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Early Cyrillic alphabet

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Early Cyrillic alphabet
Script type
Time period
from circa 893
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesOld Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic, old versions of many Slavic languages
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Latin alphabet
Coptic alphabet
Armenian
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Cyrs (221), ​Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)
Unicode
U+0400 to U+04FF
U+0500 to U+052F
U+2DE0 to U+2DFF
U+A640 to U+A69F
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Early Cyrillic alphabet is a writing system that was developed during the late ninth century on the basis of the Greek alphabet[1][2][3] for the Orthodox Slavic population in Europe.[4] It was developed in the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire to write the Old Church Slavonic language.[5][6] The modern Cyrillic script is still used primarily for Slavic languages, and for Asian languages that were under Russian cultural influence during the 20th century.


а б в г д е ж ѕ з и і к л м н о п р с т ѹ ф
х ѡ ц ч ш щ ъ ꙑ ь ѣ ю ꙗ ѥ ѧ ѫ ѩ ѭ ѯ ѱ ѳ ѵ

History

The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms.[7]

The Glagolic alphabet was created by the monks Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, in the 860s. The Cyrilic Alphabet was created in Preslav in the First Bulgarian Empire under the commission of Boris I of Bulgaria when Christianity was made the official state religion in 864. Cyrillic, on the other hand, may have been a creation of Cyril's students, at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books, though retaining the original Bulgarian symbols in Glagolitic.[7]

During the Middle Ages the Cyrillic Alphabet was known as Slavic Alphabet or Bulgarian Alphabet.

Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.

The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter I of Russia introduced the Civil Script ([гражданскій шрифтъ, graždanskij šrift] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), or [граждaнкa, graždanka] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in contrast to the prevailing Church Typeface, [церковнославя́нскій шрифтъ, cerkovnoslavjanskij šrift] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) in 1708. Some letters and breathing marks which were only used for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards only remain in use in Church Slavonic.

A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters is included in the Unicode 5.1 standard, published on April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics.

Alphabet

Image Unicode Name
(Cyrillic) 		Name
(translit.) 		Name
(IPA) 		Trans. IPA Numeric value Origin Notes
А а азъ azŭ [azŭ] a [a] 1 Greek alpha Α "I"
Б б боукы buky [buky], [bukŭi] b [b] One of forms of Greek beta Β "letters"
В в вѣдѣ vědě [vædæ] v [v] 2 Greek beta Β "know"
Г г глаголи glagoli [ɡlaɡoli] g [ɡ][citation needed] 3 Greek gamma Γ "speak"
Д д добро dobro [dobro] d [d] 4 Greek delta Δ "good"
Є є єсть estĭ [ɛstĭ] e [ɛ] 5 Greek epsilon Ε "is" – present tense from "to be"
Ж ж живѣтє živěte [ʒivætɛ] ž, zh [ʒ] Glagolitic zhivete Ⰶ "live"
Ѕ ѕ / Ꙃ ꙃ ѕѣло dzělo [dzælo] dz [dz] 6 Greek stigma Ϛ "very"
З з / Ꙁ ꙁ земля zemlja [zemlja] z [z] 7 Greek zeta Ζ The first form developed into the second. "earth"
И и ижє iže [iʒɛ] i [i] 8 Greek eta Η "which"
І і / Ї ї и/ижеи i/ižei [i, iʒɛi] i, I [i] 10 Greek iota Ι "and"
К к како kako [kako] k [k] 20 Greek kappa Κ "as"
Л л людиѥ ljudije [ljudijɛ] l [l] 30 Greek lambda Λ "people"
М м мыслитє myslite [myslitɛ]~[mŭislitɛ] m [m] 40 Greek mu Μ "think"
Н н нашь našĭ [naʃĭ] n [n] 50 Greek nu Ν "ours"
О о онъ onŭ [onŭ] o [o] 70 Greek omicron Ο "he" or "it"
П п покои pokoi [pokoj] p [p] 80 Greek pi Π "peaceful state"
Р р рьци rĭci [rĭtsi] r [r] 100 Greek rho Ρ "say"
С с слово slovo [slovo] s [s] 200 Greek lunate sigma Ϲ "word" or "speech"
Т т тврьдо tvrdo [tvr̥do] t [t] 300 Greek tau Τ "hard" or "surely"
Ѹ ѹ / Ꙋ ꙋ оукъ ukŭ [ukŭ] u [u] 400 Greek omicron-upsilon ΟΥ / Ꙋ The first form developed into the second, a vertical ligature. "learning"
Ф ф фрьтъ frtŭ [fr̤̥tŭ] f [f] 500 Greek phi Φ
Х х хѣръ xěrŭ [xærŭ] kh [x] 600 Greek chi Χ
Ѡ ѡ отъ otŭ [otŭ] ō, w [oː] 800 Greek omega ω "from"
Ц ц ци ci [tsi] c [ts] 900 Glagolitic tsi Ⱌ
Ч ч чрьвь črvĭ [tʃr̤̥vĭ] č, ch [tʃ] 90 Glagolitic cherv Ⱍ "worm"
Ш ш ша ša [ʃa] š, sh [ʃ] Glagolitic sha Ⱎ
Щ щ шта šta [ʃta] št, sht [ʃt] Glagolitic shta Ⱋ Pronounced [ʃtʃ] in Old East Slavic. Later analyzed as a Ш-Т ligature by folk etymology
Ъ ъ ѥръ jerŭ [jɛrŭ] ŭ, u: [ŭ] Derived from Greek beta Β ?, Glagolitic yer Ⱏ ?
Ꙑ ꙑ ѥры jery [jɛry] y [y], or possibly [ŭi] Ъ + I ligature
Ь ь ѥрь jerĭ [jɛrĭ] ĭ, i: [ĭ] Derived from Greek beta Β ?, Glagolitic yerj Ⱐ ?
Ѣ ѣ ять jatĭ [jatĭ] ě [æ] Derived from Greek beta Β ?, Glagolitic yat Ⱑ ?
Ꙗ ꙗ я ja [ja] ja [ia] I-А ligature
Ѥ ѥ ѥ je: [jɛ] je [iɛ] І-Є ligature
Ю ю ю ju [ju] ju [iu] I-ОУ ligature, dropping У There was no [jo] sound in early Slavic, so I-ОУ did not need to be distinguished from I-О.
Ѧ ѧ ѧсъ ęsŭ [ɛ̃sŭ] ę, ẽ [ɛ̃] 900 Glagolitic ens Ⱔ Called юсъ малый (little yus) in Russian.
Ѩ ѩ ѩсъ jęsŭ [jɛ̃sŭ] ję, jẽ [jɛ̃] I-Ѧ ligature Called юсъ малый йотированный (iotated little yus) in Russian.
Ѫ ѫ ѫсъ ǫsŭ [ɔ̃sŭ] ǫ, õ [ɔ̃] Glagolitic ons Ⱘ Called юсъ большой (big yus) in Russian.
Ѭ ѭ ѭсъ jǫsŭ [jɔ̃sŭ] jǫ, jõ [jɔ̃] I-Ѫ ligature Called юсъ большой йотированный (iotated big yus) in Russian.
Ѯ ѯ кси ksi [ksi] ks [ks] 60 Greek xi Ξ These last four letters were not needed for Slavic but used to transcribe Greek and as numerals.
Ѱ ѱ пси psi [psi] ps [ps] 700 Greek psi Ψ
Ѳ ѳ фита fita [fita] θ, th, T, F [t]~[θ]~[f] 9 Greek theta Θ
Ѵ ѵ ижица ižica [iʒitsa] ü, v [ɪ], [y], [v] 400 Greek upsilon Υ
South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.

Numerals, diacritics and punctuation

Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number. See Cyrillic numerals, Titlo.

Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):

ӓ  trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
а̀  varia (grave accent), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0340)
а́  oksia (acute accent), indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+0341)
а҃  titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
а҄  kamora (circumflex accent), indicating palatalization[citation needed] (U+0484); in later Church Slavonic, it disambiguates plurals from homophonous singulars.
а҅  dasia or dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
а҆  psili, zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486). Signals a word-initial vowel, at least in later Church Slavonic.
а҆̀  Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.
а҆́  Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.

Punctuation marks:

·  ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used as a word separator
։  Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon
჻  Georgian paragraph separator (U+10FB)
⁖  triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1)
⁘  diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1)
⁙  quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1)
;  Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon

Used only in modern texts

,  comma (U+002C)
.  full stop (U+002E)
!  exclamation mark (U+0021)

Medieval Greek Uncial manuscripts from which early Cyrillic letter forms take its shape

Early Cyrillic manuscripts

See also

Media related to early Cyrillic alphabet at Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. ^ Mauricio Borrero, "Russia", p. 123
  2. ^ World Cultures Through Art Activities, Dindy Robinson, p. 115
  3. ^ Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets, George L. Campbell, p. 42
  4. ^ "Cyrillic alphabet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 May. 2012
  5. ^ The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0191614882, p. 100.
  6. ^ Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221-222.
  7. ^ a b Cubberley 1994

Sources

  • Berdnikov, Alexander and Olga Lapko, Template:PDFlink, EuroTEX ’99 Proceedings, September 1999
  • Birnbaum, David J., Template:PDFlink, September 28, 2002
  • Cubberley, Paul (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, below.
  • Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
  • Everson, Michael and Ralph Cleminson, Template:PDFlink, September 4, 2003
  • Franklin, Simon. 2002. Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-03025-8.
  • Iliev, I. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012/Иван Г. Илиев. Кратка история на кирилската азбука. Пловдив. 2012. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet
  • Lev, V., "The history of the Ukrainian script (paleography)", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1. University of Toronto Press, 1963, 1970, 1982. ISBN 0-8020-3105-6
  • Simovyc, V., and J. B. Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1 (op cit).
  • Zamora, J., Help me learn Church Slavonic
  • Azbuka, Church Slavonic calligraphy and typography.
  • Obshtezhitie.net, Cyrillic and Glagolitic manuscripts and early printed books.
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