The Clash
The Clash | |
|---|---|
| File:The Band Clash.jpg | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | London |
| Years active | 1976–1986 |
| Members | Joe Strummer Mick Jones Paul Simonon Topper Headon |
The Clash was one of the most successful British punk rock groups and existed from 1976 to 1986. They incorporated punk, reggae, rockabilly, and eventually many other music styles into their repertoire. They were also legendary for uncommonly intense stage performances.
From their earliest days as a band, The Clash stood apart from their peers with their musicianship, as well as their lyrics; the passionate, righteous political idealism in the lyrics by frontmen Joe Strummer and Mick Jones contrasted with the nihilism of the Sex Pistols and the simplicity of The Ramones.
The Clash's attitude and style, as much as their music, has influenced countless bands in all genres of music. In 2003 they were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Members
Main lineup
- Joe Strummer - rhythm guitar, lead vocals (1976-1985)
- Mick Jones - lead guitar, vocals (1976-1983)
- Paul Simonon - bass guitar, vocals (1976-1985)
- Topper Headon - drums and percussion (1977-1982)
Other members
- Keith Levene - lead guitar (1976)
- Nick Sheppard - guitar (1983-1985)
- Vince White - guitar (1983-1985)
- Terry Chimes - drums (1976-1977, 1982)
- Rob Harper - drums (1976-1977)
- Pete Howard - drums (1983-1985)
History
(1976-1978) Line-up and early days
Originally composed of Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Keith Levene and Terry Chimes (credited on the first LP as "Tory Crimes"), the Clash formed in London in 1976 during the first wave of British punk. Levene (later of Public Image Limited) was an early guitarist and songwriter with The Clash, but he never recorded with the band and left under ambiguous circumstances after only five gigs.
Strummer had previously been in the pub rock act The 101'ers (his stage name at this point was Woody Mellor; soon he would rebrand himself "Joe Strummer"); Jones and Simonon were (briefly) in legendary proto-punk band London SS. At the behest of manager Bernie Rhodes, Jones, Levene and Simonon recruited the slightly older Strummer from the 101'ers. "You're great," they told him, "but your group is shit."[citation needed] Rhodes then allegedly gave Strummer two days to join the project, but called him only a day later. Strummer agreed and the group became The Clash, whose name was supplied by Simonon after seeing the word repeatedly in newspapers.
The new band had their first gig in 1976 supporting the Sex Pistols, and that autumn the band were signed to CBS Records. After five gigs, Levene and Chimes left. Chimes, however, was soon drafted back to record the debut album. They released their first single ("White Riot") and first album (The Clash) in 1977 to considerable success in the UK, though CBS initially declined to release either in the United States, only releasing a modified version of the first album in the US in 1979, after the UK original had become the best-selling import album of all time in the United States.
Following the release of their first album, Chimes left amicably due to political differences with the remaining members. In the documentary Westway to the World, Mick Jones referred to him as one of "the best drummers around", but Chimes had different prospects for the future. He said, "The point was that I wanted one kind of life - they wanted another, and why are we booking together, if we want completely different things?"[citation needed]
The band experienced a period of changing drummers (including Jon Moss who left them to form London before forming Culture Club). Mick Jones recruited Nicholas Bowen Headon, nicknamed "Topper" by the band, due to his resemblance to a cartoon monkey. The musically gifted Headon was planning to stay only briefly, in order to gain some measure of renown so that he might find a better punk group. In the process, the band's potential became apparent to him and, realizing that he wouldn't find a better band, he changed his plans and remained with The Clash until early 1982.
Initially, The Clash were notable for their strident leftist political outlook and distinctive clothes, painted with revolutionary slogans, such as "Sten Guns in Knightsbridge," "Under Heavy Manners," and "Brigade Rosse". Throughout 1977, Strummer and Jones were in trouble for a range of minor crimes ranging from vandalism to stealing a pillowcase, while Simonon and Headon were arrested for shooting racing pigeons with an air gun.
(1978-1982) U.S. success
The band's next album, the Sandy Pearlman-produced Give 'Em Enough Rope, was the first to feature Headon on all cuts. Pearlman was amazed by Headon's impressive timing and musical skills and thus christened him "The Human Drum Machine." Rope was released in 1978 and debuted at number two on the British charts though failed to enter the top 100 in the United States.
Give 'Em Enough Rope was the first Clash album to be released by a U.S. label (though the UK release of the first album was a best-selling import in the U.S.), and to support it the Clash went on their first tour of the U.S. in early 1979. Their first album did not see an official release in the U.S. until July 1979, then in a drastically revised form from the version that was released elsewhere. This included a roaring version of Bobby Fuller's "I Fought The Law" (originally from their Cost Of Living EP).
London Calling, a double album, was released at the height of their critical and commercial success. Besides straightforward punk, it featured a wider array of styles than the earlier albums, including American-style rockabilly and reggae works that resonated with the ska movement in Britain. The album is considered one of the best rock albums ever produced, appearing at #8 on Rolling Stone's recent "Top 500 albums of all time." It was also named #1 on Entertainment Weekly 's "Top 25 Albums of the last 25 Years". Tracks such as "Train in Vain", "Clampdown" and "London Calling" show up regularly on rock stations to this day. The lettering on the album cover is an homage to Elvis Presley's self-titled first RCA LP, while the photo is of Simonon smashing his bass guitar at the end of a show at the Palladium in New York, 1979, taken by renowned rock photographer Pennie Smith.
The Clash followed London Calling with a triple album in late 1980, entitled Sandinista! (with the catalog number FSLN1, from the Spanish initials of the Sandinista political movement, Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional). The results were mixed as some said that the album was overfilled and would work better as a single piece. The band also delved further in their experimentation into reggae and dub ("Let's Go Crazy") and expanded into other musical styles and production techniques that included jazz ("Look Here"), hip hop ("The Magnificent Seven"), chamber music ("Rebel Waltz"), gospel("Hitsville U.K.") and (of sorts) ("The Sound of the Sinners"), vocals by keyboard player Micky Gallagher's young son, and "Mensforth Hill," a tape loop collage similar to The Beatles "Revolution No 9".
"That's why it had to be a triple album," says Strummer in Westway to the World interview, which devotes twice the screen time to Sandinista! as to London Calling. "Even though it would have been better as a double album, or a single album, or an EP! Who knows? The fact is that we recorded all that music, in one spat, at one moment. In one, three-week blast. For better or worse, Sandinista! is the document."
Fans were confused and sales were down, although they were better in the U.S. than in the past. Following the release of Sandinista!, The Clash went on their first world tour, including venues in eastern Asia, Australia and the U.S. The combination of an exhaustive tour and the recording of a new album saw escalating friction between band members.
Tensions and conflicts within the band lead to considerations of disbanding, especially since drummer Topper Headon was quickly deterioriating due to heroin addiction. However, their next album Combat Rock turned to be the best-selling of all of their records. Featuring the singles "Rock the Casbah" and the double a-side "Should I Stay Or Should I Go/Straight to Hell", it broke into the American and British top ten.. "Ghetto Defendant" featured Allen Ginsberg, and "Red Angel Dragnet" referenced the film Taxi Driver.
(1982-1983) Tensions and disintegration
After Combat Rock, the Clash began to slowly disintegrate. Much to the band's chagrin, Headon left the band prior to the release, unable to cope with his on-going heroin addiction, which had a very deleterious effect on his health and drumming. That was covered as a "political difference". The original drummer, Terry Chimes, was brought back for the next few tours. For a period Headon sank into a heroin addiction and severe depression, only to resurface with a solo album and then entering prison and cleaning up by the end of the decade.
The loss of Topper brought much friction in the band, as he was an essential part of the band and close friend to bandmembers. Jones and Strummer began to feud, although it is often said that some of the friction between the two arose because the band's manager, Bernie Rhodes, disliked Jones. The band, although gathering arenas in 1982-1983, barely spoke to and glanced at each other, both during the concerts and backstage. The band continued to tour but by 1983, after years of constant touring and recording, the strain took its toll. Bandmembers explained that this was because of their still young age - Paul and Mick were 26 and 27 respectively and Strummer was 30 - and relative inexperience to cope with such difficult and tension-plagued situations.
Chimes left the band after the 1982-1983 Combat Rock tour, convinced that the band could not continue with in-fighting and turmoil. In 1983, after an extensive search for a new drummer, Pete Howard was recruited and performed with the trio at several low-key US dates and before The Clash's largest audience at the US Festival in San Bernardino, California – Jones' last appearance with The Clash.
In September 1983, Strummer and Simonon ousted Jones from the band, citing his problematic behaviour and divergent musical aspirations (Jones went on to found Big Audio Dynamite (BAD) with Don Letts). For a time fans thought that Headon and Jones would work together, but the former's severe drug addiction, prevented him. The loss of two key-members played a crucial role in the band's downfall.
After a series of auditions, the band announced Nick Sheppard (23), formerly of the Bristol-based Cortinas, and Vince White (23) would be the band's new guitarists. The band played its first shows in January 1984 with a batch of new material and launched into a self-financed tour, dubbed the Out of Control tour.
Musically, the band was capable of re-creating the fire and intensity of the original line-up, but chemistry and trust between the old guard and the new were sometimes strained due to circumstance and unfamiliarity. Regardless, the band toured heavily over the winter and into early summer, with Strummer taking a hiatus until the fall to tend to personal matters. At a Miner's benefit show in December, he announced the band had a new record and would be releasing it early in the new year.
(1983-1986) Cut the Crap and the final demise
The album's recording sessions were a shambles with manager Bernie Rhodes scrubbing Howard's drumming in favour of a drum machine, drastically re-engineering the songs' live arrangements, and relying on synthesizers and mob choruses. Other songs aired on the tour remain unreleased: "Ammunition", "Glue Zombie", "In the Pouring Rain".
The dismissal of their real drummer and the exit of Topper was also crucial to the album's downfall. "You're only as good as your drummer" said Strummer in the interview Westway to the World. There he talked about the power, the energy, versatility and talent of Headon and how much the band lost due to his departure.
There is debate as to how much of the material on the album was actually recorded by the band itself. Considerable amounts of material appear to have been changed by Rhodes (hence his credit as a songwriter on the album), and much of the bass is reported to have been played by Norman Watt Roy, who had previously recorded "The Magnificent Seven" on Sandinista.
Disillusioned with Rhodes' album, Strummer took the band busking across Northern England and Scotland, playing for free on street corners and in bars. The Clash played their final shows at European festivals in 1985, with Strummer eventually calling the band together and putting The Clash out of their misery.
Meanwhile, Cut the Crap was released to a generally poor reception. Cut The Crap has basically been erased from Clash history, with all parties involved wanting to disown the album. Strummer washed his hands of it and only favoured the song "This Is England," and to date it has been the only song from the album to appear on any Clash retrospective.
(1986-present) Post-Clash careers
Joe Strummer
In 1986, Strummer collaborated with ex-bandmate Jones on BAD's second album, No. 10, Upping St., co-producing the album and co-writing seven of its songs. Strummer acted in a few movies, notably Alex Cox's Walker, and Jim Jarmusch's Mystery Train. He became known in this period for his work on movie soundtracks (notably "Love Kills" for the film Sid and Nancy, and later for co-producing the successful Grosse Pointe Blank soundtracks with John Cusack) and experimented with different backing bands with limited success. In 1989, he resurfaced in the music scene, releasing the first of his solo albums. Earthquake Weather was neither a commercial nor critical success. He did however tour with a new backing band, The Latino Rockabilly War, and released the single, "Trash City." In 1991/92 Strummer joined The Pogues after their split-up with former frontman Shane MacGowan for a series of concerts across Europe. Finally, in the mid- to late-1990s, Strummer gathered top-flight musicians into a backing band he called The Mescaleros. Strummer signed with the California punk label Hellcat Records, owned by Rancid frontman Tim Armstrong, and issued an album co-written with Anthony Genn, called Rock Art and the X-Ray Style. A tour of England and North America soon followed; sets included several Clash-fan favourites. Genn left The Mescaleros in the middle of recording sessions for the second album, Global A Go-Go, which included violinist, guitarist, and longtime friend of Strummer's Tymon Dogg, who contributed the song "Lose This Skin" to Sandinista! Following the release of Global A Go-Go, Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros mounted a 21-date tour of North America, Britain, and Ireland. Once again, these concerts featured Clash material ("London Calling", "Rudie Can't Fail"), as well as classic covers of reggae hits ("The Harder They Come", "A Message To You, Rudie") and regularly closed the show with a nod to the late Joey Ramone by playing The Ramones' "Blitzkrieg Bop".
In December 2002, Strummer died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 50. The Mescaleros album he was working on at the time, Streetcore, was released posthumously to critical acclaim in 2003. It was very bad fortune for the band as Jones commented in the press that after the brief reunion on Westway to the World in 2001, the foursome were seriously considering reuniting for a tour, and that it looked likely to happen.
Mick Jones
After his expulsion from The Clash, Jones formed Big Audio Dynamite (often shorted to B.A.D.) in 1984 with film director Don Letts who directed various Clash videos and Westway To The World) The band's debut album, This is Big Audio Dynamite, was released the following year with the song "E=MC2" getting heavy rotation in dance clubs. The next album, No. 10 Upping Street reunited Jones with Strummer. Mick released three more albums with Big Audio Dynamite before reshuffling the line-up and renaming the band Big Audio Dynamite II. The band was later renamed Big Audio in the mid-90s. Shortly before Strummer's death, Jones performed an encore onstage with Strummer and the Mescaleros in late 2002. Jones featured on the two studio albums by The Libertines as producer and also produced the debut Babyshambles album. Jones is currently touring and recording with his new band, Carbon/Silicon (http://www.carbonsiliconinc.com).
Paul Simonon
Following the break up of The Clash, Simonon formed a group called Havana 3AM, which recorded only one album in Japan and quickly folded. Then Simonon returned to his roots as a visual artist, mounting several art-gallery shows and contributing the cover for Jones' third BAD album. Simonon's reluctance to play music again has largely been cited as the reason why The Clash were one of the few 1970s British punk bands that did not reform to cash in on the punk-nostalgia craze of the late 1990s. Bruce Springsteen reportedly offered to stand in for Simonon for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but the performance never materialized. It is widely speculated that Paul Simonon has not played the bass in more than a decade and he was quoted in Westway to the World as saying that The Clash are over and that "suits him fine".
Topper Headon
Headon's contribution to The Clash was by no means limited to his drumming for the band; he composed and performed the music for "Ivan Meets G.I. Joe" and "Rock The Casbah" almost entirely by himself, the latter becoming the band's biggest hit in the U.S. reaching number #8 in 1982. By this time, however, Headon had been dismissed by the rest of the band due to the drug addiction which has dogged him for most of his adult life. Heroin stood in the way of any musical alliances he tried to form, and eventually landed him in jail for supplying a user who later overdosed and died. Except for forming a short-lived R&B band,( in 1986 he recorded a LP called "Waking Up" with a brilliant 12"E.P. called "Drumming man") Headon disappeared from the music business until the filming of Letts' retrospective documentary about The Clash, Westway to The World, also attending a subsequent presentation to Strummer, Jones, Simonon, and Headon of a Lifetime Achievement British Music Award. After many years of unsuccessfully trying different forms of rehabilitation, he has now apparently kicked his habit and is performing live again. It was during one of his live performances, that he heard the news of Strummer's death, in 2002.
Politics
Like many early punk bands, The Clash protested against the monarchy and the aristocracy in the U.K. and around the world. However, unlike many early punk bands, The Clash rejected the overall sentiment of nihilism. Instead, they found solidarity with a number of liberation movements going on at the time. Their politics were expressed explicitly in their lyrics, in early recordings such as "White Riot," which encouraged disaffected white youths to become politically active like their black counterparts, "Career Opportunities," which expressed discontent over the lack of jobs in the U.K., while "London's Burning," vented at political complacency.
In one instance in 1978, at a Rock Against Racism show, organized by the Anti-Nazi League, Strummer wore a controversial t-shirt bearing the words "Brigate-Rosse" with the Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof) insignia in the middle. He later said in an interview that he wore the shirt not to support the left-wing terrorist factions in Germany and Italy, but to bring attention to their existence. Still, he felt bad after the show, prompting him to write the song "Tommy Gun," renouncing violence as a means of protest.
The group also supported other musician's charity concerts, most notably at the December 1979 Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, presented by McCartney. The benefit album released from the concerts features one song by The Clash, "Armagideon Time."
The Clash offered some support to the Sandinista and other Marxist movements in Latin America (hence the title of their 1981 album, Sandinista!). They were involved directly with the Anti-Nazi League and Rock Against Racism.
By the time of the December 1979 album London Calling, the Clash were trying to "square the circle" of maintaining punk energy while developing increasingly musicianly chops. They were especially wary of their own emerging stardom: they always welcomed fans backstage after shows and showed open-mindness, genuine interest and compassion in their relationships with them.
The title of London Calling evokes American radio newsman Edward R. Murrow's catchphrase during World War II, and the title song announces that "...war is declared and battle come down..." It warns against expecting them to be saviours — "... now don't look to us / Phoney Beatlemania has bitten the dust..." — draws a bleak picture of the times — "The ice age is coming, the sun's zooming in / Engines stop running, the wheat is growing thin" — but calls on their listeners to come out of their drugged stupor and take up the fight without constantly looking to London, or to The Clash themselves, for cues — "Forget it, brother, we can go it alone... Quit holding out and draw another breath... I don't want to shout / But while we were talking I saw you nodding out..." — finally asking, "After all this, won't you give me a smile?"
The Clash are generally credited with founding the roots of punk rock in radical politics, and were known as the "Thinking Man's Yobs" by many for their politically astute take on the world. It should be noted that they were never driven entirely by money. Even at their peak, tickets to shows and the prices of souvenirs were kept reasonable. Similarly, the group insisted that CBS retail their double and triple album sets London Calling and Sandinista! for the price of a single album each (then £5), succeeding with the former and compromising with the latter by agreeing to sell it for £5.99 and forfeit all their royalties on its first 200,000 sales. These "VFM" (Value For Money) principles meant that they were constantly in debt to CBS, and didn't start to break even until around 1982.
Sound sample
Sample of "London Calling", from London Calling. 30 seconds, 616 KiB
Discography
Studio Albums
- see also The Clash discography
Compilations
- Black Market Clash, 1980 (compilation of b-sides), CBS Records CD release: Epic Records
- The Story of the Clash, Volume 1, 1988 (compilation, greatest hits collection), CBS Records CD release: Epic Records #7 UK, #142 U.S.
- Clash on Broadway, 1991 (3 disc box set containing several unreleased tracks and alternate versions), CBS Records CD release: Epic Records
- The Singles, 1991 (singles compilation), CBS Records CD release: Epic Records
- Super Black Market Clash, 1994 (compilation of b-sides and rarities), CBS Records CD release: Epic Records, #74 UK
- From Here to Eternity: Live, 1999 (live recordings from 1978 - 1982), Epic Records #13 UK, #193 U.S.
- The Essential Clash, 2003 (compilation, "essential" recordings), Epic/Legacy #18 UK, #99 U.S.
- London Calling: 25th Anniversary Legacy Edition, 2004 (expanded with rehearsal tapes and making of the album DVD), Epic/Legacy #26 UK
Notable Bootlegs
- Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg, 1982 (the extended original mix of Combat Rock by Mick Jones)
Singles
| Single | Release Date | UK | U.S. | Album |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White Riot | March 18, 1977 | 38 | The Clash | |
| Capital Radio One | April 1, 1977 | |||
| Remote Control | May 13, 1977 | The Clash | ||
| Complete Control | September 23, 1977 | 28 | ||
| Clash City Rockers | February 17, 1978 | 35 | ||
| (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais | June 16, 1978 | 32 | ||
| Tommy Gun | November 24, 1978 | 19 | Give 'Em Enough Rope | |
| English Civil War | February 23, 1979 | 25 | Give 'Em Enough Rope | |
| The Cost Of Living (EP) | May 11, 1979 | 22 | ||
| I Fought The Law [U.S. Only] | July 26, 1979 | - | ||
| London Calling | December 7, 1979 | 11 | London Calling | |
| Train in Vain (Stand By Me) [U.S. Only] | February 12, 1980 | 24 | London Calling | |
| Bankrobber | August 8, 1980 | 12 | ||
| The Call Up | November 28, 1980 | 40 | Sandinista! | |
| Hitsville UK | January 16, 1981 / February 17, 1981 [U.S.] | 56 | - | Sandinista! |
| The Magnificent Seven | April 10, 1981 / March 27, 1981 [U.S.] | 34 | - | Sandinista! |
| This Is Radio Clash | November 20, 1981 / November 25, 1981 [U.S.] | 47 | - | |
| Know Your Rights | April 23, 1982 | 43 | Combat Rock | |
| Rock The Casbah | June 11, 1982 / September 16, 1982 [U.S.] | 30 | 8 | Combat Rock |
| Should I Stay or Should I Go / Straight to Hell | September 17, 1982 / June 10, 1982 [U.S.] | 17 | 45 | Combat Rock |
| This Is England | September 30, 1985 | 24 | Cut The Crap | |
| I Fought The Law | February 29, 1988 | 29 | The Story Of The Clash Vol.1 | |
| London Calling | April 25, 1988 | 46 | The Story Of The Clash Vol.1 | |
| Return To Brixton | July 9, 1990 | 57 | - | |
| Should I Stay or Should I Go | February 18, 1991 | 1 | The Singles | |
| Rock The Casbah | April 1, 1991 | 15 | The Singles | |
| London Calling | May 27, 1991 | 64 | The Singles | |
| Train in Vain (Stand By Me) '91 | October 14, 1991 | - | The Singles |
Template:Fnb The 1979 USA release of the debut album was significantly different from the original 1977 UK release. See The Clash for a discussion of those differences.
Template:Fnb All of The Clash's albums and singles were originally issued on CBS Records; subsequent re-issues and CD releases have been through Epic.
Bibliography
- Gray, Marcus. Last Gang In Town: The Story and Myth of The Clash, 1995. Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN 1-857-02146-0.
- Green, Johnny; Barker, Garry; & Lowry, Ray (Ill.). A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash Indigo. ISBN 0-575-40080-3.
- Yewdall, John Leonard. Joe Strummer with the 101'ers and the Clash, 1974-1976, 1992. Image Direct. ISBN 0-951-92160-6
See also
External links
- Official Epic Records Site
- The Clash discography and news, infos, etc., from Music city
- The German Clash Fan Site
- The Clash Online
- Joe Strummer Site
- Joe Strummer with the Clash and the 101'ers, 1974-1976
- Revolution Rock
- RockTimes - rock magazine with The Clash
- The White Riot
- Clash Photo Rockers
- Online Clash Debate
- Clash links page @ ComplicatedFun.com
- 3:AM Magazine interview with Paul Simonon
