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Peter Pan

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Peter Pan
Peter Pan character
Illustration of Peter Pan playing the pipes, by F. D. Bedford from Peter and Wendy (1911)
First appearanceThe Little White Bird (1902)
Created byJ. M. Barrie
In-universe information
AliasThe Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up
GenderMale
NationalityEnglish

Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A mischievous boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood adventuring on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his gang, the Lost Boys, interacting with mermaids, Indians, fairies, pirates, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside of Neverland. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works.

Origin

Cover of 1915 edition of J. M. Barrie's novel, first published in 1911, illustrated by F. D. Bedford.

Peter Pan first appeared in a section of The Little White Bird, a 1902 novel written by J.M Barrie for adults.

The character's best-known adventure first appeared on 27 December 1904, in the form of a stage play entitled Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. The play was adapted and expanded somewhat as a novel, published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy.

Following the success of the 1904 play, Barrie's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted chapters 13–18 of The Little White Bird and republished them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham.[1]

Physical appearance

Barrie never described Peter's appearance in detail, even in the novel Peter and Wendy (1911), leaving much of it to the imagination of the reader and the interpretation of anyone adapting the character. Barrie mentions in Peter and Wendy that Peter Pan still had all his "first teeth".[2] He describes him as a beautiful boy with a beautiful smile, "clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that flow from trees".[3] In the play, Peter's outfit is made of autumn leaves and cobwebs.[4] His name and playing the flute or pipes suggest the mythological character Pan.

Traditionally, the character has been played on stage by an adult woman.[5] In the original productions in the UK, Peter Pan's costume was a reddish tunic and dark green tights such as that worn by Nina Boucicault in 1904 now exhibited in Barrie's Birthplace[6] and by Pauline Chase (who played the role from 1906 to 1913) now displayed in the Museum of London. Early editions of adaptations of the story also depict a red costume[7][8] but a green costume (whether or not made of leaves) becomes more usual from the 1920s,[9] and more so later after the release of Disney's animated movie.

In the Disney films, Peter wears an outfit that consists of a short-sleeved green tunic and tights apparently made of cloth, and a cap with a red feather in it. He has pointed elf-like ears, brown eyes and his hair is dark red or auburn. In the live-action 2003 film, he is portrayed by Jeremy Sumpter, who has blond hair and blue eyes, and his outfit is made of leaves and vines. In Hook (1991), he is played as an adult by Robin Williams, with blue eyes and dark brown hair, but in flashbacks to his youth his hair is light brown. In this film his ears appear pointed only when he is Peter Pan, not Peter Banning; his Pan attire resembles the Disney outfit (minus the cap).

In Peter Pan in Scarlet (released internationally in 2006), Geraldine McCaughrean adds to the description of his appearance, mentioning his blue eyes, and saying his hair is light (or at least any colour lighter than black). In this novel, Never Land has moved on to autumn, so Peter wears a tunic of jay feathers and maple leaves. In the Starcatcher stories written by Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson, Peter has carrot-orange hair and bright blue eyes.

Age

Statue of Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, London

[[File:Storeybookgardenstot.jpg|thumb|Statue of Peter Pan in Storybook Gardens The notion of a boy who would never grow up was based on J.M. Barrie's older brother, who died in an ice-skating accident the day before he turned 14, and thus always remained a young boy in his mother's mind.[10] The "boy who wouldn't grow up" character has appeared at a variety of ages.

  • In his original appearance, in The Little White Bird (1902), he was only seven days old.
  • Although his age is not stated in Barrie's later play (1904) and novel (1911), his characterisation is clearly years older. The book states that he has all his baby teeth.
  • Barrie's intended model for the statue of Peter that was erected in Kensington Gardens in 1912 was a set of photos of Michael Llewelyn Davies, taken at the age of six.
  • Early illustrations of the character generally appeared to be that age or perhaps a few years older.
  • In the 1953 Disney adaptation and its 2002 sequel, Peter appears to be in late childhood, between 10 and 13 years old. (The actor who provided the voice in 1953 was 15-year-old Bobby Driscoll.)
  • In the 2003 film, Jeremy Sumpter was 13 at the time filming started; by the end of filming he was 14 and had grown several inches taller.
  • In the movie Hook (1991), Peter is said to have left Neverland many years earlier, forsaking his eternal youth and aging normally. When remembering his buried past, Peter is shown as a baby, and little boy, and also a near-teenager, suggesting that the aging process does not entirely stop in Neverland until puberty or just before, or that Peter aged a little bit every time he left Neverland to come to the real world. When Peter says, "I remember you being a lot bigger," in the final duel, Hook answers, "to a 10-year-old I'm huge." He is portrayed by Robin Williams, who was 39 during production of the film.

Personality

Peter is mainly an exaggerated stereotype of a boastful and careless boy. He is quick to point out how great he is, even when such claims are questionable (such as when he congratulates himself for Wendy's successful re-attachment of his shadow). In the book and play, as well as both film adaptations, Peter either symbolises or personifies the selfishness of childhood, shown in Barrie's work through constant forgetfulness and self-centred behaviour.

Peter has a nonchalant, devil-may-care attitude, and is fearlessly cocky when it comes to putting himself in danger. Barrie writes that when Peter thought he was going to die on Marooners' Rock, he felt scared, yet he felt only one shudder run through him when any other person would have felt scared up until death. With his blithe attitude towards death, he says, "To die will be an awfully big adventure". He repeats this line as an adult in the film Hook (1991), during the battle with Hook near the film's climax. He then inverts the phrase at the film's very end claiming, "To live will be an awfully big adventure". This line was actually taken from the end of the last scene in the play, when the unseen and unnamed narrator ponders what might have been if Peter had stayed with Wendy, so that his cry might have become, "To live would be an awfully big adventure!", "but he can never quite get the hang of it".[11]

In some variations of the story and some spin-offs, Peter can also be quite selfish and arrogant. In the Disney adaptation (1953), Peter appears very judgemental and pompous (for instance, he calls the Lost Boys "blockheads", and when the Darling children say they should leave for home at once, he misunderstands their wish and angrily assumes they want to grow up). Nonetheless, he has a strong sense of justice and is always quick to assist those in danger.

In the 2003 live-action film, Peter Pan is sensitive about the subject of "growing up". When confronted by Hook about Wendy's growing up, marrying, and eventually "shutting the window" on Peter, he becomes very depressed and finally gives up on Wendy.

Abilities

[[File:Peter Pan statue, Weatherford, TX IMG 6476.JPG|right|thumb|Peter Pan statue in Mary Martin's hometown of Weatherford in Parker County, Texas]]

Peter's archetypal ability is his unending youth. In Peter and Wendy, it is explained that Peter must forget his own adventures and what he learns about the world in order to stay childlike. The unauthorised prequels by Barry and Pearson attribute Peter's everlasting youth to his exposure to starstuff, a magical substance which has fallen to earth.

Peter's ability to fly is explained, but inconsistently. In The Little White Bird he is able to fly because he – like all babies – is part bird. In the play and novel, he teaches the Darling children to fly using a combination of "lovely wonderful thoughts" (which became "happy thoughts" in Disney's film) and fairy dust; it is unclear whether he is serious about "wonderful thoughts" being required (it was stated in the novel that this was merely a silly diversion from the fairy dust being the true source), or whether he requires the fairy dust himself. However, in Barrie's Dedication to the play Peter Pan, The boy who wouldn't grow up,[12] the author attributes the idea of fairy dust being necessary for flight to more practical considerations:

...after the first production I had to add something to the play at the request of parents (who thus showed that they thought me the responsible person) about no one being able to fly until the fairy dust had been blown on him; so many children having gone home and tried it from their beds and needed surgical attention. - J.M. Barrie

In Hook, the adult Peter is unable to fly until he remembers his "happy thought". The ability to fly is also attributed to starstuff – apparently the same thing as fairy dust – in the Starcatchers prequels.

Peter has an effect on the whole of Neverland and its inhabitants when he is there. Barrie states that although Neverland appears different to every child, the island "wakes up" when Peter returns from his trip to London. In the chapter "The Mermaids' Lagoon" in the book Peter and Wendy, Barrie writes that there is almost nothing that Peter cannot do. He is a skilled swordsman, rivalling even Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off in a duel. He has remarkably keen vision and hearing. He is skilled in mimicry, copying the voice of Hook, and the tick-tock of the Crocodile. In the 2003 film, the mermaids speak by making dolphin-like noises, which Peter can both understand and speak.

In both Peter Pan and Wendy and Peter Pan in Scarlet, there are various mentions of Peter's ability to imagine things into existence, such as food, though this ability plays a more central role in Peter Pan in Scarlet. He also creates imaginary windows and doors as a kind of physical metaphor for ignoring or shunning his companions. He is said to be able to feel danger when it is near.

In Peter and Wendy, Barrie states that the Peter Pan legend Mrs Darling heard as a child was that when children died, he accompanied them part of the way to their destination so they would not be frightened; he thus resembles the Greek god Hermes in his role as a psychopomp.

In the original play, Peter states that no one must ever touch him (though he does not know why), and the stage instructions specify that no one does so throughout the play. Wendy approaches Peter to give him a "thimble" (kiss), but is prevented by Tinker Bell.

Relationships

Main article: Characters of Peter Pan

Family

Parents

Peter does not know his parents. In Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Barrie wrote that he left them as an infant, and seeing the window closed and a new baby in the house when he returned some time later, he assumed they no longer wanted him. In Starcatchers he is an orphan, though his friends Molly and George discover who his parents are in Rundoon. In Hook, Peter remembers his parents, specifically his mother, who wanted him to grow up and go to the best schools in London to become a judge like his father and have a family of his own. After Peter flew away to Kensington Gardens, he returned to find his parents had forgotten about him and had another child (the gender of Peter's sibling is revealed to be another boy in Peter and Wendy).

Jack and Maggie

In Hook, Peter states that the reason he wanted to grow up was to be a father. He met and fell in love with Wendy's granddaughter, Moira, which causes him to forsake his immortality and marry her. They have two children in the movie, Jack and Maggie. However, he is estranged from both with his constant absences and broken promises, which irritates Moira. His preteen son, Jack is often frustrated with Peter's prolonged absences that he turns to Captain Hook for a father figure. Whereas his young daughter, Maggie, retains faith in Peter which helps him and the Lost Boys rescue her and Jack from Hook. Peter retains much of his fun self after his final visit to Neverland, which makes his relationship with Jack, Maggie and Moira stronger.

Friends

Maimie Mannering

While in Kensington Gardens, Peter meets a lost girl named Maimie Mannering and the two quickly become friends. Peter even proposes marriage to Maimie. While Maimie wants to stay in the Gardens with Peter, she comes to realise that her mother is very worried about her so she must return. She promises to always remember Peter and goes back to her mother. Maimie will forever keep Peter in her memory. When she grows up, she continues to think of Peter, dedicating presents and letters to him. To remember Maimie, Peter rides the imaginary goat that Maimie created for him.[13] Maimie is considered to be the literary predecessor of Wendy Darling.

The Darlings

Wendy Darling
Main article: Wendy Darling

It is hinted that Wendy has romantic feelings for Peter, but cannot be with him because of his inability to love back. In the 2003 film Peter Pan, the feeling is mutual, as the only unhappy thoughts that Captain Hook is able to use to take away Peter's ability to fly are thoughts of Wendy leaving him, growing up, and replacing him with a husband; Wendy is also able to save Peter by giving him her hidden kiss (signifying that Peter is her true love), which once again gives him the will to live. In the movie Hook, an older Wendy implies that she used to (and perhaps, still does) have feelings for Peter, even going as far as to say that she was shocked that he never came to stop her wedding day from happening. In the sequel to the 1953 Disney film, Return to Neverland, Peter and a grown-up Wendy are briefly, but happily, reunited after many years and continue to show feelings for each other. In the original novel, Peter later befriends Wendy's daughter Jane (and her subsequent daughter Margaret), and this pattern will go on forever. From time to time Peter visits the real world, and befriends children. Wendy Darling, whom he recruited to be his "mother", is the most significant of them; he also brings her brothers John and Michael to Neverland at her request. It is mentioned and/or said that Wendy was the only girl who captured his attention.

John Darling and Michael Darling

John, the older brother of the Darlings, proves to be extremely mature for his age. He becomes fascinated with piracy and imitates Captain Hook while playing at home with his siblings. Not only sophisticated, John is also courageous and smart. Peter typically tasks John with the responsibility of directing the Lost Boys when Peter is absent. Michael, the youngest of the Darlings, is convinced that Peter Pan is a real person after hearing Wendy's passionate narratives about him. During nursery games, it's Michael who plays the role of Peter Pan whom he looks up to.

Molly Darling and George Darling

In the Starcatchers novel series, he befriends Molly Aster and young George Darling. In the first novel of the series, Peter and the Starcatchers, Peter is an orphan who boards the Never Land ship and meets Molly for the first time. Throughout the series, there are hints that they have romantic feelings for each other, and Molly says that she would love to see him again someday. They also share a kiss in the third novel, Peter and the Secret of Rundoon, before going their separate ways. Peter meets George Darling in the second novel, "Peter and the Shadow Thieves", who helps hide him from his enemies and the two become friends.

Neverland Inhabitants

Tiger Lily
Main article: Tiger Lily (Peter Pan)

Peter appears to be known to all the residents of Neverland, including the Native American princess Tiger Lily and her tribe. There are hints that Tiger Lily has romantic feelings towards Peter, although he doesn't return the affection. Tiger Lily is kidnapped by Captain Hook and Smee who threaten to kill her if she doesn't tell them Peter's hiding place, but Tiger refuses to betray Peter. Peter eventually saves Tiger Lily from Captain Hook. In the Disney movie, Tiger Lily dances with Peter upon her return and shows her affection by kissing Peter, who turns bright red. This made Wendy jealous of Tiger Lily.

Although Tiger Lily is commonly seen as a princess, many dispute she was ever referred to as a princess in any of the plays or books. Instead, she is written to have princess-like qualities, being called "a princess in her own right". The misconception is commonly attributed to the European custom of crowning princesses, which the Native Americans did not practice.[14]

Tinker Bell
Main article: Tinker Bell

Tinker Bell, a common fairy who is Peter Pan's best friend and often jealously protective of him. Although Wendy is Peter’s love interest, Tinker Bell is recognised immediately as Peter's companion. She is the friend who helps him in his escapades, rather than serve him. As his fairy, Tink’s seemingly malicious pursuits are simply out of jealousy for Peter. Their complex romantic relationship is evident from her protectiveness and undying love for the boy.[15]

Tink’s jealousy leads to the Lost Boys shooting arrows at Wendy (or nearly stoned to death in Disney's movie), and eventually even reveals Peter’s hideout to Captain hook, thinking that Wendy will be captured rather than Peter. When Tink realises her serious mistake, she risks her own life by drinking the poison Hook has left for Peter (or pushing Hook’s bomb away in Disney's movie). Her extreme loyalty and dedication to Peter is everlasting.

The Lost Boys
Main article: Lost Boys (Peter Pan)

Peter is the leader of the Lost Boys, which include Tootles, Nibs, Slightly, Curly, and The Twins. The Lost Boys is a band of boys who were lost by their parents, and came to live in Neverland; it is reported that he "thins them out" when they start to grow up. They proved to always have his back and defend Peter in sticky situations, including dangerous encounters with Captain Hook.


Adversaries

Captain Hook

Main article: Captain Hook

Captain Hook is Peter Pan arch-enemy, whose right (or left) hand was cut off in a duel. Hook's crew, including Smee and Starkey, also consider him a foe. Captain Hook's two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one fateful crocodile. His name plays on the iron hook replacing his right (or left) hand, cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by a saltwater crocodile, who thereafter pursues Hook in hope of preying on him further.

In the animated film, Hook seeks revenge on Peter Pan for having fed the crocodile his left hand, and refuses to leave Neverland prior to this revenge.[16] Throughout the film, Hook is supported by Mr. Smee. After promising Tinker Bell 'not to lay a finger (or a hook) on Peter Pan', he lays a bomb in Peter's hideout (representing Barrie's vial of poison). At the conclusion of the film, Hook is chased by the crocodile into the distance. Walt Disney insisted on keeping Hook alive, as he said: "The audience will get to liking Hook, and they don't want to see him killed."[17] In the sequel Return to Never Land, Hook mistakes Wendy's daughter Jane for Wendy, and uses her as bait to lure Peter Pan to his death.

Mr. Smee

Main article: Mr. Smee

Mr. Smee is Captain Hook's quartermaster and right-hand man in J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and the novel Peter and Wendy. Mr. Smee is also Captain Hook’s direct confidant. Unlike the other pirates, Smee is often clumsy and incapable of actually capturing any of the Lost Boys. Rather than engaging in Hook’s evil schemes, Smee instead finds excitement in bagging loot and treasures.

Publications

See also: Works based on Peter Pan for a complete list of books, stage adaptations, films, etc. featuring these and other Peter Pan stories.

Original works

  • 1911 - Peter and Wendy (novel), later published as Peter Pan and Wendy, the novelised story of the play and incorporating the events of Barrie's sequel An Afterthought.

Other works

See also: List of works based on Peter Pan for a complete list of books, stage adaptations, films, etc. featuring Peter Pan or based on the story.

Filmography

See also: Works based on Peter Pan for a complete list of books, stage adaptations, films, etc. featuring Peter Pan or based on the story.
  • 1924 - Peter Pan, a silent film released by Paramount Pictures, the first film adaptation of the play by J. M. Barrie.
  • 1953 - Peter Pan, an animated film produced by Walt Disney adapted from the play.
  • 1991 - Hook, a film by Steven Spielberg which acts as a sequel to Barrie's original story, focusing on a grown-up Peter Pan who has forgotten his childhood.
  • 2002 - Return to Never Land, Disney's animated sequel to their Peter Pan.
  • 2003 - Peter Pan. a film released by Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures and Revolution Studios, directed by P. J. Hogan and based on J.M. Barrie's classic story.

In popular culture

  • Since featuring the character in their 1953 animated film, Walt Disney has continued to use him as one of their traditional characters, featuring him in the sequel film Return to Neverland and in their parks as a meetable character, and the focus of the dark ride, Peter Pan's Flight; he appears in House of Mouse, Mickey's Magical Christmas, and the Kingdom Hearts video games.
  • J. R. R. Tolkien's biographer Humphrey Carpenter has speculated that Tolkien's impressions of a production of Barrie's Peter Pan in Birmingham in 1910 "may have had a little to do with" his original conception of the Elves of Middle Earth.[18]
  • In the television show Once Upon A Time, Peter Pan is the main villain of the show's third season. He was father to Rumpelstiltskin and dreamed of Neverland as a boy, but when he discovered he could actually transport himself there, he took advantage of the land's magic powers, turned himself into a boy, named himself after his son's doll, and intended to stay there permanently. A shadow told him that was impossible and showed him an hourglass which indicated how much time he had left. By stealing the heart of the truest believer, Pan would be able to save his own life.

The name Peter Pan has been adopted for various purposes over the years:

Public sculptures

  • A statue by Paul Montfort was commissioned by the town council of Melbourne, Australia, in 1926 and is now situated in Melbourne Zoo.[29]
  • A statue by Alex Proudfoot RSA, Principal of Glasgow School of Art, was erected at the Mearnskirk Hospital for children in Glasgow in 1949, commissioned by Alfred Ellsworth in memory of his friend Dr John A Wilson, first superintendent of Mearnskirk Hospital, who had been a school friend of J.M. Barrie.[30]
  • A statue by Ivan Mitford Barberton was commissioned by Vyvyan and Gwen Watson in remembrance of their son Peter and given in 1959 to the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital in Western Cape, South Africa.[31]
  • A pair of statues by Cecil Thomas, one showing Peter Pan and Tinker Bell, and the other Wendy and the Darling children, have been located in Dunedin Botanic Gardens in Dunedin, New Zealand since the 1960s.[32]
  • Two bronze casts of a statue by Alistair Smart, originally commissioned by the Angus Milling Company in 1972 are in Kirriemuir, Scotland, one in the main town square and the other in the Peter Pan Garden by Barrie's Birthplace, now owned by the National Trust of Scotland.[33]
  • A bronze statue by Diarmuid Byron O'Connor was commissioned by Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and unveiled in 2000, showing Peter blowing fairy dust, with Tinker Bell added in 2005.[34]


Statues of Peter Pan

See also

References

  1. ^ Birkin, Andrew (2003). J.M. Barrie & the Lost Boys. Yale University Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-300-09822-7.
  2. ^ Barrie, J M. Peter and Wendy. Hodder & Stoughton, 1911, Chapter 1
  3. ^ Barrie, J.M. Peter and Wendy. Hodder & Stoughton, 1911, Chapter 1
  4. ^ Barrie, J.M. Peter Pan (play). Hodder & Stoughton, 1928, Act I, Scene 1
  5. ^ Bruce K. Hanson. Peter Pan on Stage and Screen 1904-2010. McFarland, 2011
  6. ^ http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/J-M-Barries-Birthplace/
  7. ^ Daniel O'Connor, illustrated by Alice B. Woodward. The Peter Pan Picture Book. Bell & Sons, 1907
  8. ^ Peter Pan's ABC illustrated by Flora White. Hodder & Stoughton, 1913
  9. ^ May Byron illustrated by Mabel Lucie Atwell, Peter Pan and Wendy. Hodder & Stoughton, 1921
  10. ^ Birkin, Andrew. J.M. Barrie and the Lost Boys. Yale University Press, 1986.
  11. ^ Barrie, J M. Peter Pan. Hodder & Stoughton, 1928, Act V, Scene 2
  12. ^ Barrie, J M. Peter Pan. Hodder & Stoughton, 1928, To the Five - A Dedication
  13. ^ Rose, Jacqueline. The Case of Peter Pan, Or, The Impossibility of Children's Fiction. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984. Pg. 28.
  14. ^ Springhole.net: Peter Pan Adaptations.
  15. ^ Peter and Polygamy: The Two Wives of J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan
  16. ^ "Captain Hook: Character History". Disney Archives.
  17. ^ Thomas, Frank & Johnston, Ollie (1993) Disney Villain "Chapter 4: Nine Old Men," section: "Peter Pan", pages 109-113. ISBN 978 1562827922
  18. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1977). J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-04-928037-3.
  19. ^ Kiley, Dr. Dan, The Peter Pan Syndrome: Men Who Have Never Grown Up. Avon Books, 1983, ISBN 978 0380688906
  20. ^ Various materials compiled from University of Granada (3 May 2007). "Overprotecting Parents Can Lead Children To Develop 'Peter Pan Syndrome'". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  21. ^ Kiley, Dr. Dan (1984). The Wendy Dilemma: When Women Stop Mothering Their Men. Arbor House Publishing. ASIN B000O6BTHI. ISBN 9780877956259.
  22. ^ "Peter Pan Syndrome". 20 September 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  23. ^ "Peter Pan Statue". Public Art Around the World. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  24. ^ http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/6066/Peter-Pan-statue-regains-panflute
  25. ^ "Johnson Park Restoration". Johnson-park.camden.rutgers.edu. 24 September 1926. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  26. ^ "Perth Vista-Queens Gardens". Globe Vista. 2008.
  27. ^ "Peter Pan". Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. 16 June 1928. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  28. ^ Cities of the World, Lostrivers.ca
  29. ^ Peter Pan Statue Melbourne Zoo
  30. ^ http://www.portaltothepast.co.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3278
  31. ^ http://childrenshospitaltrust.org.za/story-of-the-peter-pan-statue/
  32. ^ "New life for Peter Pan and Wendy - the art and science of bronze conservation in Dunedin". nzine.co.nz. 3 December 2002. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  33. ^ West, Mark I. (2003). A Children's Literature Tour of Great Britain. Scarecrow Press p. 17.
  34. ^ "Tinker Bell statue dedication press release". Ich.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2010.

External links

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