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Attawapiskat First Nation

Coordinates: 52°55′59″N 82°24′00″W / 52.93306°N 82.40000°W / 52.93306; -82.40000
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 72.16.178.139 (talk) at 20:40, 31 January 2013 (seems to have been cut-and-paste moved from Attawapiskat, Ontario back in 2007; see talk page). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Attawapiskat First Nation
Attawapiskat Settlement between Attawapiskat River and James Bay
Attawapiskat Settlement between Attawapiskat River and James Bay
Country Canada
Province Ontario
DivisionKenora District
Established1950
Government
 • TypeFirst Nations Council
 • ChiefTheresa Spence
Area
 • Land1.19 km2 (0.46 sq mi)
Population
 (2010)[2]
 • Total1,929
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Postal code span
P0L 1A0
Area code705
WebsiteAttawapiskat - Official Website

Template:Contains Canadian text Attawapiskat First Nation (Cree: ᐋᐦᑕᐙᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ (Āhtawāpiskatowi ininiwak, "People of the parting of the rocks"); unpointed: ᐊᑕᐗᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ) is an isolated First Nation located in Kenora District in northern Ontario, Canada, at the mouth of the Attawapiskat River at James Bay. The traditional territory of the Attawapiskat First Nation extends beyond their reserve up the coast to Hudson Bay and hundreds of kilometres inland along river tributaries.[3]

Demographics

There are over 2800 members of Attawapiskat First Nation, but the local on-reserve population was 1,549 according to the 2011 census. More than a third of the members of the Attawapiskat First Nation who still live on their home reserve are under the age of 19 and three-quarters are under the age of 35 (2010-12-03).[2]

Language

Almost all of the Aboriginal population of Attawapiskat speak the Swampy Cree language, one of the varieties of the Cree language, as their first language[4] Many elders understand very little English; they speak Cree and other Aboriginal languages.[5]

History

Attawapiskat is home to the Mushkego or Omushkego James Bay Cree. The location of the town has been a gathering place for local Native people for centuries. Originally it was a seasonal camp that was visited in the spring and summer to take advantage of the prime fishing on one of the main drainage rivers of James Bay. Historically, in the wintertime, families left the location to live in other trapping, hunting and gathering sites along the coast, inland or on Akamiski Island.

Attawapiskat was entered into official treaty with Canada and the Province of Ontario relatively late, in 1930 (Treaty 9 adhesion), and the majority of the First Nation members moved to the community as late as the mid-1960s.[6] Traditional structures, thinking and interpretation of life were maintained in a deeper fashion than for many less isolated First Nations communities. Some elders still lead a traditional life on the land, moving into the community only over Christmas season[7] Some families, although having their home base in the community, are still using the land extensively as their economic and social basis. The vast majority of community members are involved in the yearly goose hunts in fall and spring.[8] Therefore there is still an awareness of traditional way of life among most of the Attawapiskat First Nation members.

Attawapiskat has grown from a settlement of temporary dwellings, such as tents and teepees, in the 1950s to a community with permanent buildings, which were constructed in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[9] Traditional harvesters from Attawapiskat First Nation continue to regularly hunt caribou, goose, and fish along the Attawapiskat River, while tending trap lines throughout the region (Berkes et al., 1994; Whiteman, 2004). This goes beyond subsistence hunting and fishing. It comprises an important part of local culture and identity (Inf. #2, 4).[3]

Governance

Attawapiskat First Nation Office 1990s

Attawapiskat was officially recognized by the Government of Canada under the Treaty 9 document. Although the original document was signed in the years 1905 and 1906, it only included the communities south of the Albany River in northern Ontario. Attawapiskat was included when adhesions were made to the treaty to include the communities north of the Albany River. Attawapiskat was numbered as Indian Reserve 91 as part of Treaty 9. The treaty set aside reserve lands on the Ekwan River, a parallel river north of the Attawapiskat River that drains into James Bay. In time, it was decided by local leaders to establish the community in its present location on the Attawapiskat River instead. This was due to an existing trading post and better access to James Bay shipping routes from this location. The new reserve was then numbered Indian Reserve 91A.

Local leadership is an elected government of a chief, a deputy chief and twelve councilors who serve three year terms. The current chief (2012) is Theresa Spence. The band council was under Third Party Intervention for part of 2011-2012.[10][11] While the federal government had preemptively removed the third-party manager, a Federal Court decision later deemed the Third Party Management arrangement 'unreasonable'.[12] The Attawapiskat band council agreed to a comprehensive audit, covering the years 2005 to 2011. The results have not yet been made public, and are pending review by the Aboriginal Affairs Department and Health Canada.[13] A copy of the audit findings was leaked to the public in January 2013. In it the auditors found "an average of 81 per cent of files did not have adequate supporting documents and over 60 per cent had no documentation of the reason for payment." Additionally, the letter delivered to Chief Spence stated the audit revealed "no evidence of due diligence on the part of Attawapiskat of funding provided by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada for housing projects and Health Canada for health-related projects."[14]

Attawapiskat First Nation is part of the regional Mushkegowuk Council, an Aboriginal political group representing the James Bay Mushkego or Omushkego Cree. The community and the Council are together represented under the Political Territorial Organization, Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN), which represents 50 First Nations in Northern Ontario. NAN is the representative political body for the First Nations that are part of Treaty 9. The current Grand Chief of Nishnabwe-Aski Nation is Stan Beardy. The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is the national representative organization of the 630 First Nation's communities in Canada.[15]

The federal and provincial representation of reserve is within the riding of Timmins—James Bay. The current Provincial Member of Parliament (MPP) is Gilles Bisson (NDP) and federal member of parliament is Charlie Angus (NDP).

Transportation

Travel to Attawapiskat is accessible through Attawapiskat Airport year-round. The airport was opened in 1974, but air service in the community began in 1957.[16] The airport is equipped with a gravel runway that was constructed in the 1970s. During the winter months, a "Winter Road" is constructed that connects the community to other coastal towns on the James Bay coast. Winter roads are temporary routes of transportation that are constructed mostly in January, February, March and even April throughout remote parts of Northern Ontario. The seasonal James Bay winter road connects the communities of Attawapiskat, Kashechewan, Fort Albany, Moosonee and Moose Factory. James Bay Winter Road operated/managed by Kimesskanemenow Corporation. From Moosonee the Ontario Northland Railway runs south to Cochrane.

Residents of several remote coastal communities often take advantage of the winter road to purchase goods and perishables, by making long trips to Moosonee. When the winter road is in good condition, the trip can take five hours to Kashechewan, one way. During the period when the winter road is open, certain community band members offer taxi services, shuttling between the communities. James Bay Winter Road is available in the winter months barring bad weather such as blizzards and heavy snowfalls, at which point access will be closed until the road is inspected and snow is plowed away.

Roads in town are dirt or gravel. The first roads were built by province in 1956.[16] Ontario Ministry of Transportation has an office and representative in the town.[9]

Circa 2007, Thunder Airlines supplanted Air Creebec, as supplier of postal services and for shipping goods. Heavier goods are shipped into the community via a seasonal barge from Moosonee.

Community services

Attawapiskat is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service, an Aboriginal based service that replaced the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP). This change took place in the early 1990s in most remote northern communities in Ontario. The community is served by the Attawapiskat detachment in the Northeast Region.

Basic health services are provided by the Attawapiskat Wing of James Bay General Hospital (main wing in Moosonee, Ontario), a provincial hospital which provides sixteen beds for pediatric, medical/surgical and chronic care. The hospital replaced St. Mary's Hospital, established by the Catholic Church in 1951,[16] in 1969.[17] Health services are provided by a nursing staff. However, like other remote communities on the James Bay coast, there is no doctor in the community. A physician from Weeneebayko General Hospital in Moose Factory visits Attawapiskat, as well as other communities along the coast on a regular basis during each month.[18] Patients with serious injuries, or those requiring surgery, must be transported to a larger centre for treatment. These emergency patients are transported by air ambulance airplane or helicopter to medical centres in Moose Factory, Timmins, Sudbury or Kingston, depending on their condition.

James Bay General Hospital is being merged with federally operated Weeneebayko General Hospital to improve health care services in the region.[19]

Attawapiskat Health Clinic provides additional outpatient health care services to the community and located across the street from James Bay Hospital Attawapiskat Wing.

Pre-hospital medical care is provided by James Bay Ambulance Service, a service run by Weeneebayko Area Health Authority funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. The community is served by one EMS base (#02) with two ambulances (one primary and one reserve) for the entire community.[20] There are eight primary care paramedics stationed at this base which operates 24/7/365.[21]

Attawapiskat Fire Rescue consists of a fire department of nine (one fire chief, one lieutenant and seven firefighters) at one station with one pumper.[22]

Maytawaywin Authority provides recreational services at their community centre and sportsplex:

  • community hall
  • gym
  • fields for football, soccer, baseball

Religion

St. Ignatius Catholic Church built in 1935 was the only place of worship in Attawapiskat for many years.[16] It also maintains the local cemetery. Two other places of worship are two Pentecostal places of worship.[9]

Education

Primary school students attended J.R. Nakogee School which was constructed in the 1970s and opened in 1976.[16] It is not the first school in town; Attawapiskat School opened in 1953.[16] J.R. Nakogee School was closed on May 11, 2000 because of site contamination and possible health problems that were attributed to a massive diesel leak at the site that occurred in 1979.[23] The students and staff have since been in portables. Secondary school students attend Vezina Secondary School which was established in the early 1990s with additions built in following years. The secondary school was founded by John B. Nakogee in 1991 and it was named after Father Rodigue Vezina, a local Catholic priest who has served the community since 1975.[24]

Since the Attawapiskat First Nation was forced to close its elementary school in May 2000, the community’s students have been receiving their elementary education in a series of portables. Money that had been allocated for the renovation of the deteriorating physical condition of the 25 year old frame construction school was used to fund the construction of eight double and three single portable classrooms. The recreations are basic with none of the supplementary resources schools in other parts of the province have available. Parents in the community are now starting to hold their children back from attending the school, or are seeking education in other communities. The situation is deteriorating since quality education cannot be offered in the present facilities.

A study by B. H. Martin indicates that the total area available for instruction is only about 50% of the space allocated in Indian Affairs' School Space Accommodation Standards.[25][26]


A new school was promised by the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs in the summer of 2000, but no action has been taken. The Education Authority’s Chairman summed up the community’s plight by saying; "We just want what any other parent would want for their children - a safe school."[16]

Attawapiskat First Nation marked the ground breaking for new Attawapiskat Elementary School June 22, 2012. The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) National Chief Shawn Atleo congratulated the community of Attawapiskat as they celebrated the ground breaking of their new elementary school.[27]

Media

Radio

Television

Channel TV Info
21 History Channel
26 Teletoon (Canadian TV channel)
28 Attawapiskat Development Corporation
34 The Weather Network
41 CTV News
46 Treehouse TV

Note: Many channels from TV shows public to community and up to 48 TV Channels

Local television cable services is provided by Attawapiskat Development Corporation.

Cost of living

M. Koostachin & Sons (1976), a locally owned store

The cost of living in Attawapiskat is quite high, due to the expense of shipping goods to the community.

Local stores include the Northern Store and M. Koostachin & Sons (1976). More than a third of the residents occasionally place orders for perishables and other goods (except alcohol) which are shipped in via aircraft from Timmins, and for which the residents make prepayments with money orders. When their orders arrive, the residents have to pick them up at the local airport. For example, 6 apples and 4 small bottles of juice cost $23.50 (2011-12-01).

The price of gasoline is considerably higher than the provincial average. When the fuel is shipped via winter road, the prices of gasoline and propane tend to drop slightly.

It costs $250,000 to build a house in Attawapiskat.[28] The cost of renovating one condemned house is $50,000-$100,000.[29] A majority of the community members have updated their heating needs, while many households still use dry firewood. Firewood in Attawapiskat costs $150 and $200 a cord, and a cord will heat a winter-bound tent for only a week, or at most 10 days. [30]

Economy and employment

Economic and employment opportunities are limited to work within the community, mainly service sector or for the local band council. There are only a handful of businesses in the town.

  • De Beers Victor Mine
  • Kataquapit's Inn - family run hotel housing DeBeers workers[31]
  • Northern Store and Warehouse - retail store
  • Attawapiskat Band Council
  • Attawapiskat Development Corporation
  • Attawapiskat Airport
  • April's Coffee Shop
  • Kloxplex Studios (Private)
  • SIPC Development Incorporated
  • DeBeers Marc Guevremont Training Centre - training staff for Victor Mine
  • James Bay General Hospital
  • James Bay Ambulance Service
  • Attawapiskat Fire Rescue
  • Attawapiskat Water Treatment Plant
  • Attawapiskat Health Centre - outpatient clinic
  • Vezina Secondary School
  • J.R. Nakogee School - public school
  • CJBA-FM - local radio station
  • M. Koostachin & Sons - retail store
  • Hydro One - power generation and distribution
  • Bell Canada - land line services
  • Canada Post - postal services
  • Attawapiskat First Nation Education Authority

From 1927 to 1960, the Catholic Church's Oblate Mission operated a sawmill.[16]

In 1901 the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post and store in town. The Northern Store took over the operations from HBC in the 1980s.

Mining

De Beers Canada officially opened Victor Diamond Mine, Ontario's first ever diamond mine July 26, 2008. De Beers has spent approximately $1 billion on construction of the mine. It is located 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of the settlement of Attawapiskat on Attawapiskat First Nation traditional land. An Impact-Benefit Agreement (IBA) was signed with community leaders in 2005[32] to be later protested by the community through demonstrations and road blocks.[33] De Beers has negotiated a lease area. Although it is acknowledged that the mine is on Attawapiskat traditional land, the royalties from Victor Mine, flow to the Province of Ontario, not Attawapiskat First Nation.[34] They have 500 full-time employees with 100 from Attawapiskat First Nation. De Beers also employs Attawapiskat First Nation in winter road construction.

  • Fiber Optics have been installed in July of 2009, meaning High-Speed Internet and (Better)Cable is coming to Attawapiskat.
    Fiber Optics have been installed in July of 2009, meaning High-Speed Internet and (Better)Cable is coming to Attawapiskat.
  • The new elementary school's construction ground.
    The new elementary school's construction ground.

Housing and infrastructure crisis

On October 28, 2011 the Attawapiskat First Nations leadership declared a state of emergency in response to dropping temperatures, and the resulting health and safety concerns due to inadequate housing. Many residents were still living in tents, trailers and temporary shelters, and many residences and public buildings lacked running water and electricity. In one case, children, the elderly, and the ill were sleeping in rooms just a few feet away from a 2009 raw sewage spill that had not been adequately cleaned.[35][36]

Attawapiskat residents were evacuated during flood conditions in May 2009. The sole elementary school building, a state of the art construction in 1976, was closed in 2000 because of toxic fumes from a 1978 diesel spill that seeped into the ground underneath the school.

Along with 300 houses, there are 5 tents and 17 sheds used for housing. Trailers that house 90 people cost $100,000 a year to maintain.[37]

Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Duncan claimed that officials in his department were unaware of Attawapiskat's housing problems until Oct. 28, 2011, despite having visited the community many times that year.[38]

In November, 2011, a spokesperson for the Department of Aboriginal Affairs stated that the reserve had received a commitment of $500,000 to renovate five vacant housing units, and that it had already received "a significant boost from Canada's Economic Action Plan and funding dedicated to a new subdivision, of which 44 houses have been completed".[39] The Prime Minister stated that the Attawapiskat First Nation had received $90 million in transfer payments since the federal Conservative Party was elected in 2006.[40] On December 30, 2012, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development stated that $131 million will have been spent on Attawapiskat from 2006 to the end of fiscal year 2012-13, which includes 60 houses that have been renovated or newly constructed; a new school is also under construction.[41]

It should be noted that the $90 million in transfer payments referred to by the Prime Minister is an aggregate figure, encompassing more than just housing. This amount includes all federal funding for Attawapiskat over 5 years, which includes education, health care, social services, housing and many other necessities. All of these programs require infrastructure and human resources that are also included in the total. It is estimated that $84 million is needed for housing alone in Attawapiskat.[42]

The crisis is the subject of a 2012 documentary by First Nations filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin, The People of the Kattawapiskak River. Obomsawin was present in the community in 2011, working on another film for the National Film Board of Canada, when the housing issue came to national attention.[43] The Attawapiskat band received a total estimated revenue of $34 million, from the federal ($17.6 million), provincial ($4.4 million) funding and income derived from non governmental sources in 2011.[44]

Timeline

  • May 11, 2000 - J.R. Nagokee Elementary School closed due to health problems relating to the 1979 diesel spill. Since then the elementary school students are in portables.[49]
  • December 8, 2004 - During his 2004 mission in Canada, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, UNESCO Special Rapporteur, observed first-hand the substandard conditions of on-reserve housing which included deteriorated units, lack of heating and insulation, leakage of pipes and toxic mould.[50]
  • November 1, 2007 - UNHCHR Special Rapporteur, Mr. Miloon Kothari, noted that overcrowded and inadequate housing conditions, as well as difficulties to access basic services, including water and sanitation, are major problems for Aboriginal peoples. He called for changes in federal and provincial government, legislations, policies and budgetary allocation for Aboriginal people[51]
  • December 2007 - The new Indian Affairs and Northern Development Minister cancelled the plans for a new school claiming there were other communities who took priority and that they were no health and safety concerns in Attawapiskat.
  • May 2008 – Hundreds of people are evacuated from the community after a state of emergency is declared. The threat stems from the possibility of ice jams in the Attawapiskat River and subsequent flooding.[52]
  • 2009 - Members of the Attawapiskat First Nation blocked a winter road block near the DeBeers Victor Mine to protest the fact that the Attawapiskat First Nation live in such impoverished conditions alongside this billion dollar project.
  • April 2009 - It was revealed in a 2012 audit [53] that Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) only conducted one physical condition review of Attawapiskat First Nation housing units during the period from April 1, 2005 to November 2011. The April 2009 review was conducted on a very small sample in a single 27-unit housing project built in 1990 and 1994. These units had "poor indoor air quality, high water table and overcrowding." CMHC did not share this report with Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (Indian Affairs and Northern Development).
  • August 21, 2009 - Community members traveled to Toronto to confront De Beers Canada about the growing prosperity of the company and the growing poverty in the community.[54]
  • July 11, 2009 - A massive sewage flood dumps waste into eight buildings that housed 90 people. DeBeers donated and retroffited two construction accommodation trailers intended as a short-term stop-gap measure, until the home could be remedied or replaced. They are still housing 90 people who share the four stoves and six washrooms.[55][56]
  • October 14, 2009 - Chief Theresa Hall raises concerns about the federal government's lack of response to the housing crisis in Attawapiskat caused by the sewage back-up. The government had claimed they had committed 700,000$ to repair homes.[54]
  • 2011-06 The Auditor General of Canada reported that there was a chronic and persistent "lack of clarity about service levels", lack of legislation supporting programs regarding education, health, and drinking water. Federal programs and services developed based exclusively on policy, not legislation,created confusion about federal responsibility and adequate funding (OAG 2011-06-04:3)[47], lack of an appropriate funding mechanism, and lack of organizations to support local service delivery on First Nations reserves across Canada.[47]
  • October 28, 2011 – Attawapiskat First Nations Chief Theresa Spence calls a state of emergency for the third time in three years. Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Duncan claimed that officials in his department were unaware of Attawapiskat's housing problems until Oct. 28, despite having visited the community many times this year.[38]
  • December 1, 2011 - The Canadian Red Cross mobilized to help meet immediate needs in the community of Attawapiskat. The Red Cross continues to work closely with public authorities and the community to identify and address urgent, short-term needs. At the request of the community the Red Cross will also take on a donation management role to support these needs as identified.[57]
  • September 28, 2012 The "Audit of the AANDC and Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) Management Control Framework" by Deloitte and Touche LLP covering the period between April 1, 2005 and November 30, 2011, was completed. In an unusual move Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development published it in online. The total amount of all AANDC funding to Attawapiskat First Nation which includes health, education, infrastructure, housing and administration, [notes 2]etc was approximately $104M over that time. The area under scrutiny was the c. $8.3M for "housing-related activities through the Capital Facilities and Maintenance (CFM) program, which included $6.85M for housing maintenance; $1M for immediate housing needs; and, $450K for housing renovations under Canada's Economic Action Plan." One of the positive outcomes was the observation that AANDC, CMHC, and Attawapiskat First Nation, "worked in partnership at the regional level to determine allocations of housing funds for the Attawapiskat First Nation." Recommendations included changes regarding loan eligibility, inmprovements in reporting, book-keeping, for example, CMHC Physical Condition Reviews must be shared with AANDC. It was noted that there is a chronic problem with collection of rent in arrears which impedes loan payments to CMHC and the challenges of evicting tenants [53] in this impoverished, remote northern community already plagued by overcrowding.

Notes

  1. ^ formerly known as The Prime Minister of Canada changed the name of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) in June 2011 ()
  2. ^ "Education per pupil, Education infrastructure (maintenan­ce, repair, teacher salaries, etc), Health care per patient, Health care, infrastruc­ture (clinics, staff, access to services outside the community in the absence of facilities on reserve), Social services (facilitie­s, staff, etc.), Infrastruc­ture (maintenan­ce and constructi­on (Vowel, Chelsea. 12/6/2011. "Attawapiskat: You Want to Be Shown the Money? Here it Is." Huffington Post)."

References

  1. ^ "Attawapiskat ordered into 3rd-party control". CBC. November 30, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  2. ^ a b Linda Goyette (December 10, 2010). "Attawapiskat: The State of First Nations Education in Canada". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  3. ^ a b CBERN. "Case Study: Attawapiskat First Nation". Canadian Business Ethics Research Network. Retrieved December 4, 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |day= (help)
  4. ^ Norbert W. Witt (1998). "Opening the Healing Path: The Cultural Basis for a Solvent Abusers Treatment Program for the Attawapiskat First Nation". Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |day= and |month= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 106 (help)
  5. ^ Norbert Witt; Jackie Hookimaw-Witt PhD (2003). "Pinpinayhaytosown (The Way We Do Things): a Definition of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in the Context of Mining Development on Lands of the Attawapiskat First Nation and its Effects on the Design of Research for a TEK Study" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Native Studies (2): 373. Retrieved December 4, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |day= and |month= (help)
  6. ^ Norbert W. Witt (1998). "Opening the Healing Path: The Cultural Basis for a Solvent Abusers Treatment Program for the Attawapiskat First Nation". Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto. p. 247. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |day= and |month= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 106 (help)
  7. ^ Norbert W. Witt (1998). "Opening the Healing Path: The Cultural Basis for a Solvent Abusers Treatment Program for the Attawapiskat First Nation". Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto. p. 249. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |day= and |month= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 106 (help)
  8. ^ Norbert W. Witt (1998). "Opening the Healing Path: The Cultural Basis for a Solvent Abusers Treatment Program for the Attawapiskat First Nation". Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto. p. 6. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |day= and |month= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 106 (help)
  9. ^ a b c http://www.wakenagun.ca/PDF/Attawapiskat%20Profile.pdf
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ Laura Payton (December 1, 2011). "5 things about Attawapiskat and 3rd party management". CBC. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ^ Galloway, Gloria (August 1, 2012). "Ottawa's response to Attawapiskat emergency 'unreasonable,' court rules". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  13. ^ "Spence to join Harper meeting with chiefs Jan. 11". CBC News. January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  14. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/01/07/pol-attawapiskat-audit-monday.html
  15. ^ Assembly of First Nations (AFN). "Provincial-Territorial Organizations". Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Attawapiskat First Nation Education Authority. "Community Profile and Timeline of Significant Events". Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  17. ^ http://www.wha.on.ca/a_attawapiskat.html
  18. ^ http://www.wha.on.ca/ps_costal.html
  19. ^ http://www.wha.on.ca/integration.html
  20. ^ http://jamesbayambulance.org/index.php?p=1_9_About-Us
  21. ^ http://jamesbayambulance.org/index.php?supermode=gallery_vis w&previewm=1&a=About_Us&image=091028085903_deployment.jpg&screenres=1024-768
  22. ^ http://attawapiskatfiredepartment.myknet.org/
  23. ^ CTV News: Battle brewing over native school
  24. ^ News Release
  25. ^ http://www.cupe.on.ca/a928/My%20friends.pdf.
  26. ^ http://www.cupe.on.ca/d1943/national-aboriginal-day
  27. ^ http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/998091/afn-marks-the-ground-breaking-for-new-attawapiskat-elementary-school.
  28. ^ CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/ontariotoday/2011/11/30/attawapiskat-and-de-beers. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. ^ CBC (November 30, 2011). "Attawapiskat finances put under 3rd-party control". Assembly of First Nations. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  30. ^ Oakland Ross (December 2, 2011). "Cramped and precarious: Attawapiskat woman living good life compared to most". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  31. ^ http://www.kataquapitinn.com
  32. ^ [2]
  33. ^ [3]
  34. ^ Gloria Galloway (November 30, 2011). "Attawapiskat's woes spark debate about what's wrong on Canada's reserves". Toronto: Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  35. ^ "Feds aware of Attawapiskat crisis for years". CBC. December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  36. ^ CBC (December 3, 2011). "What's next for Attawapiskat?". CBC Community News. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  37. ^ CBC (November 30, 2011). "Attawapiskat finances put under 3rd-party control". CBC News. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  38. ^ a b CBC (December 1, 2011). "Attawapiskat crisis sparks political blame game". CBC News. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  39. ^ "Attawapiskat housing help talks ongoing". CBC News. November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  40. ^ Blatchford, Christie (December 27, 2012). "Christie Blatchford: Inevitable puffery and horse manure surrounds hunger strike while real Aboriginal problems forgotten". National Post. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  41. ^ McCarthy, Shawn, and James Bradshaw (December 30, 2012). "Idle No More protesters block main Toronto-Montreal rail line in support of Chief Spence". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 30, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Vowel, Chelsea (12/6/2011). "Attawapiskat: You Want to Be Shown the Money? Here it Is". Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ Dunlevy, T'cha (9 November 2012). "The People of the Kattawapiskak River examines a community on the edge". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  44. ^ http://www.attawapiskat.org/financial-statements/
  45. ^ a b . Government of Canada. 1867 title= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-1.html title=. {{cite report}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  46. ^ Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (2011). "Change to the Department's Name". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ^ a b c Office of the Auditor General of Canada. "Chapter 4: Programs for First Nations on Reserves". 2011 June Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada (PDF) (Report). Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  48. ^ "Education is a Right: Fighting for Attawapiskat". Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  49. ^ a b Linda Goyette (December 10, 2010). "Attawapiskat: The State of First Nations Education in Canada". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  50. ^ UNESC. 2004-12-08. "Human rights and indigenous issues: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, Rodolfo Stavenhagen: Mission to Canada." E/CN.4/2005/88/Add.3.
  51. ^ UNHCHR. 2007-11-01. "United Nations Expert on Adequate Housing Calls for Immediate Attention to Tackle National Housing Crisis in Canada." Geneva.
  52. ^ "More evacuations expected in northern Ontario due to flood fears". Canwest News Service. MAY 9, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ a b Deloitte and Touche LLP (September 28, 2012). Audit of the AANDC and Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) Management Control Framework (Report). Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development. Retrieved January 12, 2013. Cite error: The named reference "deloitte-audit" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  54. ^ a b Rebecca Lindell (November 29, 2011). "Putting Attawapiskat on the map". Edmonton: Global News. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  55. ^ Ryan Lux (November 10, 2011). "Hundreds homeless in Attawapiskat MP says, 'people will die if nothing is done'". Edmonton: The Daily Press. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  56. ^ Rebecca Lindell (November 29, 2011). "Putting Attawapiskat on the map". Edmonton: Global News. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  57. ^ "Canadian Red Cross to support immediate needs in Attawapiskat". Toronto. November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.

Further Reading on Housing and Infrastructure Crisis

52°55′59″N 82°24′00″W / 52.93306°N 82.40000°W / 52.93306; -82.40000

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