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Xeon Phi

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Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture (MIC)
DesignerIntel
Designmanycore extended x86/x64 design
Registers
General-purposeIntel Architecture registers
Floating point512-bit SIMD vector registers

Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture or Intel MIC (pronounced Mike) is a multiprocessor computer architecture developed by Intel incorporating earlier work on the Larrabee many core architecture, the Teraflops Research Chip multicore chip research project, and the Intel Single-chip Cloud Computer multicore microprocessor.

Prototype products codenamed Knights Ferry were announced and released to developers in 2010. A commercial release, codenamed Knights Corner to be built on a 22nm process was scheduled to go into production in late 2012.

In September 2011, the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) announced it would use Knights Corner cards in their 10 PetaFLOPS "Stampede" supercomputer, providing 8 PetaFLOPS of computing power.

At the International Supercomputing Conference (2012, Hamburg), Intel announced the branding of the processor product family as Intel Xeon Phi.

In November 2012, Intel formally announced the first products citing claims of CPU-like versatile programmability, high performance and power efficiency.[1] The Green 500 list placed a system using these new products as the most power efficient computer in the world.[2]

In June 2013, the Tianhe-2 supercomputer at the National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou (NSCC-GZ) was announced[3] as the world's fastest supercomputer. It utilizes Intel Ivy Bridge Xeon and Xeon Phi processors to achieve 33.86 PetaFLOPS.[4]

History

Background

See also: Larrabee (microarchitecture), Teraflops Research Chip, and Single-chip Cloud Computer

The Larrabee microarchitecture (in development since 2006[5]) introduced very wide (512-bit) SIMD units to a x86 architecture based processor design, extended to a cache coherent multiprocessor system connected via a ring bus to memory; each core was capable of 4-way multi-threading. Due to the design being intended for GPU as well as general purpose computing the Larrabee chips also included specialised hardware for texture sampling.[6][7] The project to produce a GPU retail product directly from the Larrabee research project was terminated in May 2010.[8]

Another contemporary Intel research project implementing x86 architecture on a many-multicore processor was the 'Single Chip Cloud Computer', (prototype introduced 2009.[9]), a design mimicking a cloud computing computer datacentre on a single chip with multiple independent cores - the prototype design included 48 cores per chip with hardware support for selective frequency and voltage control of cores to maximize energy efficiency, and incorporated a mesh network for interchip messaging. The design lacked cache coherent cores and focused on principles that would allow the design to scale to many more cores.[10]

The Teraflops Research Chip (prototype unveiled 2007[11]) was an experimental 80 core chip with two floating point units per core implementing not x86 but a 96-bit VLIW architecture.[12] The project investigated intercore communication methods, per-chip power management, and achieved 1.01 TFLOPS at 3.16 GHz consuming 62 W of power.[13][14]

Knights Ferry

Intel's MIC prototype board, named Knights Ferry, incorporating a processor codenamed Aubrey Isle was announced 31 May 2010. The product was stated to be a derivative of the Larrabee project and other Intel research including the Single-chip Cloud Computer.[15][16]

The development product was offered as a PCIe card with 32 in-order cores at up to 1.2 GHz with 4 threads per core, 2 GB GDDR5 memory,[17] and 8 MB coherent L2 cache (256 kB per core with 32 kB L1 cache), and a power requirement of ~300 W,[17] built at a 45 nm process.[18] In the Aubrey Isle core a 1,024-bit ring bus (512-bit bi-directional) connects processors to main memory.[19] Single board performance has exceeded 750 GFLOPS.[18] The prototype boards only support single precision floating point instructions.[20]

Initial developers included CERN, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) and Leibniz Supercomputing Centre. Hardware vendors for prototype boards included IBM, SGI, HP, Dell and others.[21]

Knights Corner

The Knights Corner product line is expected to be made at a 22 nm process size, using Intel's Tri-gate technology with more than 50 cores per chip, and is expected to lead to commercial products.[15][18]

In June 2011, SGI announced a partnership with Intel to utilize the MIC architecture in its high performance computing products.[22] In September 2011, it was announced that the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) will use Knights Corner cards in their 10 PetaFLOPS "Stampede" supercomputer, providing 8 PetaFLOPS of the compute power.[23] According to "Stampede: A Comprehensive Petascale Computing Environment" the "second generation Intel (Knights Landing) MICs will be added when they become available, increasing Stampede's aggregate peak performance to at least 15 PetaFLOPS."[24]

On November 15, 2011, Intel showed an early silicon version of a Knights Corner processor.[25][26]

On June 5, 2012, Intel released open source software and documentation regarding Knights Corner.[27]

In June 2012, Cray announced it would be offering 22 nm 'Knight's Corner' chips (branded as 'Xeon Phi') as a co-processor in its 'Cascade' systems.[28][29]

In June 2012, ScaleMP announced it will provide its virtualization software to allows using 'Knight's Corner' chips (branded as 'Xeon Phi') as main processor transparent extension. The virtualization software will allow 'Knight's Corner' to run legacy MMX/SSE code and access unlimited amount of (host) memory without need for code changes.[30]

The Knight's Corner chip was announced as being rebranded as 'Xeon Phi' at the 2012 Hamburg International Supercomputing Conference.[31][32]

Knights Landing

Code name for the second generation MIC architecture product from Intel.[24] Intel officially first revealed details of its second generation Intel Xeon Phi products on June 17, 2013.[4] Intel said that the next generation of Intel MIC Architecture-based products will be available in two forms, as a coprocessor or a host processor (CPU), and be manufactured using Intel's 14nm process technology. Knights Landing products will include integrated on-package memory for significantly higher memory bandwidth. Knights Landing will support AVX-512[33].

Xeon Phi

On June 18, 2012, Intel announced that Xeon Phi will be the brand name used for all products based on their Many Integrated Core architecture.[34][35][36][37][38]

On September 11, 2012, it was announced that a supercomputer called Stampede will be based on the Xeon Phi.[39] Stampede will be capable of 10 petaflops.[39]

On November 12, 2012, Intel announced two Xeon Phi coprocessor families which are the Xeon Phi 3100 and the Xeon Phi 5110P.[40][41][42] The Xeon Phi 3100 will be capable of more than 1 teraflops of double precision floating point instructions with 240 GB/sec memory bandwidth at 300 W.[40][41][42] The Xeon Phi 5110P will be capable of 1.01 teraflops of double precision floating point instructions with 320 GB/sec memory bandwidth at 225 W.[40][41][42]. The Xeon Phi 7120P will be capable of 1.2 teraflops of double precision floating point instructions with 352 GB/sec memory bandwidth at 300 W.

The Xeon Phi uses the 22 nm process size.[40][41][42] The Xeon Phi 3100 will be priced at under US$2,000 while the Xeon Phi 5110P will have a price of US$2,649 and Xeon Phi 7120 at US$4129.00.[40][41][42] On June 17, 2013, the Tianhe-2 supercomputer was announced[3] by TOP500 as the world's fastest. It uses Intel Ivy Bridge Xeon and Xeon Phi processors to achieve 33.86 PetaFLOPS.

Design

The cores of Intel MIC are based on a modified version of P54C design, used in the original Pentium.[43] The basis of the Intel MIC architecture is to leverage x86 legacy by creating a x86-compatible multiprocessor architecture that can utilize existing parallelization software tools.[18] Programming tools include OpenMP, OpenCL,[44] Intel Cilk Plus and specialised versions of Intel's Fortran, C++[45] and math libraries.[46]

Design elements inherited from the Larrabee project include x86 ISA, 512-bit SIMD units, coherent L2 cache, and ultra-wide ring bus connecting processors and memory.

The Knights Corner instruction set documentation is available from Intel.[47][48]

Competitors

See also

References

  1. ^ "Intel Delivers New Architecture for Discovery with Intel® Xeon Phi™ Coprocessors". Intel. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  2. ^ "The Green500 List - November 2012". Green500. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  3. ^ a b "TOP500 - June 2013". TOP500 - June 2013. TOP500. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Intel Powers the World's Fastest Supercomputer, Reveals New and Future High Performance Computing Technologies". Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  5. ^ Charlie Demerjian (3 July 2006), "New from Intel: It's Mini-Cores!", www.theinquirer.net, The Inquirer
  6. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1145/1360612.1360617, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1145/1360612.1360617 instead.
  7. ^ Tom Forsyth, "SIMD Programming with Larrabee" (PDF), www.stanford.edu, Intel
  8. ^ Ryan Smith (25 May 2010), "Intel Kills Larrabee GPU, Will Not Bring a Discrete Graphics Product to Market\", www.anandtech.com, AnandTech
  9. ^ Tony Bradley (3 December 2009), "Intel 48-Core "Single-Chip Cloud Computer" Improves Power Efficiency", www.pcworld.com, PCWorld
  10. ^ "Intel Research : Single-Chip Cloud Computer", techresearch.intel.com, Intel
  11. ^ Ben Ames (11 February 2007), "Intel Tests Chip Design With 80-Core Processor", www.pcworld.com, IDG News
  12. ^ http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20070212224710.html
  13. ^ "Intel's Teraflops Research Chip" (PDF), download.intel.com, Intel
  14. ^ Anton Shilov (12 February 2007), "Intel Details 80-Core Teraflops Research Chip", www.xbitlabs.com, Xbit laboratories
  15. ^ a b Rupert Goodwins (1 June 2010), "Intel unveils many-core Knights platform for HPC", www.zdnet.co.uk, ZDNet
  16. ^ "Intel News Release : Intel Unveils New Product Plans dor High-Performance Computing", www.intel.com, Intel, 31 May 2010
  17. ^ a b Mike Giles (24 June 2010), "Runners and riders in GPU steeplechase" (PDF), people.maths.ox.ac.uk, pp. 8–10
  18. ^ a b c d Gareth Halfacree (20 June 2011), "Intel pushes for HPC space with Knights Corner", www.thinq.co.uk, Net Communities Limited, UK
  19. ^ "Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture" (PDF), www.many-core.group.cam.ac.uk, Intel, December 2010
  20. ^ Rick Merritt (20 June 2011), "OEMs show systems with Intel MIC chips", www.eetimes.com, EE Times
  21. ^ Tom R. Halfhill (18 July 2011), "Intel Shows MIC Progress", www.linleygroup.com, The Linley Group
  22. ^ Andrea Petrou (20 June 2011), "SGI wants Intel for super supercomputer", news.techeye.net
  23. ^ ""Stampede's" Comprehensive Capabilities to Bolster U.S. Open Science Computational Resources", www.tacc.utexas.edu, Texas Advanced Computing Center, 22 September 2011
  24. ^ a b "Stampede: A Comprehensive Petascale Computing Environment" (PDF). IEEE Cluster 2011 Special Topic. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  25. ^ Marcus Yam (16 2011), "Intel's Knights Corner: 50+ Core 22nm Co-processor", www.tomshardware.com, Tom's Hardware, retrieved November 16, 2011 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ Sylvie Barak (16 November 2011), "Intel unveils 1 TFLOP/s Knights Corner", www.eetimes.com, EE Times, retrieved November 16, 2011
  27. ^ James Reinders (5 June 2012), Knights Corner: Open source software stack, Intel
  28. ^ Merritt, Rick (8 June 2012), "Cray will use Intel MIC, branded Xeon Phi", www.eetimes.com
  29. ^ Latif, Lawrence (19 June 2012), "Cray to support Intel's Xeon Phi in Cascade clusters", www.theinquirer.net
  30. ^ "ScaleMP vSMP Foundation to Support Intel Xeon Phi", www.ScaleMP.com, ScaleMP, 20 June 2012
  31. ^ Prickett Morgan, Timothy (18 June 2012), "Intel slaps Xeon Phi brand on MIC coprocessors", 222.theregister.co.uk
  32. ^ Intel Corporation (18 June 2012), "Latest Intel(R) Xeon(R) Processors E5 Product Family Achieves Fastest Adoption of New Technology on Top500 List", www.marketwatch.com, Intel(R) Xeon(R) Phi(TM) is the new brand name for all future Intel(R) Many Integrated Core Architecture based products targeted at HPC, enterprise, datacenters and workstations. The first Intel(R) Xeon(R) Phi(TM) product family member is scheduled for volume production by the end of 2012
  33. ^ James Reinders (23 July 2013), AVX-512 Instructions, Intel
  34. ^ Radek (2012-06-18). "Chip Shot: Intel Names the Technology to Revolutionize the Future of HPC - Intel® Xeon® Phi™ Product Family". Intel. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  35. ^ Raj Hazra (2012-06-18). "Intel® Xeon® Phi™ coprocessors accelerate the pace of discovery and innovation". Intel. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  36. ^ Rick Merritt (2012-06-18). "Cray will use Intel MIC, branded Xeon Phi". EETimes. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  37. ^ Terrence O'Brien (2012-06-18). "Intel christens its 'Many Integrated Core' products Xeon Phi, eyes exascale milestone". Engadget. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  38. ^ Jeffrey Burt (2012-06-18). "Intel Wraps Xeon Phi Branding Around MIC Coprocessors". EWeek. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  39. ^ a b Johan De Gelas (2012-09-11). "Intel's Xeon Phi in 10 Petaflops supercomputer". AnandTech. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  40. ^ a b c d e IntelPR (2012-11-12). "Intel Delivers New Architecture for Discovery with Intel® Xeon Phi™ Coprocessors". Intel. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  41. ^ a b c d e Agam Shah (2012-11-12). "Intel ships 60-core Xeon Phi processor". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  42. ^ a b c d e Johan De Gelas (2012-11-14). "The Xeon Phi at work at TACC". AnandTech. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  43. ^ Hruska, Joel (July 30, 2012). "Intel's 50-core champion: In-depth on Xeon Phi". ExtremeTech. Ziff Davis, Inc. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  44. ^ Rick Merritt (20 June 2011), "OEMs show systems with Intel MIC chips", www.eetimes.com, EE Times
  45. ^ Efficient Hybrid Execution of C++ Applications using Intel(R) Xeon Phi(TM) Coprocessor, arXiv:1211.5530 [cs.DC], 23 November 2012
  46. ^ "News Fact Sheet: Intel Many Integrated Core (Intel MIC) Architecture ISC'11 Demos and Performance Description" (PDF), newsroom.intel.com, Intel, 20 June 2011
  47. ^ http://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/forum/278102/327364001en.pdf
  48. ^ http://software.intel.com/mic-developer
  49. ^ Jon Stokes (20 June 2011). "Intel takes wraps off 50-core supercomputing processor plans". Ars Technica.
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