mallars. Their leader 'vendan' later became god for their land(Marutam land).[14][15][16][17]

"மாயோன் (திருமால்) மேய காடுறை (முல்லை) உலகமும்
சேயோன் (முருகன்) மேய மைவரை (குறிஞ்சி) உலகமும்
வேந்தன் (தேவேந்திரர்) மேய தீம்புனல் (மருதம்) உலகமும்
வருணன் மேய பெருமணல் (நெய்தல்) உலகமும்"

— -தொல்காப்பியம்.

Three dynasties

See also: Chera, Chola, and Pandyan

Due to the increase in the population of the Marutam land. The people distributed to many places and formed their own dynasties. The people who lived around the Vaigai and Thamirabarani river were known as pandians.The people who lived around the kaveri river were known as cholas.The people who lived in present day kerala and west parts of Tamil Nadu were known as cheras. These three dynasties fought with each other for superiority.[18]

Fall of the dynasties

See also: Vijayanagar empire

The three dynasties were continuously fighting with each other.After the fall of the chola empire, the pandyan empire controlled most of Tamil Nadu.The pandyan empire began to crumble due to clan fights.It also had invasion from the sultans.During 14th Century Pandian empire began to decline because of frequent attacks by Muslim Kings. Muslim Kings raided cities, killed hundreds of thousands of citizens and took huge amount (tonnes and tonnes) of gold and Jewellery to Delhi. It is to be noted there were about 20,000 Muslim soldiers in the Pandian army. But these soldiers betrayed the Pandian Kings and joined the Muslim army when Muslim army attacked Pandian Kingdom. During the end of 14th Century Vijayanagar army chiefs came to Madurai and defeated the Pandian kingdom and established their rule in Madurai. Gradually Vijayanagar army and citizens moved to Chola and Pandian Kingdoms all over the Tamil nadu and removed the privileges of the Tamil elite – Removal of land ownership from Tamils (Mallar – Devendrakulathar, Original Vellala).[19] The Vijayanagar empire controlled most of Tamil Nadu.

Vijayanagar and Nayak rule

See also: Nayaks of Madurai, Nayaks of Thanjavur, and Poligars

After the fall of the Pandyan empire the vijayanagar empire ruled Tamil Nadu. They divided Tamil Nadu into many territories.They also formed a part of the Poligars ruling class. The main territories like Madurai and Thanjavur were ruled by Nayaks. Other Poligars were selected from Tamil Nadu especially those who were against the Mallars and those who were loyal to the Vijayanagar empire. The Vijayanagar Empire took the agricultural lands from the Mallars and forcibly transferred the ownership of land and title to Telugu Nayaks, Telugu Brahmins and others who supported the Nayak's rule and made the Mallars agricultural labourers on the lands to which they were owners once. At this point of time the name 'Mallars' was changed to 'Pallars'. Many 'Pallu' poems were written to popularize the name Pallar. These 'Pallu' poems also discriminated against the Mallars. New rules were passed to the general citizens not to have any communication with the Pandian and Chola clans. Rules were passed to prevent social contacts and intercaste marriages between the 18 worker communities that supported the Tamil society and Tamil Kings.[20]

Pallu poems

Pallu poems are part of 'chitrilakiyangal' in Tamil literature. Pallu poems were also known as 'Aesal'. They were written during the Nayak rule. The first pallu poem was 'mukkoodar pallu'. Many pallu poems were written which include vaiyapuri pallu, sengottu pallu, thandigai kanagaraayan pallu. All the Pallu poems consist of a Pallan who has got two wives. It also explains about the farming and the life of a farmer (pallar).[21][22] During the period of the pallu poems, the pallars were very poor.

Caste attacks on Devendra kula vellalar's

In Tamilnadu Devendra kula vellalars were victims of caste attacks. One horrifying incident that shock the country was the 1967 Kizhavenmani massacre.[23] In which 44 Devendra kula vellalars were burnt alive. The caste violation against Devendrar's continued in many places in Tamilnadu. Then Devendrar's started to attack their attacker's and this led to the communal clashes in Tamilnadu. The infamous Kodiyankulam incident in 31 August 1995 were again Devendrar's became victims of caste violation.[24] One particular incident where the Tamilnadu police killed 17 Devendra kula vellalar people in 23 July 1999 in Tamiraparani rally. Many innocent people lost their life in all the caste clashes that took place in Tamilnadu.

Tamil literature referring to Mallar's

See also: Tamil literature and Sangam literature

Mallars are mentioned in Tamil literature from the ancient Sangam Literature to the recent 19th century poems, including Purananuru, Kamba Ramayanam, Thirumurukkatruppatai, Silapathigaram, Agananuru, Pathirtrupattu, Kurunthogai, Aingurunooru, Kalithogai, Natrinai, and Paripaadal.

The Mallar(Farmer) are praised in the Tamil poem Thirukural as follows:

"சுழன்றும்ஏர்ப் பின்னது உலகம்: அதனால்
உழந்தும் உழவே தலை."

"உழுவார் உலகத்தார்க்கு ஆணிஅஃது ஆற்றாது
எழுவாரை எல்லாம் பொறுத்து."

"உழுதுண்டு வாழ்வாரே வாழ்வார்மற் றெல்லாம்
தொழுதுண்டு பின்செல் பவர்."

— -திருக்குறள்

The name Pallar is mentioned only in pallu poems and later poems.Both the names Pallar and Mallar denotes the same people.This can be proved by the following example.[25]

An example from mukoodar pallu:

"மள்ளர் குலத்தில் வரினும் இரு பள்ளியர்க்கோர்
பள்ளக் கணவன்"

— -முக்கூடற்பள்ளு(பாடல்-13)

The Tamil poems which say that both the names Pallar and Mallar denote the same people are Mukoodar pallu, Vaiyapuri pallu, Sengottu pallu, Peerur Puranam and Thandigai Kanagaraayan pallu.

The following are some examples from Tamil Literature about Mallars:

"மள்ளர் அன்ன தடங் கோட்டு எருமை
மகளிர் அன்ன துனணயொடுவதியும்
நிழல் முதிர் இலஞ்சிப் பழனத்ததுவே
கழனித் தாமரை மலரும்
கவின் பெறு சுடர் நுதல் தந்தை ஊரே"

— -ஐங்குறுநூறு(பாடல்-94)

"பொருநறும் இளையன் கொண்டியும் பெரிது என
எள்ளி வந்த வம்ப மள்ளர்"

— -(புறம் 78-6-7)

"அட்ட மள்ளர் ஆர்ப்பு இசை வெரூஉம்"

— -குறுந்தொகை(34-5)

"கொண்டி மள்ளர் கொல் களிறு பெறுக"

— -பதிற்றுபத்து(4324)

"ஆயிரம் விரித்த கைம்மாய மள்ள"

— -பரிபாடல்(3-41)

"செருவில் ஒருவ! பொருவிறல் மள்ள"

— -திருமுருகாற்றுபடை(262)

List of scholars postulating Pallars were Mallars

  • M.Srinivasa Iyangar says:

'There was no such caste as pallan but instead we find in early Tamil Literature Mallar and Kadaignar,the later appearing as a sub-division of pallar caste. They are chiefly found in the Pandya country and correspond to the traditional occupation to the palli or Vanniyar caste of Tondaimandalam. These people are agricultural labourers and soldiers'.[26] 'The Pallar correctly Mallar formed the Pandian army'[27]

  • Dr G.oppert says:

'The indigenous title of the south india Chera, Chola, Pandya kings was Perumal. Mallan was the name of a Perumal who built Mallur in Polanadu. Mallan is also called a rural deity which is set up on the borders or ridges of the rice field'. 'The word Tirumal-Perumal are also derived from Mala, Malla. Both terms were originally the titles given by the Mallas to their great chiefs and kings. Each Perumal was elected to rule for 12 years. The term sacred Mala or the great Mala being once connected with the deity lost its original meaning which was incourse of time entirely forgotten. This circumstance explains their peculiar derivation so often found in Tamil dictionaries and strange attempts of grammarians to explain their startling formation. The name perumal the great Mala is still a royal title in Malabar'[30]

  • Pandit savarirai.[32]
  • Dr K.R.Hanumanthan says:

'The Pallas are also denoted by the title Kadaignar. The ancient heroic tribe called Mallar described in the Sangam classics were probably the ancestors of Pallas'[33]

  • A.V.Subramaniya Iyer.[34]
  • Thiru R.Deva Asirvatham.[35]
  • Dr.Gurusamy Siddhar M.E.,Ph.D(USA).,Prof.(GCT, Kovai)
  • Dr.R.Nagaswamy (Director of Archaeology (Retired))[38]
  • R.P.Karunananthan (Stone Inscription Researcher,Department of Archaeology)[39]
  • Mr. Nadana Kasinathan (Director of Archaeology,Tamilnadu government)[40]
  • Mr M.Manivel (Tamil Professor,Madurai Kamaraj University)[41]
  • Mr A.Pichai (Professor Tamil Department,Gandhi Gramiya University,Dindukal)[42]
  • Dr.D.Gnanasekaran (Associate Professor,Department of Tamil,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore)[43]
  • Dr.Gurunathan (Professor of Tamil, Pachaiyappa College, Chennai)[44]

The following books are written about Mallars.

Brave sports in ancient Tamilnadu containing the name Mallar

Mallar Kambam
  • Malladal: This sport was a fighting contest between the Mallars.[45]
  • Mallar Kambam: This sport is still played in India. This sport consists of a pillar(made of wood) standing in the ground,in which the contestant does some gymnastics. This sport was once used by the Mallars to strengthen their body[46]

List of Devendra kula vellalar sub divisions

[12]

  • Anjgna pallar
  • Aniya pallar
  • Amma pallar
  • Ayya pallar
  • Arasa pallar
  • Aatha pallar
  • Aatru kaalatiyar
  • Indira saathi,Indirar
  • Uzhathiyar,Uzhavar
  • Voorar
  • Kadaisiyar
  • Kadaignar
  • Kadaiyar,Kadaiyar
  • Kambalar
  • Kalamar,Kalathu pallar
  • Kaalaadi
  • Kizhavan,Kizhathi
  • Kizhaar,Kizhaan
  • Kudiyaanavan
  • Kudumbanar,Kudumban
  • Koothar,Koothadi,Koothanar,Koothan
  • Konga pallar
  • Kolia Pallar
  • Chera pallar
  • Chozhiyan,Chozhiya pallar
  • thirumaal(Mallar with lot of money)
  • Devendra Kulathar
  • Devendra Kula Vellalar
  • Devendra pallar
  • Devendra Vellalar
  • Devendrar
  • Deva pallar
  • Thondaimaan
  • Neerkatti
  • Pattakaarar
  • Panikan
  • Pannadi
  • Palagan
  • Pallathi,Pallar
  • Pandiya pallan,Pandiyar
  • Purantharan kulathar
  • Perumaal
  • Mazhilnan
  • Mannadi
  • Mambattikaaran
  • Mallar,Mallanar
  • Malladi
  • Mallandai
  • Mallathiyar
  • Maal
  • Mummudi pallar
  • Moopan,Moopanaar
  • Vaaikaaran(Vayarkaaran)
  • Vathiriyar
  • Vellalar
  • Velaar
  • Velaalar
  • Eaasa naattu pallar
  • Aezhu naattu pallar
  • kali naattu pallar
  • Kaanaattu pallar
  • kula maankalya naattu pallar
  • Kongu naattu pallar
  • Kodai valanaattu pallar
  • Koonaattu pallar
  • Sikka valanaattu pallar
  • Seevanthi valanaattu pallar
  • Seluva naattu pallar
  • Chera naattu pallar
  • Chola naattu pallar
  • Then siruvaasal naattu pallar
  • Thondai naattu pallar
  • Paruthikottai naattu pallar
  • Pandiya naattu pallar
  • Vada siruvaasal naattu pallar
  • Veera valanaattu pallar (Veera naattar)

Ongoing struggle for name change

The people of this caste does not want themselves to be called by the name Pallar. Because the name Pallar which is used to denote these people nowadays was introduced in the 17th century by the nayak kings to discriminate them. Before that they were called by the name Mallar. The people of this caste want their name to be called as Devendra Kula Vellalar. In order to make the Government change their name from Pallar to Devendra Kula Vellalar, the people of this caste are undertaking many peaceful struggles in Tamilnadu like hunger strike,peaceful rally,etc. On January 27 2011 Tamilnadu government has appointed a one man commission to change their name as 'Devendra kula vellalar'.[47] The people of this caste are also demanding the Tamilnadu government to change the name Adi Dravidar(which is used to denote the people of Scheduled caste in Tamilnadu) to Pattiyal sathigal(which is the Tamil Translation for the English word Scheduled caste). Because Adi Dravidar is the name of a caste which is present in the Scheduled caste list. In the list many other caste are also present including Pallar caste.

In Sri lanka and abroad

In Sri Lanka, Pallar's are currently found in Jaffna and eastern Batticalo region and were primarily agricultural workers. But there is evidence that some have assimilated with the dominant Vellala caste over the last 100 years. They have played an important role in the formation of many Tamil nationalistic militant groups. Today amongst the Tamil diaspora across the world Pallars are found as part of the greater Tamil community and caste distinctions are minimal.[48] In Sri Lanka, Pallar have formed an important component in rebel groups after the civil war.

Notable People

Social reformers

Freedom fighters

Politicians

Performers

Scholars

See also

References

  1. ^ Edgar Thurston, The Tribes and Castes of Southern India (7 vols)
  2. ^ http://socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/scordertamilnadu.pdf
  3. ^ 'Mannar Uruvana 'Mallar' Varalaru'
  4. ^ http://www.tamilagaarasiyal.com/ActionPages/Content.aspx?bid=844&rid=45
  5. ^ 'Palani copper plate inscription,Mallar malar,october 1998,page 8'
  6. ^ 'Kamakshi Amman temple copper plate inscription,Mallar malar,February 2001,Page 8'
  7. ^ 'Nallur copper plate inscription,Mallar malar,may 2001,page 7'
  8. ^ 'Sivagangai Kudumbargal copper plate inscription,line 96-99,Mallar malar,may 2001,page 22'
  9. ^ Mitochondrial unity of India’s castes
  10. ^ 'Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar (Not Pallas but Mallas, Yes Kings)' by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham
  11. ^ 'Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar ( Adipadai Saandrugal). (Tamil Literature portraying Pallar alias Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Basic Facts))' by Thiru Gurusamy siddhar
  12. ^ a b c Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar ( Adipadai Saandrugal). (Tamil Literature portraying Pallar alias Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Basic Facts)) by Thiru Gurusamy siddhar
  13. ^ Mannar Uruvana 'Mallar' Varalaru
  14. ^ Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils
  15. ^ 'Dalits in Dravidian land: Frontline reports on Anti-Dalit violence in Tamil' by S. Viswanathan (Journalist)
  16. ^ 'Caste system: myths, reality, challenge' by Sachchidanand Sinha
  17. ^ Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India
  18. ^ Moovendar Yar (Who are the Three Kings) by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham
  19. ^ 'Moovendar Marabinaraana Devendrar Veelchi' by Thiru R.Deva Asirvatham
  20. ^ 'Moovendar Marabinarana Devendrar Thaal Nilai Eythal' by Thiru R.Deva Asirvatham
  21. ^ 'Pallu ilakiyam maruvasippu' by Thiru Gnanasekran
  22. ^ http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p103/p1033/html/p103325.htm
  23. ^ http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127001608400.htm
  24. ^ http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1626/16260410.htm
  25. ^ Thiru Gurusamy Siddhar. Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar (Adipadai Saandrugal). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Tamil Studies,page 71 By M.Srinivasa Iyangar
  27. ^ Tamil Studies,page 107 By M.Srinivasa Iyangar
  28. ^ Dr.Winslow Dictionary,PP.745
  29. ^ Travancore State Manual,1940 By T.K.Velupillai
  30. ^ Dravidans,The Original Inhabitants of India,Page.30 By Dr G.Oppert
  31. ^ Senthamizh Selvi 1975 April Release
  32. ^ N.C.Kanthaiyapillai,Tamilar Sarithiram,Page 206
  33. ^ Untouchability,A Historical Study,PP.100 By Dr K.R.Hanumanthan
  34. ^ Tamil Studies,Part 2,PP.67 By A.V.Subramaniya Iyer
  35. ^ Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar (Not Pallas but Mallas, Yes Kings) by Thiru.R.Deva Asirvatham
  36. ^ Thembhavani,Naatupadalam,cheyul 32
  37. ^ Mannar Uruvana 'Mallar' Varalaru
  38. ^ 'Article by Dr.R.Nagaswamy on Meendelum Mallar varalaru'
  39. ^ 'Article by R.P.Karunananthan on Meendelum Mallar varalaru'
  40. ^ 'Article by Mr. Nadana Kasinathan on Meendelum Mallar varalaru'
  41. ^ 'Article by Mr M.Manivel on Meendelum Mallar varalaru'
  42. ^ 'Article by Mr A.Pichai on Meendelum Mallar varalaru'
  43. ^ 'Mallar samuga varalaru' by Dr.D.Gnanasekaran
  44. ^ 'Article by Dr.Gurunathan oon Meendelum Mallar varalaru'
  45. ^ 'Tamilar veeram' by R.P.Sethupillai
  46. ^ [1]
  47. ^ http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-133641.html
  48. ^ Caste, the last frontier by Prof. S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole
  49. ^ http://www.pallar.org/pallar/artist.htm

Notes

  1. Moovendar Yar (Who are the Three Kings)
  2. Pallar alla Mallar aam Mannar (Not Pallas but Mallas, Yes Kings)
  3. Tamil Elakiyathil Pallar yendra Mallar, Devendrakula Vellalar ( Adipadai Saandrugal).
  4. India’s Religious Pluralism by Barbarra Harris White
  5. Vellalar Yaar
  6. Pallar alla Mallar aam mannar
  7. Moovendar marabinarana Devendrar veelchi
  8. Moovendar marabinarana Devendrar thaalnilai eyithal
  9. Pallu ilakiyam maruvasippu pirathiku veliye
  10. Sanga ilakiyathil mallar tham maanbugal
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