Nuevomexicanos

Nuevomexicanos

Miguel Antonio Otero Notables (U.S.): Antonio Jose Martinez · Joseph Montoya · Miguel Antonio Otero · Linda Chavez · Francisco Antonio Manzanares
Regions with significant populations
New Mexico	unknown
Colorado	unknown
Languages
American English · New Mexican Spanish
Religion
Roman Catholic

The Nuevomexicanos are settlers and descendants of colonists from the state of New Mexico. Since the XVI century to 1848, most Europeans who settled in New Mexico in order to repopulate areas of it were Spanish and Mexican, already that New Mexico belonged to Spain (XVI century - 1821) and to Mexico (1821 - 1848). The original name of the state (province at that time) was that of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico. The descendants of the settlers still have a community of thousands of people in this state, yet their numbers remain unknown. Also, there a community of people that descend of Nuevomexicanos in the South of Colorado.

History

Spanish government from New Mexico

The settlement began on July 11, 1598 the spanish explorer Juan de Oñate came north from Mexico to New Mexico with 500 Spanish settlers and soldiers and a livestock formed by 7,000 animals. They founded San Juan de los Caballeros, the first Spanish settlement in New Mexico. Onate also conquered the territories of Puebloan peoples and he became the first governor of New Mexico. The exploitative of Spanish rule involved them in nearly continuous attacks and reprisals with nomadic Amerindians tribes on the borders, especially the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche peoples. There were major clashes between the Franciscan missionaries (brought to New Mexico to convert the indigenous in Christian) and secular and religious authorities. Indian labor exploitation by the colonists and Franciscans was common in New Mexico, as occurred in other areas of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, decreasing because of European diseases and exploitation. In 1650s, Governor Bernardo Lopez de Mendizabal and his subordinate Nicolas de Aguilar enacted a law to force to the settlers and Franciscnas to pay to Native Americans for their work, rejected his mistreatment by the Franciscans and allowed the Indians to keep alive their culture and customs, but the Franciscans, rejecting statements that law accused him before the Inquisition, being tried in the city of Mexico. So, the Franciscans long governed the New Mexico province, causing the Pueblo Indians revolted. In the 1670s, the nomadic tribes attacked the Spanish and returned to their old religions, thus suffering repression by the Franciscans. The Pueblo Revolt forced the flight of the settlers and their descendants in New Mexico, but they returned to the province in 1692, when Diego de Vargas became the new governor of New Mexico. At that time, New Mexico was under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Guadalajara and belonging to the Viceroyalty of New Spain. However, with the creation in 1777 of the Provincias Internas was included only in the jurisdiction of the Commandant-General. After the revolt, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo Amerindian and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts.

Mexican government from New Mexico

The mainland part of New Spain won independence from Spain in 1821 and in 1824 joined New Mexico to Mexico, belonging to same country. After independence from Spain, the Spanish population was mixed with indigenous populations. The new 'Mexican' elite Attempted to create a common identity all classes and ethnicities between the differents groups. Nationalists attempted to establish equality, if only legally, between these differents groups. The Spanish settlers of New Mexico and their descendants adapted to Mexican citizenship. In 1836, after the Republic of Texas independence, this state claimed the province east of the Rio Grande, disputed by Mexico. In 1841, the Texians sent an expedition, for occupying the area, but the expedition was captured by Mexican troops; In 1837 be developmen a revolt in New Mexico itself overthrew and executed the centrally appointed governor, demanding increased regional authority. This revolt was defeated by Manuel Armijo. This was impulsed by the class antagonism in New Mexican society. When central rule was reestablished, Armijo ruled the province with greater autonomy. In the mid 1830s New Mexico began to function as a trading hub between the United States, central Mexico and Mexican California. New Mexico grew economically and United States began to notice him. In 1846 during the Mexican-American War , the U.S. Army occupied the zone and Mexico gave to United States his territories of North with the called Mexican Cession. Texas occupied El Paso; in the Compromise of 1850 Texas gave up its claim to areas in New Mexico. In the nineteenth century, many New Mexicans migrated to southern Colorado.

American government from New Mexico

In January 1912, New Mexico becomes a state, when the American Anglosphere became the majority population. The Nuevomexicanos became an economically disadvantaged population in the state, becoming in a second-class social compared to Anglos. The Nuevomexicanos suffered discrimination of Anglophones, who also questioned the sense that the natives had on democracy. The cultures of Nuevomexicanos and immigrant Anglophones were mixed, as was the case with immigrants in other parts of the United States. Be mix las images Nuevomexicanas with American patriots with symbols and the political and community leaders recruited numerous New Mexican farmers to participate in the 1st World War. They also fueled the struggle for women's suffrage. These contributions improved the conditions of citizenship in the community, but social inequality between them with the Anglophones remained.

The favorable conditions of equality of Nuevomexicanos caused that the Anglos and Hispanics fight for get that all the Hispanics could vote, already they outnumbered the Anglos. After of a debate on the maintenance of the term "Mexican" for Nuevomexicanos or replacement of this by the "Spanish-American", concluded with the sustitutuion implementation of the latter term for Nuevomexicanos in 1920. The term suggested for Nuevomexicanos a future of equality between the two groups, and for Anglophones, a rejection of the term "Mexican" that meant to them, violence.

Population

Currently, the Nuevamexicana population is distribuited between New Mexico and South of Colorado. Most of the Nuevomexicanos that live in New Mexico live in the Upstate. There are thousands of Nuevomexicanos living in New Mexico, but their numbers are unknown. The descendants of Spanish settlers in this state are currently the fifth predominant ancestry. There is also a community of people in southern Colorado descended from Nuevomexicanos that migrated there in the nineteenth century. The stories and language of the Nuevomexicanos from Northern New Mexico and southern Colorado gad very studied by Nuevomexicano ethnographer, linguist, and folklorist Juan Bautista Rael.

Dialect

Main article: New Mexican Spanish

The dialect spoke by the Spanish settlers´s descendant established primarily in the Northern New Mexico and the southern of Colorado is called New Mexican Spanish. Although Mexico had received continual influence from the Spanish spoken to the south, New Mexico's relative geographical isolation and unique political history has made New Mexican Spanish differ notably from Spanish spoken in other parts of Hispanic America, including northern Mexico, Alta California and Texas. The dialect is formed by a preservation of forms and vocabulary from colonial-era Spanish, words from Rio Grande Amerindian languages (specially of Pueblo and Navajo peoples), Spanish words lost and English words. Also the pronunciation is influenced by this languages.

see also

• Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico
• History of New Mexico