Artist
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts, and/or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (less often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in English only in this context. Use of the term to describe writers, for example, is certainly valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism.
Dictionary definitions
Wiktionary defines the noun 'artist' (Singular: artist; Plural: artists) as follows:
- A person who creates art.
- A person who creates art as an occupation.
- A person who is skilled at some activity.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the older broad meanings of the term "artist":
- A learned person or Master of Arts
- One who pursues a practical science, traditionally medicine, astrology, alchemy, chemistry
- A follower of a pursuit in which skill comes by study or practice
- A follower of a manual art, such as a mechanic
- One who makes their craft a fine art
- One who cultivates one of the fine arts – traditionally the arts presided over by the muses
A definition of Artist from Princeton.edu: creative person (a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination).
History of the term
Although the Greek word "techně" is often mistranslated as "art," it actually implies mastery of any sort of craft. The Latin-derived form of the word is "tecnicus", from which the English words technique, technology, technical are derived.
In Greek culture each of the nine Muses oversaw a different field of human creation:
- Calliope (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry
- Clio (the 'glorious one'): muse of history
- Erato (the 'amorous one'): muse of love or erotic poetry, lyrics, and marriage songs
- Euterpe (the 'well-pleasing'): muse of music and lyric poetry
- Melpomene (the 'chanting one'): muse of tragedy
- Polyhymnia or Polymnia (the '[singer] of many hymns'): muse of sacred song, oratory, lyric, singing, and rhetoric
- Terpsichore (the '[one who] delights in dance'): muse of choral song and dance
- Thalia (the 'blossoming one'): muse of comedy and bucolic poetry
- Urania (the 'celestial one'): muse of astronomy
No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour.[1]
The word art is derived from the Latin "ars", which, although literally defined, means "skill method" or "technique", holds a connotation of beauty.
During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in some countries such as Italy, but the meaning was something resembling craftsman, while the word artesan was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period some "artisanal" products (such as textiles) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures.
The first division into major and minor arts dates back to Leon Battista Alberti's works (De re aedificatoria, De statua, De pictura), focusing the importance of intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a project behind).[2]
With the Academies in Europe (second half of 16th century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set.
Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on culture, resisting aesthetic prescription, in much the same way that the features constituting beauty and the beautiful, cannot be standardized easily without corruption into kitsch.
The present day concept of an 'artist'
Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as "a person who expresses him- or herself through a medium". The word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice.
Most often, the term describes those who create within a context of the fine arts or 'high culture', activities such as drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, new media, photography, and music—people who use imagination, talent, or skill to create works that may be judged to have an aesthetic value. Art historians and critics define artists as those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline. Contrasting terms for highly-skilled workers in media in the applied arts or decorative arts include artisan, craftsman, and specialized terms such as potter, goldsmith or glassblower. Fine arts artists such as painters succeeded in the Renaissance in raising their status, formerly similar to these workers, to a decisively higher level, but in the 20th century the distinction became rather less relevant [citation needed].
The term may also be used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any non-"art" activities, as well— law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics, for example.
Often, discussions on the subject focus on the differences among "artist" and "technician", "entertainer" and "artisan", "fine art" and "applied art", or what constitutes art and what does not. The French word artiste (which in French, simply means "artist") has been imported into the English language where it means a performer (frequently in Music Hall or Vaudeville. The Columbia guide to standard American English.</ref>
The English word 'artiste' has thus a narrower range of meaning than the word 'artiste' in French.
Examples of art and artists
- Abstract Art: Wassily Kandinsky
- Abstract expressionism: Jackson Pollock
- Action painting: Willem de Kooning
- Actor: Marlon Brando
- Actress: Greta Garbo
- Animation: Chuck Jones
- Appropriation art: Marcel Duchamp
- Architect: I.M. Pei
- Art Deco: Erté
- Art Nouveau: Louis Comfort Tiffany
- Assemblage: Joseph Cornell
- Ballet: Margot Fonteyn
- Baroque Art: Caravaggio
- BioArt: Hunter Cole
- Calligraphy: Rudolf Koch
- Cartoons: Carl Barks
- Caricature: Honoré Daumier
- Ceramic art: Peter Voulkos
- Choreography: Martha Graham
- Collage: Hannah Höch
- Color Field: Mark Rothko
- Colorist: Josef Albers
- Comics: Will Eisner
- Composing: Giuseppe Verdi
- Conceptual art: Sol LeWitt
- Cubism: Pablo Picasso
- Dada: Man Ray
- Dance: Isadora Duncan
- Decollage: Mimmo Rotella
- Design: Arne Jacobsen
- Digital art: David Em
- Doll Maker: Greer Lankton
- Etching: Csaba Markus
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- Expressionism: Edvard Munch
- Fashion design: Yves Saint Laurent
- Fashion illustration: Joel Resnicoff
- Fauvist: Henri Matisse
- Fiction writing: Virginia Woolf
- Film directing: Jean-Luc Godard
- Fluxus: George Maciunas
- Fumage: Burhan Dogancay
- Game design: Peter Molyneux
- Geometric abstraction: Piet Mondrian
- Genius: Leonardo da Vinci
- Graphic design: Milton Glaser
- Happening: Allan Kaprow
- Hard-edge painting: Theo van Doesburg
- Horticulture: André le Nôtre
- Illustrations: Quentin Blake
- Impressionist: Claude Monet
- Industrial design: Frank Lloyd Wright
- Installation art: Christo and Jeanne-Claude
- Instrumental performance: André Rieu
- Internet art: Aaron Koblin
- Jewelry: Fabergé
- Landscape architecture: Frederick Law Olmsted
- Landscape art: John Constable
- Light art: Dan Flavin
- Mail art: Ray Johnson
- Minimalist art: Donald Judd
- Mosaics: Elaine M Goodwin
- Murals: Diego Rivera
- Musical instrument assemblage: Stradivari
- Musician: John Lennon
- Neo-impressionism: Paul Signac
- New Media art: Ken Feingold
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- Non Fiction writing: Germaine Greer
- Op Art: Bridget Riley
- Oration: Cicero
- Ornithology: John James Audubon
- Outsider art: Howard Finster
- Painting: Rembrandt van Rijn
- Performance Art: Carolee Schneemann
- Photography: Ansel Adams
- Playwriting: Edward Albee
- Poetry: Emily Dickinson
- Pointillism: Georges Seurat
- Pop Art: Andy Warhol
- Posters: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
- Post-Impressionism: Vincent van Gogh
- Pottery: Bernard Leach
- Printmaking: Albrecht Dürer
- Realism: Ilya Repin
- Renaissance art: Michelangelo Buonarotti
- Rococo: Antoine Watteau
- Sculpture: Auguste Rodin
- Singing: Odetta
- Songwriting: Joni Mitchell
- Street Art: Banksy
- Suprematism: Kazimir Malevich
- Surrealism: Salvador Dalí
- Theater: William Shakespeare
- Theater arts: Robert Edmond Jones
- Tragedy: Sophocles
- Typography: Eric Gill
- Ukiyo-e: Hokusai
- Vedette: Susana Giménez
- Video Art: Bill Viola
- Wildlife Art: Rembrandt Bugatti
See also
- Art
- Art history
- Arts by region
- Artist in Residence
- Fine art
- Humanities
- List of painters by name
- List of painters
- List of composers
- List of sculptors
- Mathematics and art
- Social sciences
Notes
- ^ In Our Time: The Artist BBC Radio 4, TX 28th March 2002
- ^ P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998
References
- P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998
- C. T. Onions (1991). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press Oxford. ISBN 0-19-861126-9