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2011 Norway attacks

Coordinates: 59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
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2011 Norway attacks
View immediately after the explosion in Oslo
2011 Norway attacks is located in Buskerud
Utøya
Utøya
Oslo
Oslo
2011 Norway attacks (Buskerud)
Locations of the incidents in the Oslo and Buskerud counties of Norway
LocationOslo and Utøya, Norway
Coordinates59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
Date22 July 2011 (2011-07-22)
15:26[1] (CEST)
TargetNorway Labour Party[2]
Attack type
Bomb and shooting
WeaponsCar bomb (ANFO)
Ruger Mini-14 Carbine
Glock 17 pistol
Deaths8 (Oslo)[3]
68 (Utøya)[3] Total: 76
Injured30 (Oslo)
66 (Utøya)[4][5] Total: 96
PerpetratorsAnders Behring Breivik

The 2011 Norway attacks were a pair of terrorist attacks against the civilian population, the government, and a political summer camp in Norway on Friday, 22 July 2011. The first was a car bomb explosion in Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Oslo, at 15:22 (CEST),[6] outside the office of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and other government buildings.[7] The explosion killed eight people and wounded several others, with more than 10 people critically injured. The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a youth camp organized by the youth organization (AUF) of the Norwegian Labour Party (AP) on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. A gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire at the campers, killing 68 attendees,[3][8][9][10] including personal friends of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit.[11] The Norwegian Police Service arrested Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian right-wing extremist,[12] for the mass shootings in Utøya[13] and subsequently charged him with both attacks.[14]

The attacker is the spree killer with the highest number of killed victims (76) in known history. The number of injured people may still change, but appears to be close to 100. Therefore the attacker had more than 170 victims in all.

The European Union, NATO and several countries around the world expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks.

Preparations for the attacks

Breivik had participated for years in debates in Internet forums and spoke against Islam and immigration, as he was a well known anti-muslim;[15] though, according to The New York Times, he concealed his violent intentions and maintained a parallel life which included playing video games, blogging, listening to Euro pop and watching episodes of True Blood, while on Sunday nights he usually dined with his mother.[16] He was preparing for the attacks from at least as early as 2009,[17][18] when, according to his manifesto, he visited a friend, Peter, in Hungary. He found the Hungarian women very attractive, but had to "avoid relationships for the good of [his] mission."[19]

Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague

Breivik spent six days in Prague in late August and early September 2010. He chose the Czech Republic because the country has one of the most relaxed laws regarding guns and drugs in Europe. Following his Internet inquiry, Breivik noted that "Prague is known for maybe being the most important transit site point for illicit drugs and weapons in Europe". Despite the fact that Prague has one of the lowest crime rates[20] among European capitals, Breivik observed that he was not looking forward to his trip to the Central European capital, because he has "heard that there are very brutal and cynical criminals".[21]

He hollowed out the rear seats of his Hyundai Atos in order to have enough space for the firearms he hoped to buy. After two days, he got a prospectus for a mineral extraction business printed, which were supposed to give him an alibi in case someone suspected him of preparing a terrorist attack.[21] He wanted to buy an AK-47 assault rifle (this firearm is however not very common in the country, unlike the Vz. 58[22]), a Glock pistol, hand-grenades and a rocket-propelled grenade, stating that getting the latter two would be a "bonus".[18][21]

Breivik had paid for prostitutes in Prague[21] and had several fake police badges printed to wear with a police uniform, which he had acquired illegally on the Internet, and which he later wore during the attack.[23] Contrary to his expectations, he was completely unable to get any firearms in the Czech Republic, commenting that it was the "first major setback in [his] operation". In the end, he concluded that Prague was "far from ideal city to buy guns" and nothing like "what the BBC reported", and that he had felt "safer in Prague than in Oslo".[18][21][24]

Arming in Norway and by the Internet

Originally, Breivik intended to try to obtain weapons in Berlin or Serbia if his mission in Prague failed. The Czech disappointment though led him to get his weapons through legal channels.[24] He decided to obtain a semi-automatic rifle and a Glock pistol legally in Norway, noting that he had a "clean criminal record, hunting license, and a pump action shotgun Benelli Nova already for seven years", and thus obtaining the guns legally should not be a problem.[18]

Upon returning to Norway, Breivik obtained a legal permit for a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic carbine, ostensibly for the purpose of hunting deer. He bought it in late 2010 for €1,400. In his manifesto he said he was going to use soft point rifle bullets, injected with 99% pure liquid nicotine, to make them even more lethal.

Getting a permit for the pistol proved more difficult, as he had to demonstrate regular attendance at a sport shooting club.[21] He also bought 10 30-round magazines from a US supplier. In November, December and January he went through 15 training sessions at the Oslo Pistol Club, and by mid-January his application to purchase a Glock pistol was approved.[25][26]

Breivik claimed in his manifesto that he bought 300g of sodium nitrate from a Polish shop for €10 in December 2010, in order to make a bomb fuse.[27] In March 2011,[28] he legally bought 100 kg of chemicals from a small internet-based Wrocław company. The Polish ABW interviewed the company owner on 24 July 2011.[27] Breivik's Polish purchases initially led to him being put on the watch list of the Norwegian intelligence, which did not act because they did not believe it was relevant.[29]

Following his encounter with prostitutes in Prague, Breivik had decided to save €2,000 for obtaining a "luxury prostitute" before the attacks, which was supposed to help him with morale and motivation. He had also planned a last martyr service in Frogner Church before the attack.[21]

According to his manifesto, Breivik ordered the fertiliser for making explosives on 27 April.[30] He started making the explosives in early May, noting how ironic it was that he lived near the largest army compound in the country, and that "borrowing" explosives from the army would "save him a lot of trouble". On 13 June 2011, he made the first experimental explosion at an unspecified desolate location. On 15 July he rented a car; on 18 July he rigged a car with explosives. His last note from 22 July stated that he had enough material for at least 20 explosions.[31]

Oslo bombing

Map of the area of the explosion. Red building: Government building. Orange area: Position of a destroyed car, not the site of the explosion. Blue building: Oil Ministry building.
Main article: Timeline of the 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011 at 15:22 (CEST)[6] a bomb placed in a Volkswagen Crafter[6] was exploded in Grubbegata, between H-blokka and R4 in Regjeringskvartalet, downtown Oslo, near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway (H-blokka) and several other governmental buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (R4) and Ministry of Finance.[1][32]

The explosion started fires in H-blokka and R4, and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the VG house and other buildings on the other side of the square.[6] The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris following the explosion. The wreckage of a car was sighted near one of the affected buildings. A giant cloud of white smoke was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Ministry of Petroleum. The blast was heard at least 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) away.[32]

At 15:26 the police received the first message about the explosion,[6] and at 15:28 the first police patrol reported that it had arrived at the scene.[6] At the same time, news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was unhurt and safe.[6]

Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices.[33] Through media outlets, police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo.[34]

Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertiliser and fuel oil (ANFO), similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing.[35][36]


Casualties

The building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police with blown-out windows shortly after the explosion.

Eight people were killed in the explosion,[37] with eleven seriously wounded,[38] and fifteen suffering minor injuries.[39][40] A doctor at the Oslo University Hospital said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal wounds.[41]

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was unharmed in the blast.[37] Norway’s finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on holiday in Denmark at the time.[42]

Fewer people than usual were in the area because the bombing took place during July, the main vacation month for Norwegians,[43] which may have averted a higher death toll.

Impact on transportation

All roads into Oslo's downtown area were closed as security officials evacuated people from the area and warned Oslo residents to stay away from the city center and limit their usage of mobile phones due to concerns of another potential terrorist attack.[44] Public transport into and out of the city was also halted.[45] An e-mail communication with the BBC from a traveller indicated that police were conducting searches in cars on the road to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,[46] which remained open.[47][48]

The Gardermoen Line between Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.[49] The same happened at the offices of TV 2 which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.[50]

Utøya massacre

Attack

Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion,[37] a gunman wearing a police uniform, confirmed to be Anders Behring Breivik,[51] boarded a ferry at Tyrifjorden, a lake some 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Oslo, to the island of Utøya,[52] the location of the Norwegian Labour Party's annual AUF youth summer camp, which is organised there every summer.[53]

Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, whom he hated and referred to as "the murderer of the nation",[54] had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp. After the attack Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her especially; but because of delays related to the ongoing renovation of Oslo Central railway station, she was already gone when the shooting started.[55][56]

When Breivik arrived on the island, he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing event in Oslo. He signalled and asked people to gather around him[57] before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and indiscriminately firing his weapons,[58][59][60] killing and wounding numerous people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.[61] Survivors on the island described a scene of terror.[58] In one example, 21-year-old survivor Dana Berzingi described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead to survive; but he later came by to shoot them again in the head with a shotgun.[58] He did relent in his executions on two occasions: First, when an 11-year-old boy who had just lost his father during the shooting, stood up against him and said he was too young to die; and later, when a 22-year-old male begged for his life.[62]

A spokesman for the National Police Directorate under the Ministry of Justice and the Police reported that most of the casualties were youths about 15 or 16 years old.[63] Trond Berntsen, an off-duty, unarmed police officer and step-brother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit, is among the dead.[11] Some witnesses on the island were reported to have hidden in the undergrowth, and in lavatories, communicating by text message to avoid giving their positions away to the gunman.[64] The mass shooting reportedly lasted for around an hour and a half, ending when a police special task force arrived and the gunman surrendered, despite having ammunition left, at 18:35.[65] It is also reported that the shooter used hollow-point[66] or frangible bullets[67] (dum-dums[68]) which increase tissue damage.[67]

Rescue and emergency response

Initially, as the besieged people from Utøya tried to call the emergency services, they were told to keep off the line unless they were calling about the Oslo bomb.[69][70]

The first person to arrive on the scene was Marcel Gleffe, a German resident of Ski vacationing at a holiday camp on the mainland. Recognizing gunshots, he piloted his boat to the island and began throwing lifejackets to young people in the water, rescuing as many as he could in four or five trips, after which the police asked him to stop. The Daily Telegraph credited him with saving up to 30 lives.[71]

At 17:27 the local police district learned about the shooting, and two minutes later the police in Oslo were informed.[6] By 17:38, the Norwegian central anti-terrorist unit Beredskapstroppen was dispatched to Utøya from their headquarters in Oslo.[6] However special forces in Oslo did not have an operative helicopter available that could take them straight to the island. The only helicopter available to the Oslo-based unit was a military one parked 60 km south of the capital at Moss Airport in Rygge, and thus the special unit had to reach the location by cars.[72] They reached the ferry crossing at 18:09, but had to wait a few minutes for a boat to take them across. They reached Utøya at 18:25. Within two minutes of police arriving the gunman surrendered.[6]

When the police arrived at the scene, they were met by survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons, as they were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.[73]

At approximately 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July 2011, NRK and TV2, the two primary Norwegian television networks, broadcast a live press conference from the Sentrum politistasjon in Oslo where Norway's National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland confirmed the number of fatalities at Utøya to have reached "at least 80" with the count expected to increase.[1][74][75][76]

On 25 July 2011, a police spokesperson revealed that the death toll of the victims on Utøya had been revised downwards to 68 after the casualties had been counted on their return to the mainland.[77] They added that the number of persons missing is still high and that the original amount of casualties (86) is possible.

Shortage of transport capacity

The Norwegian police does not have any helicopters that are suitable for transporting groups of police for an airdrop; the one they have is useful only for surveillance. When helicopter transport is needed, the Norwegian police have to rely on assistance from the military. The lack of full transport capacity for the anti-terrorism unit has long been criticized by some within the police force. When at the shore, the police could not find a suitable boat to reach the island. The boat they finally located almost sank because their equipment was so heavy; they had to continuously bail out water as they made the crossing.[72]

All the crews of the police surveillance helicopter were on vacation.

Suspect

Main article: Anders Behring Breivik

Public broadcaster NRK and several other Norwegian media outlets identified the suspected attacker as Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested in Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombings.[78][79][80] He has been charged with terrorism for both attacks.[14] According to his attorney, Breivik has acknowledged that he is responsible for both the bomb and the shooting during interrogation but denies being guilty.[81] In a court hearing on 25 July, Breivik was jailed for eight weeks on remand and denied visitors and letters. Breivik wanted to have an open hearing, and attend it wearing a uniform, but both requests were denied by the presiding judge.[82]

Political and religious views

File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a compression garment in a photo released six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter - Norway - Multiculti traitor hunting permit".[83]

Breivik's militantly far-right ideology is outlined in an online 1,518-page manifesto 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence, posted on the day of the attacks under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[84][85] His xenophobic Christian nationalist manifesto contains an array of political concepts; including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism and anti-Islamization;[86] while arguing for the violent annihilation of Islam, Marxism, and multiculturalism from Europe.[9][17][86][87][88][89]

Among other things, in the manifesto he identified the Beneš Decrees, which facilitated the Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, as an example for committing that act on European Muslims.[90]

He is a former member of the Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. According to the current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.[91] A recently created social media website bearing Breivik's name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,[92][93] and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose allegedly Islamophobic political party, the Party for Freedom, he describes as "the only true party of conservatives".[94] According to the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), Breivik published a 1518-page manifesto, on his militant right-wing and anti-multicultural ideologies, on the day of the attacks.[95] Among other things, in the manifesto he identified the Beneš Decrees, which facilitated the Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, as an example for committing that act on European Muslims.[96] The manifesto, entitled "2083 - A European Declaration of Independence" is written in good English, and on page eight it refers to the attacks as a marketing operation for the book's distribution. Furthermore, Breivik's writings mention the anti-Islam English Defence League, describing their 'noble intentions', while dismissing them as 'naïve fools' because in his words the EDL 'harshly condemns any and all revolutionary conservative movements that employ terror as a tool'. Breivik wrote that he had contact with members of the EDL, and that a Norwegian version of the group, was 'in the process of gaining strength'.[97][98][99][100]

After being apprehended, Breivik was characterized by officials as being a right-wing extremist and an Islamophobe.[9] Breivik is described by the newspaper Verdens Gang as considering himself a conservative nationalist.[80] According to The Australian, Breivik was highly critical of Muslim immigration into 'Christian' societies, is pro-Israel and an admirer of the US Tea Party movement.[101] Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that "We have no more information than... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."[14][102][103] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterization of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist. [104][105] According to the International Business Times, in his manifesto, he "did not see himself as religious", but he did identify as a cultural Christian and wrote about the differences between cultural and religious Christians, but stressed that both were Christians, and shared the same identity and goals.[106] He has written many posts on the far-right[107] website document.no.[108] He attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the Document.no website.[109]

He is a former member of the Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. According to the current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.[110] A recently created social media website bearing Breivik's name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,[92][111] and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose anti-Islam political party, the Party for Freedom, he describes as "the only true party of conservatives".[112]

Attorney

The police initially kept the choice of counsel secret after request from the attorney. Attorney Geir Lippestad elected to act on behalf of Breivik's defence, confirming to the Dagbladet newspaper that Breivik had requested him personally.[113] Lippestad said "I thought carefully about it. Everyone is entitled to a lawyer, even in a case like this, and I decided to accept."[81]

Possible accomplices

Several witnesses at the youth camp expressed doubt that there was only one shooter.[114] The police have received descriptions of a second gunman, and are currently working to confirm or deny the accuracy of this new information. Due to the uncertainty surrounding these witness descriptions and the chaotic nature of the events, the police have, as a matter of precaution, yet to make an official comment on the matter.[115][116] Breivik has claimed that he acted alone and that he had no accomplices.[117] On 24 July, six more people were arrested in Oslo in connection with the attacks and then released as they are said to be no longer suspected of involvement.[118]

Victims

Norvegian police started publishing names of the killed victims on Tuesday July 26th 2011.

Bombing

Tove Ashill Knutsen, 56, Oslo; Hanna M Orvik Endresen, 61, Oslo; Kai Hauge, 32, Oslo

Shooting

Tore Eikeland, 21, Osteroy, Hordaland county; Trond Berntsen, 51; Gunnar Linaker, 23, Bardu, Troms county

Reactions

Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral the day after the attacks

Domestic

At a press conference on the morning after the attacks, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Justice Minister Knut Storberget addressed the country. Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity in Norway since World War II.[119] Stoltenberg further vowed that the attack would not hurt the Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety".[120] In his speech at the memorial service on Sunday 24 July 2011 he returned to the subject of what would be a proper reaction in saying: "No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: 'If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together.'"[121][122] The AUF girl mentioned is Stine Renate Håheim interviewed by CNN's Richard Quest on 23 July 2011.[123]

Eskil Pedersen of the Workers' Youth League vowed to "return to Utøya" and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance.[124]

King Harald sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity.[125]

The seven political parties in the Norwegian Parliament agreed to postpone the electoral campaign for the local elections, which will be held in September, until mid-August.[126] The leaders of all major Norwegian parties expressed shock and grief and sent condolences in public statements.[127][128][129][130][131][132][133]

Flower march in downtown Oslo, Norway, on Monday, 25 July 2011 in the aftermath of the attacks. An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 attended the flower march. The picture was taken from the south side of Oslo City Hall.

On 25 July 2011, at noon (CEST), each of the Nordic countries held a one-minute silence to dignify the victims of the two attacks.[134] In Oslo, a city of approximately 600,000 inhabitants, an estimated 200,000 people attended a "flower march".[135][136][137] The Norwegian media reported great local anger in Norway against Fox News and the American commentator Glenn Beck for their coverage of the attacks.[138] Beck's comparison of the AUF to the Hitler Youth[139] created particular anger, leading Professor Frank Aarebrot to call Beck a "fascist" and "swine".[140]

International

Main article: International reactions to the 2011 Norway attacks

The European Union, NATO and governments around the world expressed their condemnation of the attacks, condolences, and solidarity with Norway.

Effects

In the days following the attacks, youth organisations of all political parties noticed a significant increase in political interest from youth. The Norwegian Young Conservatives received forty new members by Tuesday, compared to just two the entire previous week, and the Progress Party's Youth got at least thirty new members. The Workers' Youth League (AUF) also got a "significant number" of new members, while its general secretary Tonje Brenna expressed her delight in the increased political activity among youth, regardless of which party they chose. This increase in political activity was seen in the context of youth wanting to reject the violence and not let the actions of Breivik influence youth activity, by engaging themselves more in democratic political activity.[141]

See also

References

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  84. ^ Kumano-Ensby, Anne Linn (23 July 2011). "Sendte ut ideologisk bokmanus en time før bomben". NRK News (in Norwegian). Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  85. ^ Bjoern Amland and Sarah Dilorenzo (24 July 2011). "Lawyer: Norway suspect wanted a revolution". Forbes. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  86. ^ a b 'Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views' by Ben Hartman, The Jerusalem Post, 24 July 2011
  87. ^ Norwegian Massacre Gunman was a Right-Wing Extremist who hated Muslims by The Daily Mail, 24 July 2011
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  89. ^ Norwegian Crime and Punishment by Debra J. Saunders, San Francisco Chronicle, 26 July 2011 ~ "... the anti-multiculturalism, anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist message of his 1,500-page manifesto."
  90. ^ Šťastný, Jiří (24 July 2011). idnes.cz (in Czech) http://zpravy.idnes.cz/praha-je-prilis-bezpecna-zbrane-tu-nesezenu-pise-v-manifestu-breivik-1ia-/zahranicni.aspx?c=A110724_111215_zahranicni_js. Retrieved 24 July 2011. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |http://zpravy.idnes.cz/praha-je-prilis-bezpecna-zbrane-tu-nesezenu-pise-v-manifestu-breivik-1ia-/zahranicni.aspx?c= ignored (help)
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  97. ^ BigJay. "Official Statement – Anders Brievik". BigJay.
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  104. ^ Brown, Andrew (24 July 2011). "Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 25 July 2011. Norway mass murderer Anders Breivik's internet writings show him to be anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist, not a fundamentalist Christian.
  105. ^ Introvigne, Massimo (2011). "The Identity Ideology of Anders Breivik. Not a Christian Fundamentalist". Turin: CESNUR. Retrieved 25 July 2011. At first, the media called Anders Behring Breivik a Christian fundamentalist, some of them even a Roman Catholic. This shows the cavalier use of the word 'fundamentalist' prevailing today in several quarters. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  106. ^ Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key. (25 July 2011). International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htm Accessed 25 July 2011
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  110. ^ Fondenes, Eivind (23 July 2011). "Terrorsiktede var tidligere medlem av Fremskrittspartiet". Nyhetene (in Norwegian). TV 2. Retrieved 23 July 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  111. ^ Papadakis, Mary (24 July 2011), Norway's new face of terror, AU: Sunday Herald Sun.
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  114. ^ "Eyewitness to VG: (...)". VG.
  115. ^ "Politiet frykter gjerningsmann kan være på frifot" (in Norwegian). NO: VG. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
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  121. ^ "Norway attacks: Sunday 24 July rolling coverage: 1.13pm". The Guardian. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: "If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together."
  122. ^ "Address by Prime Minister in Oslo Cathedral". Norwegian government. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011. No one has said it better than the Labour Youth League girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
  123. ^ "Norway Island survivor: CNN's Richard Quest talks to Stine Renate Haheim". CNN. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
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  125. ^ Murtnes, Sindre (23 July 2011). "Kongen om terrorangrepet: - Våre tanker går til ofrene" (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  126. ^ Sandvik, Siv (25 July 2011). "- Har ikke samvittighet til å presse AUF-ere til å stille opp". NRK (in Norwegian). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  127. ^ "- En nasjonal tragedie" (in Norwegian). Conservative Party.
  128. ^ "- En nasjonal tragedie" (in Norwegian). Progress Party.
  129. ^ "En ufattelig nasjonal tragedie" (in Norwegian). Christian Democratic Party.
  130. ^ "Ein trist dag for Noreg" (in Norwegian). Center Party.
  131. ^ "En ufattelig tragedie" (in Norwegian). Socialist Left Party.
  132. ^ "Våre tanker er hos ofrene og de pårørende" (in Norwegian). Liberal Party.
  133. ^ "En stor tragedie har rammet Norge" (in Norwegian). Red.
  134. ^ Olof Svensson, Josefin Karlsson (25 July 2011). "Hela Norden hedrade offren med tyst minut" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 25 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  135. ^ "More than 200,000 mourn in downtown Oslo" (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  136. ^ "150 000 hedrade terrorns offer" (in Swedish). 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
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  138. ^ Nordmenn provosert av Fox News' terrordekning, Aftenposten 26.07.11
  139. ^ Norway shooting: Glenn Beck compares dead teenagers to Hitler youth, The Telegraph, 25 Jul 2011
  140. ^ Glenn Beck sammenligner AUF med Hitlerjugend, Bergens Tidende, 26.07.2011
  141. ^ Aalborg, Berit Strøyer; Nordby, Kristin Jonassen; Hoel, Yasmin Sunde (26 July 2011). "Ungdomspartiene merker stor pågang etter tragedien". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 July 2011.

External links

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