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Toyota Corolla

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Toyota Corolla
US-spec Toyota Corolla ZZE120
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Production1966–present
Body and chassis
ClassCompact
Body style3-door hatchback
5-door hatchback
4-door sedan
5-door station wagon
5-door minivan
2-door coupe

The Toyota Corolla is a compact car produced by Toyota of Japan, known worldwide for its reliability, conventional engineering and low fuel consumption. In 1997, the Corolla became the best selling nameplate in the world. Toyota has made 30 million cars under the Corolla name since its launch in 1966, making it the best selling car of all time. [1]. Corollas are currently manufactured in Japan, the United States (California), the United Kingdom, Canada (Cambridge, Ontario), India, South Africa, Brazil, Turkey and Thailand.

The Corolla's chassis designation code is "E", as described in Toyota's chassis and engine codes.

Alternative versions

A slightly upmarket version is called the Toyota Sprinter, sold in the Japanese home market. It was replaced in 2001 by the Toyota Allex. There have also been several spin-offs over the years, including the Corolla II hatchback, Corolla Ceres (and similar Sprinter Marino) hardtop, Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno sports coupes and hatchbacks, and the Corolla FX hatckback (now Corolla Runx).

The Toyota Tercel was a front wheel drive spinoff of the rear wheel drive Corolla introduced in 1980, called the "Corolla Tercel" which later became its own model in 1983.

Over the years, there have been rebadged versions of the Corolla, including the 1980s’ Holden Nova of Australia, and the Sprinter-based Chevrolet Nova, Geo Prizm and Chevrolet Prizm of the United States. In Australia, the Corolla liftback (TE72) was at one point badged the T-18.

First Generation - E10 series - October 1966

File:1968 Toyota Corolla.jpg
1968 Toyota Corolla, after its first facelift.

Japan (1966-1969)

The Corolla was launched in Japan in October 1966. Eiji Toyoda, chairman of the company, said it worked hard to create popular demand, and disputes that Toyota rode a wave of private car ownership that was taking off in the mid-1960s.

The initial car, the KE1x series, was small, with a 90 in (2286 mm) wheelbase, and came in two- and four-door sedan (KE10 and KE11), two-door coupe (KE15), and three-door station wagon (KE16 and KE18) versions. Power came from either a 1.1 L (1077 cc/65 in³) OHV I4, the K, which produced 60 hp (45 kW), or the 1.2 L (1166 cc/71 in³) 3K in later models. A 4-speed manual transmission or 2 speed automatic transmission was available, and the car used rear wheel drive. The suspension in front was MacPherson struts supported by a transverse leaf spring beneath the engine crossmember, with leaf springs connected to a solid axle in back.

USA (1968-1970)

Toyota has been almost steadfast in facelifting each generation after two years, and replacing it with an all-new model every four years. Exports to the United States began in 1968 at about $1,700USD, and the car has been popular since.

Second Generation - E20 series - 1970

1978 Toyota Corolla KE20

Japan (1969-1978)

The second-generation KE2x model , launched 1970, had "coke-bottle" styling. It had a longer 91.9 in (2334 mm) wheelbase, and used the 1.2 L (1166 cc/71 in³) 3K I4 which made 73 hp (54 kW). The front suspension design was improved greatly, using a swaybar, however the rear remained relatively the same. There was a two and four-door sedan (KE20) available, as well as a two-door coupe (KE25), and three-door wagon (KE26). The Corolla became the second-best selling car in the world that year.

Japanese engines:

  • 2T-G - 1.6 L (1588 cc) I4, 8-valve DOHC, carb, 124 hp (93 kW)
  • 2T-C - 1.6 L (1588 cc) I4, 2-valve OHV, carb, 75 hp (56 kW)
  • 3K-C - 1.2 L (1166 cc) I4, 2-valve OHV, carb, 55 hp (41 kW)

JPN-market chassis:

  • TE-21 - Sedan, 2 Door Sedan
  • TE-25 - Wagon, DX
  • TE-27 - Hardtop Coupe (Levin/Trueno)

USA (1971-1974)

The above models were available, as well as a hardtop coupe called the "SR-5". A 1.6 L (1588 cc/96 in³) 102 hp (76 kW) 2T engine came in 1971, quite impressive for the time, and the sporty SR5 (aka: Levin in Japan) was introduced in 1973. Corollas with this engine were designated TE21 or TE27.

American engines:

  • 2T-C - 1.6 L (1588 cc) I4, 2-valve OHV, carb, 102 hp (76 kW)
  • 3K-C - 1.2 L (1166 cc) I4, 2-valve OHV, carb, 55 hp (41 kW)

US-market chassis:

  • TE-21 - Sedan, 2 Door Sedan
  • TE-25 - Wagon, DX
  • TE-27 - Hardtop Coupe, SR5

Third Generation - E30, E40, E50 series - April 1974

File:1975 Toyota Corolla SR Hardtop.jpg
1975 Toyota Corolla SR Hardtop, with then-fashionable dark grille and darkened wheels denoting it as the sporty version

Japan (1974-1981)

The third-generation Toyota Corolla, built from 1974–81 (worldwide versions) (KE3x/KE5x), marked Toyota's greatest growth in the United States in the wake of the fuel crisis. In addition to the Sprinter, there was a rebodied version built by Toyota affiliate Daihatsu, called the Daihatsu Charmant. While there were certain fourth-generation models with a longer model life, this generation, when considered as a whole, was the longest-lived one, possibly due to the worldwide recession in the 1970s.

All body styles—two- and four-door sedan (KE30), two-door hardtop (KE35) and three/five-door station wagon (KE36/KE38)—still used the 1.2 L (1166 cc/71 in³) 3K engine in certain markets, while most Japanese and American models got the stronger 1.6 L (1588 cc/96 in³) 2T engine. These model codes were designated "TE3x". A "Toyoglide" 2/3-speed automatic transmission was added as well as four-speed and for the "E/5, and "SR5" a five-speed manual transmissions. A three-door "liftback" (KE50) was added in 1976, along with a sporty-looking "sport coupe" body style. The KE40 series was assigned to the Sprinter variants.

Japanese engines:

JPN-market chassis:

USA (1974-1979)

Road & Track was critical of the 1975 Corolla, calling it "large and heavy" and "expensive" compared to the Honda Civic and Datsun B210. They also criticized the "relatively crude rear suspension" and lack of interior space and poor fuel economy when compared to the VW Rabbit. The base model cost US$2,711 in 1975, but one needed to step up to the $2,989 "deluxe" to get features comparable to the contemporary pack.

Early Corollas in this range (KE3x) with 3K engines produced 73 hp (54 kW) from just 1166 cc. However emissions became a problem further into the 1970s, and the 4K engine in the KE5x series produced only 60 hp (45 kW), despite and increased capacity of 1290 cc. These figures are fairly optimistic (probably tested without ancillaries such as alternators or water pumps) to make the car look good for sales, in reality most Corollas of the time produced about 30 hp (22 kW) at the wheels, which can be estimated to 45 hp (34 kW) at the flywheel.

The TE3x series 2T-C engines had an additional bump in horsepower thanks to their hemi-design and larger displacement (1588cc)giving the engines 75hp at the flywheel outmatching rival Datsun B210s engine output. A sporty 2T-G engine was also in the lineup in the Japanese model hardtop (AKA Levin) producing 124hp with a DOHC performance head, and later models with fuel injection.

American engines:

US-market chassis:

Fourth generation - E70 series - 1979

Toyota Corolla KE70 station wagon

The fourth-generation model (Ke70) released in 1979 in Japan, was a boxy, rear-wheel-drive offering. Although most of the fourth generation was replaced by 1984, the station wagon and van versions soldiered on into 1987. Equally, there was a Daihatsu Charmant variant. The car were also available in coupe versions (TE71 and TE72).

This generation (apart from the wagon) got a new rear coil spring five-link rear end with panhard rod, and the wheelbase was longer at 94.5 in (2400 mm). A new 1.8 L (1770 cc/108 in³) 3T engine was optional to some markets, producing 75 hp (56 kW), whilst parts of the world retained the old 4K. The year 1983 introduced the Corolla's first overhead cam engine, the 1.6 L (1587 cc/96 in³) 4A-C in the AE71 model range. This was the first generation to have power steering. In the USDM market, this was introduced in the 1982 model year.

American engines:

  • 3T-C - 1.8 L (1770 cc) I4, 2-valve OHV, carb, 75 hp (56 kW)
  • 4A-C - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 8-valve SOHC, carb, 90 hp (67 kW)

In 1980, during this model's life, Corolla daily production reached an all-time high, averaging 2,346 units.

The 1980-81 models had 4 lamps in the front in some markets, all 82-83 models have 2.

Fifth generation - E80 series - 1983

Toyota Corolla AE80(Sweden)
File:AE80.JPG
Toyota Corolla AE80 / EE80 Liftback model (UK)
Toyota Corolla AE80 CS Hatchback(Australia)
Toyota Corolla AE82 FX Hatchback(Sweden)
File:Toyota Corolla AE86 Levin.JPG
Toyota Corolla AE86 Hatchback

The fifth generation (AE8x) is generally regarded as the finest Corolla when measured against its contemporaries, and some 3.3 million units were produced. This model, from 1984, moved the Corolla into front wheel drive, except for the AE85 Corolla Levin (SR5 coupe and GT Coupe outside Japan) and AE86 Sprinter Trueno which continued on the older rear wheel drive platform, along with the three-door "liftback" (TE72), three-door van (KE70) and five-door wagon (KE70) of the previous generation, that were still being produced.

The front-wheel-drive wheelbase was now 95.6 in (2428 mm).

It was the first Corolla to top the New Zealand top-10 lists, ending Ford's dominance of that market. A "short" hatchback range, called the Corolla FX in Japan and the Corolla Compact in Germany, arrived in 1984, on the front-wheel-drive platform. The three- and five-door hatchbacks resembled the Corolla sedan with a truncated boot. Although there was a five-door liftback model of the basic Corolla, the FX-based hatchback was sold alongside it. The five-door liftback was sold with the Corolla Seca name in Australia and the nameplate survived on successive five-door models.

A hot DOHC 16-valve engine, designated 4A-GE, was added in 1983 on the rear-drive cars. It was a 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4 and produced an impressive 124 hp (92 kW), turning the Sprinter Trueno (Japan), Corolla GT Coupe (Europe) and Corolla GT-S into a popular sports car. This engine was also combined with the front-drive transaxle to power the mid-engined Toyota MR-2.

The Sprinter sports cars, in two-door coupe and three-door liftback forms, were notable for the line's first use of pop-up headlamps, which the equivalent Corolla Levin sports models did not have. These AE86 models have been immortalized in the anime series Initial D, and have been also featured in the computer and video games Need for Speed: Underground 2, Gran Turismo 3 & 4, and Auto Modellista.

A new Corolla FX, built at the US NUMMI plant, appeared in 1987. It was available with either SOHC or DOHC engines, the latter marketed as the FX-16.

American Engines

US-market chassis: Also marketed by GM from 1985–1988 as Chevy Nova before becoming Geo Prizm.

Australian Engines:

Australian-market chassis: Similarity with the Holden Nova

European engines

European-market chassis:

Sixth generation - E90 series - May 1987

File:ToyotaCorolla1989.jpg
1989 Toyota Corolla - automatic transmission
1987 Toyota Sprinter
File:1990-92-Toyota-Corolla-90812041990301.jpg
1990 Toyota Corolla LE (North American Model)

All Corollas were front-drive for 1987, with production beginning in May 1987. The Geo Prizm shared a slightly different body with the Japan-market Sprinter. The all wheel drive Sprinter Carib wagon used a solid axle rear suspension with coil springs, while the rest used struts all around. It was sold from 1988 to 1994 and had different bodywork to other Corollas. It was called the All-Trac in the US and sold with the Tercel or Corolla name in some countries.

The Sprinter five-door liftback was re-badged as the Corolla in Europe, though for a period in Ireland (and possibly elsewhere) it was badged the "Sprinter GLS", unusually in cheap-looking decals instead of the metallic-coated plastic badges found on all other Toyotas of the time.

The sixth-generation five-door hatchback is still made in South Africa as an entry-level model called the Toyota Tazz. The three-door is sold as a panel van model there, called the Toyota Carri. These generations were also favored by tuners.

American production of the sedan took place at NUMMI and Cambridge, Ontario. These two plants made 279,000 units, making a total of 4.5 million of this generation (AE90) made.

American engines:

  • 4A-F - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, carb, 95 hp (71 kW)
  • 4A-FE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, narrow valve angle, 102 hp (76 kW)
  • 4A-GE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, wide valve angle, 115 hp (86 kW) GT-S

US-market chassis:

European engines:

  • 2E - 1.3 L (1295 cc), 12-valve SOHC, carb, 74 hp (55 kW)
  • 4A-F - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, carb, 95 hp (71 kW)
  • 4A-FE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, narrow valve angle, 102 hp (76 kW)
  • 4A-GE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, wide valve angle, 115 hp (86 kW) GT-S
  • 1C-III - 1.8 L (1839 cc) I4 diesel, OHC, 67 hp (49.28 kW)

European-market chassis:

  • EE90 - with the 2E engine
  • CE90 - with the C1 engine
  • AE92 - with the 4A-F engine and the 4A-GE engine(100 KW)(GTi)
  • AE95 - 4WD 5-Door Wagon with the 4A-F or 4A-FE engines

In Japan the AE92 Levin/Trueno was also fitted with a supercharged engine and designated GT-Z. They used the SC12 roots type supercharger and a top mounted intercooler that was fed cool air via a scoop on the bonnet. They generated 152 ft•lbf at 4,400rpm as opposed to the N/a 4A-GE's 100 ft•lbf at 4,800 rpm

Japanese engines:

  • 4A-GZE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, wide valve angle, supercharger, 165 hp (121 kW) GT-Z

Seventh generation - E100 series - June 1991

Toyota Corolla AE100

The next Corolla (AE10X) was larger, heavier, and more expensive, with development chief Dr Akihiko Saito wanting to develop a 'mini-Lexus', after success with that range's flagship. With its 97 in (2465 mm) wheelbase, the Corolla had moved into the compact size class once occupied by the Toyota Corona and Camry. This model appeared in 1992 in Japan and in 1993 in Europe and in North America.

It was available as a four-door sedan, three- and five-door hatchback and a five-door station wagon. Sprinters were available as a four-door sedan or five-door liftback, including a four-door hardtop called the Sprinter Marino (only for this generation). The Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno were sold as two-door coupés. The US-market Geo Prizm was sold as a four-door sedan.

File:1993-97-Toyota-Corolla-93812041990413.jpg
1993 Toyota Corolla DX wagon
File:Toyota Corolla Sedan (1993).jpg
1993 Toyota Corolla Sedan

The five-door Sprinter was sold as the Corolla Sprinter in Europe, confusingly. The three and five-door Corolla FX was also sold in Europe just as the Corolla, and was available mostly in normal (non-sports) specs unlike the FX range available in Japan which were available in two models the SJ a 16 valve 1.6-litre 115bhp (4A-FE) and the GT a 20 Valve 1.6-litre 160bhp (Silvertop 4A-GE)

This model was not as successful due to a rising yen and home-market recession, blunting demand.

American Engines:

  • 4A-FE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, narrow valve angle, 105 hp (78 kW)
  • 4A-FE - 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, narrow valve angle, 100 hp (75 kW)
  • 7A-FE - 1.8 L (1762 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, narrow valve angle, 115 hp (86 kW) DX and LE

Additional Engines available in Europe:

  • 4E-FE - 1.3 L (1333 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, 88 hp (65 kW) (92-95)
  • 4E-FE - 1.4 L I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, "Ecotronic", 75 hp (55 kW) (96-97)
  • 2C-III - 2.0 L diesel

Eighth Generation - E110 series - May 1995

Toyota Corolla WRC, with European model-style front

Japan (1995-1999) The eighth generation (AE110/ZZE110), which shared its platform (and doors, on some models) with its predecessor, was introduced in May 1995, 1998 in Europe and North America. Due to recession, Toyota ordered that Corolla development chief Takayasu Honda cuts costs, hence the carryover engineering.

The Japanese has a version called the "Corolla GT" which is a 4-door, 165hp, 6-speed sedan.

The Chevrolet Prizm (replacing the Geo Prizm) had two main differences from the Toyota Corolla, though they were made in the same plant: it used the Japanese intake manifold and tuning, and put in a Delco stereo, which provided better sound quality but required a replumbing of the center stack as the Delco unit is taller than the Denso.

This marked the beginning of the end of the Sprinter. The Sprinter Trueno coupé range was carried over with a facelift, while the Wagon was identical to the Corolla.

Japanese Engines:

File:1998-2002-Toyota-Corolla-99812041990001.jpg
1998 Toyota Corolla LE (North American model)

JPN-market chassis:

USA (1998-2002)

All North American Corollas were now built in California (by NUMMI) or Canada (by TMMC). A new all-aluminum engine powered all Corollas, making every car lighter than its predecessor. In the US market, only sedans were offered. VVT-i variable valve timing was added to the engine for 2000.

The US-market 2001 Toyota Corolla has a maximum legal carrying capacity of 850lbs.

American engines: (ZZE-112)

  • 1998-1999 - 1ZZ-FE - 1.8 L (1794 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, 120 hp (89 kW)
  • 2000-2002 - 1ZZ-FE - 1.8 L (1794 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, VVT-i, 125 hp (93 kW)

Europe (1996-2001)

A European range had different front and rear ends (this was sold in Australia and New Zealand, too), to appeal to customers there. As a result, a sporting model with a six-speed gearbox was offered. In 1997, the Corolla Spacio, with its body panels stamped at long-time Toyota supplier Kanto Autoworks, was introduced as a two-box minivan version and sold as the Corolla Verso in Europe and the Toyota Spacio in New Zealand.

Ninth generation - E120 series - August 2000

2000 Toyota Corolla (Japanese model)

2005 Toyota Corolla S (North American model)

The ninth-generation Corolla (AE120/ZZE120) appeared in August 2000 with edgier styling and a longer 102.4 in (2600 mm) wheelbase. It is built on a shortened Toyota Vista platform—the Vista being a mid-sized, rather than compact, car. Like the Vista, the Corolla's width is limited to 67 in (1700 mm), to avoid being in a higher tax bracket in Japan, although most of its European rivals are now wider. This model made it to the United States in Spring 2002 as model year 2003.

The torsion bar suspension and drum brakes in the rear are anachronisms, however. The sporty XRS model, introduced for 2004, features the high-revving 170 hp (127 kW) 127 ft•lbf (172 N•m) 2ZZ-GE engine and 6 speed manual from the Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise.

The station wagon model is called the Toyota Corolla Fielder in Japan, and the five-door the Toyota Corolla Runx and Toyota Allex, launching in 2001.

The Corolla Spacio (Verso in Europe) moved on to the new platform. The Corolla has also spawned another multi-purpose vehicle, the Matrix, sold in Canada and the United States, and forms the basis of the Pontiac Vibe. The Vibe, in turn, is sold with a different grille in Japan and is called the Toyota Voltz.

In Asia (excluding Hong Kong Japan & India), the Toyota Corolla is branded as the Toyota Corolla Altis and is similar to the US-spec Corolla. Two versions of engine are available, the 108 bhp 1.6 and the 134 bhp 1.8. The Altis range of the Corolla is manufactured in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan.

American engines: (ZZE-122)

  • 2002-present - 1ZZ-FE - 1.8 L (1794 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, VVT-i, 130 hp (97 kW) -- CE, LE, S
  • 2005 - 2ZZ-GE - 1.8 L (1796 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, VVTL-i, 170 hp (127 kW) -- XRS

Additional engines available in Europe:

For 2008, Toyota will create a hybrid gasoline–electric Corolla.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Corolla.

External links

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