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Animal euthanasia

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This article is about mercy killing of non-human animals. For compassionate death in humans, see Euthanasia.
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Animal euthanasia (from Greek, meaning "good death") is the act of humanely putting an animal to death or allowing it to die as by withholding extreme medical measures. Reasons for euthanasia include incurable (and especially painful) conditions or diseases,[1] lack of resources to continue supporting the animal, or laboratory test procedures. Euthanasia methods are designed to cause minimal pain and distress. Euthanasia is distinct from animal slaughter and pest control, which are performed for purposes other than an act of mercy, although in some cases the procedure is the same.

In domesticated animals, this process is commonly referred to by euphemisms such as "lay down", "put down", "put to sleep", "taken to the farm" or "put out of its/his/her misery".

Methods

Intravenous anesthetic

Pets are almost always euthanized by intravenous injection, typically using a very high dose of pentobarbital or sodium thiopental. Unconsciousness, respiratory then cardiac arrest follow rapidly, usually within 30 seconds.[2] Observers generally describe the method as leading to a quick and peaceful death.

For companion animals euthanized in animal shelters, 14 states in the US now prescribe intravenous injection as the required method. These laws date to 1990, when Georgia's "Humane Euthanasia Act" became the first state law to mandate this method. Before that, gas chambers and other means were commonly employed. The Georgia law was resisted by the Georgia Commissioner of Agriculture, Tommy Irvin, who was charged with enforcing the act. In March 2007, he was sued by former State Representative Chesley V. Morton, who wrote the law, and subsequently ordered by the Court to enforce all provisions of the Act.[3]

Some veterinarians perform a two-stage process: an initial injection that simply renders the pet unconscious and a second shot that causes death.[citation needed] This allows the owner the chance to say goodbye to a live pet without their emotions stressing the pet. It also greatly mitigates any tendency toward spasm and other involuntary movement which tends to increase the emotional upset that the pet's owner experiences.

For large animals, the volumes of barbiturates required are considered by some to be impractical, although this is standard practice in the United States.[4] For horses and cattle, other drugs may be available. Some specially formulated combination products are available, such as Somulose (Secobarbital/Cinchocaine) and Tributame (Embutramide/Chloroquine/Lidocaine), which cause deep unconsciousness and cardiac arrest independently with a lower volume of injection, thus making the process faster, safer, and more effective.

Occasionally, a horse injected with these mixtures may display apparent seizure activity before death. This may be due to premature cardiac arrest. However, if normal precautions (e.g., sedation with detomidine) are taken, this is rarely a problem.[5] Anecdotal reports that long term use of phenylbutazone increase the risk of this reaction are unverified.

After the animal has expired, it is not uncommon for the body to have posthumous body jerks, or for the animal to have a sudden bladder outburst. Unlike in films, the animal's eyes do not usually close when it dies, and this has been stated purely as a drama display for pet death in movies (such as Marley & Me).[citation needed]

Inhalants

Main article: Controlled-atmosphere killing

Gas anesthetics such as isoflurane and sevoflurane can be used for euthanasia of very small animals. The animals are placed in sealed chambers where high levels of anesthetic gas are introduced. Death may also be caused using carbon dioxide once unconsciousness has been achieved by inhaled anaesthetic.[6] Carbon dioxide is often used on its own for euthanasia of wild animals.[7] There are mixed opinions on whether it causes distress when used on its own, with human experiments lending support to the evidence that it can cause distress and equivocal results in non-humans.[8]

Carbon monoxide is often used, but some states in the US have banned its use in animal shelters: although carbon monoxide poisoning is not particularly painful, the conditions in the gas chamber are often not humane.[9] Nitrogen has been shown to be effective, although some young animals are rather resistant[10] and it currently is not widely used.

Cervical dislocation

Cervical dislocation, or displacement of the neck, is a simple and common method of killing small animals such as mice. Performed properly, it causes instant death, and it requires no equipment other than a pair of gloves for protection while handling the animal. The only possible drawback is that the handler must know the proper method of executing the movement which will cause the cervical displacement. Without proper training and method education, there is a risk of not causing instant death, which can cause severe pain if done improperly.

Intracardiac or intraperitoneal injection

When intravenous injection is not possible, euthanasia drugs such as pentobarbital can be injected directly into a heart chamber or body cavity.

While intraperitoneal injection is fully acceptable (although it may take up to 15 minutes to take effect in dogs and cats[6]), an intracardiac (IC) injection may only be performed on an unconscious or deeply sedated animal. In California, performing IC injections on a fully conscious animal is a crime.[11]

Shooting

Captive bolt device

This can be an appropriate means of euthanasia for large animals (e.g., horses, cattle, deer) if performed properly. This may be performed by means of:

Free bullet
Traditionally used for shooting horses. The horse is shot in the forehead with the bullet directed down the spine through the medulla oblongata, resulting in instant death.[12] The risks are minimal if carried out by skilled personnel in a suitable location.
Captive bolt
Commonly used for cattle and other livestock. The bolt is fired through the forehead causing massive disruption of the cerebral cortex. In cattle, this stuns the animal, though if left for a prolonged period it will die from cerebral oedema. However, this is a welfare problem.[citation needed] Death should be rapidly brought about by pithing or exsanguination. Horses are killed outright by the captive bolt, making pithing and exsanguination unnecessary.[13]

Reasons for euthanasia

Lethal chamber in the Royal London Institute and Home for Lost and Starving Cats
  • Terminal illness – e.g. cancer
  • Rabies
  • Behavioral problems (usually ones that cannot be corrected) – e.g. aggression
  • Illness or broken limbs that would cause suffering for the animal to live with, or when the owner cannot afford (or has a moral objection to) treatment
  • Old age – deterioration leading to loss of major bodily functions, resulting in severe impairment of the quality of life
  • Lack of homes – Most[14] shelters receive considerably more surrendered animals than they are capable of re-housing. This may be attributed to irresponsible owners who do not spay or neuter pets (which results in unwanted litters), as well the tendency of consumers to obtain pets via means other than adoption.[15] Most[15][16][17][14] pets turned in to animal shelters are not adopted.
  • Animal testing – Before, during or after use in testing, animals may be euthanized. For example, an experiment may consist of breeding rats with a certain genetic defect. After behavioural tests, the rat is euthanised, dissected and examined.

Small animal euthanasia is typically performed in a veterinary clinic or hospital or in an animal shelter and is usually carried out by a veterinarian or a veterinary technician working under the veterinarian's supervision. Often animal shelter workers are trained to perform euthanasia as well. Some veterinarians will perform euthanasia at the pet owner's home—this is virtually mandatory in the case of large animal euthanasia. In the case of large animals which have sustained injuries, this will also occur at the site of the accident, for example, on a racecourse.

Some animal rights organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals support animal euthanasia in certain circumstances and practice euthanasia at shelters that they operate.[18]

An international survey of university students found strong opposition to pet euthanasia for the control of overpopulation.[19]

Remains

Many pet owners choose to have their pets cremated or buried after the pet is euthanized,[20] and there are pet funeral homes that specialize in animal burial or cremation.[21]

In some instances, animals euthanized at shelters or animal control agencies have been sent to meat rendering facilities[22][23][24] to be processed for use in cosmetics, fertilizer, gelatin, poultry feed, pharmaceuticals and pet food.[25] The amount of pentobarbital in dog food may have caused dogs to become less responsive to the drug when being euthanized,[26] though a 2002 FDA study found no dog or cat DNA in the foods they tested. They theorized that the drug found its way into dog food from euthanized cattle and horses. They also stated that the level of the drug found in the food was safe.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia
  2. ^ UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate Product Notes for 20% Pentobarbital solution. [1]
  3. ^ http://www.kittyvillage.com/morton_v_irvin.pdf
  4. ^ "Euthanasia Guidelines" (PDF). AAEP. 207. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ NOAH Compendium of Data Sheets for Animal Medicines 2005
  6. ^ a b "Laboratory Animal Euthanasia". Australian National University. Archived from the original (DOC) on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
  7. ^ Animal Euthanasia Information - Carbon doxide gas (Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management
  8. ^ Conlee KM, Stephens ML, Rowan AN, King LA (2005). "Carbon dioxide for euthanasia: concerns regarding pain and distress, with special reference to mice and rats". Lab. Anim. 39 (2): 137–61. doi:10.1258/0023677053739747. PMID 15901358. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Animal Gas Chambers Draw Fire in U.S. - National Geographic
  10. ^ Quine JP, Buckingham W, Strunin L (1988). "Euthanasia of small animals with nitrogen; comparison with intravenous pentobarbital". Can. Vet. J. 29 (9): 724–6. PMC 1680841. PMID 17423118. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Calif. Penal Code 597u (a)(2)
  12. ^ Tom J. Doherty, Alex Valverde, Manual of Equine Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Blackwell Publishing 2006 (p. 352)
  13. ^ C.J. Laurence, "Animal welfare consequences in England and Wales of the 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease", Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz, 2002, 21 (3), 863–868)
  14. ^ a b asilomaraccords.org. "Asilomar Accords Data". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  15. ^ a b ASPCA. "Pet Statistics". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  16. ^ American Humane Association. "Animal Shelter Euthanasia". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  17. ^ Maddie's Fund. "Year-to-Year Comparison of Animal Shelter Data". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  18. ^ "Animal Rights Uncompromised:'No-Kill' Shelters", PETA, Retrieved 26 June 2010; "A reply from PETA to a letter inquiring about its euthanization decisions", Petrescueonline.net, Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  19. ^ Meng, Jenia. Origins of attitudes towards animals 2009. Ultravisum, Brisbane. ISBN 9780980842517 page 119
  20. ^ Allen, Moira Anderson (2002). "The Final Farewell: How to Handle a Pet's Remains". Pet Loss Support Page. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  21. ^ Porstner, Donna (15 April 2004). "Pet funeral home offers services for grieving owners". Boston.com. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  22. ^ Becker, Geoffrey S. (17 March 2004). "Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy" (PDF). The National Agricultural Law Centre: Congressional Research Service Reports. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  23. ^ Smith, Van (3 November 1998). "Rendering Unto Oprah". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  24. ^ "Chapter 9, Food and Agricultural Industries" (PDF). Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  25. ^ Simon, Stephanie (27 January 2002). "Pet Food Report Leads to Pile-Up At Animal Shelters – Rendering Plant Stops Taking Carcasses". Washington Post. p. A14.
  26. ^ Myers, Michael (2004). "CVM Scientists Develop PCR Test to Determine Source of Animal Products in Feed, Pet Food". FDA Veterinarian Newsletter. XIX (1). Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  27. ^ "Report on the risk from pentobarbital in dog food". US Food and Drug Administration. 28 February 2002. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
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