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Koch Industries

Coordinates: 37°45′04″N 97°17′15″W / 37.751074°N 97.2873639°W / 37.751074; -97.2873639
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37°45′04″N 97°17′15″W / 37.751074°N 97.2873639°W / 37.751074; -97.2873639

Koch Industries, Inc.
Company typePrivate
IndustryConglomerate
Founded1940; 84 years ago (1940)
FounderFred C. Koch
Headquarters
Wichita, Kansas
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Charles Koch
(Chairman & CEO)
David H. Koch
(Executive VP)
ProductsAsphalt, chemicals, commodities trading, energy, fibers, fertilizers, finance, minerals, natural gas, plastics, petroleum, pulp and paper, ranching[1]
RevenueIncrease US$ 115 billion (2013)[2]
OwnerKoch family (84%)
Number of employees
100,000 (2013)[2]
SubsidiariesGeorgia-Pacific, Invista, Flint Hills Resources, Molex
Websitewww.kochind.com

Koch Industries, Inc. ⫽ˈkoʊk⫽ is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita, Kansas, United States, with subsidiaries involved in manufacturing, trading, and investments. It was founded as Wood River Oil and Refining Company in 1940, and later as Rock Island Oil & Refining Company.

Koch also owns Invista, Georgia-Pacific, Molex, Flint Hills Resources, Koch Pipeline, Koch Fertilizer, Koch Minerals, and Matador Cattle Company. Koch companies are involved in core industries such as the manufacturing, refining, and distribution[1] of petroleum, chemicals, energy, fiber, intermediates and polymers, minerals, fertilizers, pulp and paper, chemical technology equipment, ranching,[3] finance,[citation needed] commodities trading, and other ventures and investments. The firm employs about 60,000 people in the United States and another 40,000 in 59 other countries.[4]

In 2013, Forbes called it the second largest privately held company in the United States (after Cargill), with an annual revenue of $115 billion,[5][6][7][8] down from the largest in 2006. If Koch Industries were a public company in 2013, it would have ranked 17 in the Fortune 500.[9]

Fred C. Koch, after whom Koch Industries, Inc. is named, co-founded the company in 1940 and developed an innovative crude oil refining process.[10] His sons, Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer, and David H. Koch, executive vice president, are principal owners of the company after they bought out their brothers, Frederick and William "Bill" Koch, for $1.1 billion in 1983.[11] Charles and David H. Koch each own 42% of Koch Industries. Charles has stated that the company would go public "over my dead body".[6]

History

Predecessor companies

In 1925, Fred C. Koch joined MIT classmate Lewis E. Winkler at an engineering firm in Wichita, Kansas, which was renamed the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company. In 1927 they developed a more efficient thermal cracking process for turning crude oil into gasoline. This process threatened the competitive advantage of established oil companies,[citation needed] which sued for patent infringement. Temporarily forced out of business in the United States, they turned to other markets, including the Soviet Union, where Winkler-Koch built 15 cracking units between 1929 and 1932. During this time, Koch came to despise communism and Joseph Stalin's regime.[12][13] In his 1960 book, A Business Man Looks at Communism, Koch wrote that he found the USSR to be "a land of hunger, misery, and terror."[14] According to Charles G. Koch, "Virtually every engineer he worked with [there] was purged."[13]

In 1940, Koch joined new partners to create a new firm, the Wood River Oil and Refining Company, which is today known as Koch Industries. In 1946 the firm acquired the Rock Island refinery and crude oil gathering system near Duncan, Oklahoma. Wood River was later renamed the Rock Island Oil & Refining Company.[15] Charles Koch joined Rock Island in 1961, having started his career at the management consulting firm Arthur D. Little. He became president in 1966 and chairman at age 32, upon his father's death the following year.[10][16]

Koch Industries

The company was renamed Koch Industries in 1968 in honor of Fred Koch, the year after his death. At that time, it was primarily an engineering firm with part interest in the Pine Bend Refinery in Minnesota, a crude oil-gathering system in Oklahoma,[13] and some cattle ranches.[17] In 1968, Charles approached Union Oil of California about buying their interest in Great Northern Oil Company and its Pine Bend Refinery but the discussions quickly stalled after Union asked for a large premium.[12] In 1969, Union Oil began trying to market their interest in Great Northern by telling potential buyers that Koch's controlling interest could be thwarted by currying favor with another owner, J. Howard Marshall II. When Marshall discovered this he threw his lot in with Koch, they together acquired a majority interest in the company and ultimately bought Union's interest.[15] Ownership of Pine Bend refinery led to several new businesses and capabilities, including chemicals, fibers, polymers, asphalt and other commodities such as petroleum coke and sulfur. These were followed by global commodity trading, gas liquids processing, real estate, pulp and paper, risk management and finance.[12]

In 1970, Charles was joined at the family firm by his brother David H. Koch. Having started as a technical services manager, David became president of Koch Engineering in 1979.

Koch Industries imports and refines 25% of Canadian oil sands imports to the United States.[18][19]

In 2010, Koch Industries was among the first group of nearly 2,000 employers that applied for and were granted federal reimbursements from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under the new Early Retiree Reinsurance Program established by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, for providing health insurance to retirees too young to be eligible for Medicare.[20]

Recent news

In 2008, Koch Industries discovered that the French affiliate Koch-Glitsch had violated bribery laws allegedly securing contracts in Algeria, Egypt, India, Morocco, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia after an investigation by Ethics Compliance officer, Egorova-Farines.[21] After Koch Industries' investigative team looked into her findings, the four employees involved were terminated. According to journalist Jennifer Rubin, Koch Industries’ general counsel stated that Egorova-Farines failed to promptly share the findings, choosing instead to give the information to a manager at Koch-Glitsch who was later fired for bribery. According to Koch Industries’ general counsel, “Egorova-Farines was not fired but instead ran into performance problems, left the company to go on leave and never returned.” Egorova-Farines sued Koch-Glitsch for wrongful termination in France, lost, and “was ordered to pay costs for bringing a frivolous case.”[22]

In April 2014, Koch Industries and the private equity arm of Goldman Sachs agreed to acquire printing ink producer Flint Group for around $3 billion.[23]

In November 2014, Koch Industries and Oplink Communications, an optical networking device maker, reached an agreement for Koch Optics to acquire Oplink for $445 million.[24]

Subsidiaries

Among Koch Industries' subsidiaries across various industries[25] are:

Arteva Europe S.a.r.l.

Arteva Europe is an internal bank which is headquartered in Luxembourg. It has at least one branch office located in Zurich, Switzerland.[26]

Georgia-Pacific

Main article: Georgia-Pacific

Georgia-Pacific is a paper and pulp company that produces "Brawny" paper towels, "Angel Soft" toilet paper, "Mardi Gras" napkins and towels, "Quilted Northern" toilet paper and paper towels, "Dixie" paper plates, bowls, napkins and cups, "Sparkle" paper towels, and "Vanity Fair" paper napkins, bowls, plates and tablecloths. The Atlanta-based company has operations in 27 states.[27]

INVISTA

Acquired from DuPont, INVISTA is a polymer and fibers company that makes "Stainmaster" carpet, and "Lycra" fiber, among other products.

Koch Pipeline Company LP

Koch Pipeline Company LP, which owns and operates 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of pipeline used to transport oil, natural gas liquids and chemicals. Its pipelines are located across Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Alberta, Canada. The firm operates offices in Wichita, Kansas, St. Paul, Minnesota, and Corpus Christi, Texas.

In 1946 Wood River Oil Co. (a precursor company to Koch Industries) purchased Rock Island Oil and Refining Co. As a part of the transaction, it acquired a crude-oil pipeline in Oklahoma. As a result of construction and investments, Wood River acquired other pipelines in the U.S. and Canada. “In the ensuing years,” according to Koch Pipeline's website, “the company bought, sold and built pipeline systems transporting crude oil and refined products, as well as natural gas, natural gas liquids and anhydrous ammonia (for fertilizer).”[28] Koch Pipeline and its affiliates currently maintain a 4,000-mile network of pipelines.

In 1996, an 8-inch-diameter steel LPG pipeline operated by Koch Pipeline Company ruptured near Lively, Texas, a community about 50 miles southeast of Dallas, and began leaking butane gas. The vapor cloud ignited when two residents drove their pickup truck across a creek near a pipeline (then-unknown to local residents)[29] while on their way to a neighbor's house to call 9-1-1 and report the smell of gas. The two were killed in the explosion, and approximately 25 families were later evacuated from the neighborhood without injury, including a parent who had witnessed his daughter's death.[29] An investigation conducted by the NTSB found that the pipe section which failed had not been shown to have excessive corrosion in a 1995 inspection. Regulations at the time did not provide criteria for "adequate cathodic protection."[30] Koch also stated that the bacteria-induced corrosion acted quicker than had ever previously been recorded in the industry. The explosion was the only event of its kind in the company’s history. In 1999, a Texas jury found that negligence had led to the rupture of the Koch pipeline and awarded the victims' families $296 million.[21][31]

Flint Hills Resources LP

Flint Hills Resources LP, originally called Koch Petroleum Group, is a major refining and chemicals company based in Wichita, Kansas. It sells products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, ethanol, polymers, intermediate chemicals, base oils and asphalt. It operates oil refineries in six states. Flint Hills has chemical plants in Illinois, Texas and Michigan. The firm is also a major manufacturer of asphalt used for paving and roofing applications. It operates 13 asphalt terminals located in six states including Alaska (2 terminals), Wisconsin (2), Iowa (3), Minnesota (4), Nebraska (1), and North Dakota (1).[32] The firm manages the purchasing of domestic crude oil from Texas and Colorado offices, has four ethanol plants across Iowa, operates three refineries in Alaska, Texas, and Minnesota, and has a refinery terminal in Alaska. The Minnesota refinery can process 392,000 barrels (62,300 m3) of crude a day, most of which comes from Alberta, Canada, and handles one quarter of all Canadian oil sands crude entering the U.S.[33] It also operates fuel terminals in Wisconsin (4 locations), Texas (6), and one each in Iowa and Minnesota.[34]

In March 1999, Koch Petroleum Group acknowledged that it had negligently discharged hundreds of thousands of gallons of aviation fuel into wetlands from its refinery in Rosemount, Minnesota, and that it had illegally dumped a million gallons of high-ammonia wastewater onto the ground and into the Mississippi River. Koch Petroleum paid a $6 million fine and $2 million in remediation costs, and was ordered to serve three years of probation.[35]

In September 2000, a federal grand jury returned a 97-count indictment against Koch Industries and four individual employees for environmental crimes relating to alleged violations of the Clean Air Act and the measurement and control of benzene emissions from the West Plant in Corpus Christi, Texas. A superseding indictment followed in January 2001.[36][37][38] In April 2001, Koch pleaded guilty to one count, related to wastewater reporting it had self-reported to the government in 1995, according to the company.[39] Koch Industries was fined $20 million, of which $10 million was a criminal fine and $10 million to be used for special projects to improve the environment in Corpus Christi.[36][40][41]

In June 2003, the US Commerce Department fined Flint Hills Resources a $200,000 civil penalty. The fine settled charges that the company exported crude petroleum from the US to Canada without proper US government authorization. The Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security said from July 1997 to March 1999, Koch Petroleum (later called Flint Hills Resources) committed 40 violations of Export Administration Regulations.[42]

In 2005, Koch's Flint Hills Resources refinery was recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Air Awards program for reducing air emissions by 50 percent, even while expanding operations.[43] The EPA has worked with Flint Hills Resources to develop "strategies for curtailing so-called 'upset' emissions, in what agency and company sources say could lead to guidance to minimize such emissions from petroleum refineries and other industrial facilities."[44] The EPA described the process as a "model for other companies."[45]

In 2006, Flint Hills Resources was fined nearly $16,000 by the EPA for 10 separate violations of the Clean Air Act at its Alaska oil refinery facilities, and required to spend another $60,000 on safety equipment needed to help prevent future violations.[46]

In May 2014, Flint Hills Resources announced a definitive agreement to purchase PetroLogistics, a Houston-based manufacturer of chemical and polymer grade propylene.[47]

Koch Fertilizer, LLC

Koch Fertilizer, LLC, is one of the world’s largest makers of nitrogen fertilizers.[48] Koch Fertilizer owns or has interests in fertilizer plants in the United States, Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Italy, among others.[49][50] Koch Fertilizer was formed in 1988 when the Koch companies purchased the Gulf Central Pipeline and ammonia terminals connected to the pipeline. The next year, the Koch Nitrogen Company was formed in order to market ammonia. The next few years saw purchases of various ammonia facilities in Louisiana, Canada, and elsewhere, and ammonia sales agreements with firms in Australia, the U.K., and other countries. The year 2010 saw the founding of Koch Methanol, LLC, and Koch Agronomic Services, LLC. In October 2010, a plant in Venezuela was nationalized by the government.[51] In 2011, the firm acquired the British fertilizer firm J&H Bunn Limited. Koch Fertilizer has change its name to Koch Ag and Energy Solutions (KAES)[52]

Koch Agricultural Company

Koch Agricultural Company's Matador Cattle Company division operates three ranches totaling 425,000 acres (1,720 km2) located in Beaverhead, Montana, Matador, Texas and the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas. There are more than 15,000 head of cattle raised on the ranches.[53]

The Matador Land and Cattle Company was founded in 1882 by Scottish investors, whose acquisition included 2.5 million acres in four Texas counties. In 1951, the company was sold to Lazard Frères & Co., which in turn sold some of the Texas land to Fred C. Koch. In 1952 Koch formed Matador Cattle Company, and later one of his companies purchased part of Matador Ranch, which was brought together with other Koch ranches in Montana and Kansas. Today, according to the ranch's website, it “is owned and operated by Matador Cattle Company, a division of Koch Agriculture Company, which is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Koch Industries.”[54]

Koch's Matador Ranch in Texas earned the Lone Star Land Steward award, an award sponsored by Chevron, Toyota and the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association for outstanding natural resource management in 2010.[55]

Environmental and safety record

Bloomberg reports that from 1999 to 2003, Koch Industries was assessed "more than $400 million in fines, penalties and judgments."[21] Daniel Indiviglio, in a reaction piece appearing in The Atlantic argues that the Bloomberg article is biased and misleading, asserting that the Bloomberg team "only found eight instances of alleged misconduct by a giant multinational over the span of 63 years".[56]

In 2000, for the 312 reported oil spills allegedly attributed to Koch and its subsidiaries which had taken place across six states,[29] Koch paid what was at the time the largest civil fine ever imposed on a company under any federal environmental law for the illegal discharge of crude oil and petroleum products. It was the first time the government had ever aggregated several spills over a number of years under one combined lawsuit against a company.[57] Koch disputed the EPA figures, saying the EPA did not file claims in over half of the 312 alleged cases, and further, that "Many of these alleged spills are not even listed in the EPA's own oil spill data base."[58] In a settlement with the U.S. Justice Department and the state of Texas which included "leaks that occurred as the result of third party actions, like digging", the company agreed to pay a "$30 million civil penalty, improve its leak-prevention programs and spend $5 million on environmental projects."[57][59][60][61]

In 1995 when the suit was filed, Koch spokesperson Ron Howell stated "We've invested over $150 million in leak protection and line rehabilitation over the last five years...we've been able to reduce leaks through that time period by nearly 70 percent even as we increased our pipeline mileage by over 25 percent".[58] Between 1990 and 2000, Koch reduced its crude oil pipeline leaks by more than 90%.[57]

Political activity

See also: KochPAC and Political activities of the Koch brothers

According to the Center for Responsive Politics, many of Koch Industries' contributions have gone toward achieving legislation on taxes, energy and nuclear power, defense appropriations and financial regulatory reform.[62] Koch Industries has been criticized by the environmentalist group Greenpeace for the role they allege the company plays in affecting climate change policy in the United States.[63][64] Koch Industries replied to the Greenpeace report, saying it "mischaracterizes" their political efforts and "distorts the environmental record of our companies" who have put "tremendous energy into achieving sound environmental stewardship and [have] consistently implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases". The response further explained that in line with their guiding principles, "Koch companies and Koch foundations have worked to advance economic freedom and market-based policy solutions to challenges faced by society", claiming "it’s a historical fact that economic freedom best fosters innovation, environmental protection and improved quality of life in a society."[65]

Prior to 2008, a Canadian subsidiary of Koch Industries contributed to the Fraser Institute, a conservative Canadian public policy think tank, according to the Institute's founder.[19]

The company has opposed the regulation of financial derivatives, limits on greenhouse gases,[21] and sponsors free market foundations and causes.[66][67]

Koch Industries has come out against Low Carbon Fuel Standards.[33] According to Koch Industries, "LCFS would cripple refiners that rely on heavy crude feedstocks to provide the transportation fuels that keep America moving."[68]

The Koch Industries website includes an opinion piece from The Wall Street Journal by Charles Koch, titled "Why Koch Industries is Speaking Out."[69] The article states: "Because of our activism, we've been vilified by various groups. Despite this criticism, we're determined to keep contributing and standing up for those politicians, like Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who are taking these challenges [deficit spending by governments] seriously."

The company also funds the political action committee KochPAC.

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b "Koch Industries passes 100,000-employee milestone". Wichita Business Journal. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
  3. ^ "Koch Industries, Inc. – Industry Areas". Kochind.com. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
  4. ^ "Koch Companies 2014 U.S. Jobs and Economic Impact Study" (PDF). Harrah Analytics. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  5. ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/wichita/news/2014/01/31/koch-industries-passes.html
  6. ^ a b Fisher, Daniel (Mar. 13, 2006). "Mr. Big", pp. 24–26. Forbes. Online summary for calendar year 2005 at [1].
  7. ^ "America's Largest Private Companies". Forbes. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
  8. ^ "Forbes rankings for 2009". Forbes.com. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
  9. ^ "The Principled Entrepreneur". The American. July–August 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  10. ^ a b "Summary of Koch Industries History". sec.gov. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 14 November 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  11. ^ The Top 10 Forbes Asia October 19, 2009
  12. ^ a b c Koch, Charles C. (2007). The Science of Success: How Market-Based Management Built the World's Largest Private Company. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-470-13988-2.
  13. ^ a b c Daniel Fisher (13 March 2006). "Mr. Big". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
  14. ^ Koch, Fred C. (1960). A Business Man Looks at Communism. Wichita, Kansas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ a b J. Howard, Marshall II (1994). Done in Oil: An Autobiography. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 254. ISBN 0-89096-533-1.
  16. ^ Bruce Upbin; Brandon Copple (14 December 1998). "Creative destruction 101". Forbes.
  17. ^ John, Lincoln (1989). Rich Grass and Sweet Water. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-387-8.
  18. ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/10/idUS292515702420110210
  19. ^ a b Ball, David P. (April 27, 2012). "Fraser Institute co-founder confirms 'years and years' of U.S. oil billionaires' funding". Vancouver Observer. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  20. ^ Heck, Josh (September 1, 2010). "Wichita's Koch Industries approved for federal early retiree program". Wichita Business Journal. Wichita, Kansas. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d Loder, Asjylyn; David Evans (3 October 2011). "Koch Brothers Flout Law With Secret Iran Sales". Bloomberg Markets Magazine. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  22. ^ Rubin, Jennifer (3 October 2011). "Koch responds to Bloomberg". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  23. ^ "Koch, Goldman agree to buy ink maker Flint in $3 billion deal". Reuters. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  24. ^ http://www.nasdaq.com/article/oplink-to-be-acquired-by-koch-industries-for-445-mln-cash--quick-facts-20141119-00359
  25. ^ Koch Industries website, Industry Areas, accessed Aug 25 2010,
  26. ^ "Koch Industries' mysterious 'internal bank' in Switzerland – video". 9 December 2014. accessed Mar 19 2015
  27. ^ Georgia Pacific website, accessed March 11, 2011, Georgia-Pacific Company Overview
  28. ^ "History". Koch Pipeline Company, L.P. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  29. ^ a b c Dickinson, Tim (September 24, 2014). "Inside the Koch Brothers' Toxic Empire". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  30. ^ NTSB report PIPELINE ACCIDENT SUMMARY REPORT, PIPELINE RUPTURE, LIQUID BUTANE RELEASE, AND FIRE.LIVELY, TEXAS AUGUST 24, 1996 pages 12-13
  31. ^ National Transportation Safety Board (6 November 1998). "Pipeline Rupture, Liquid Butane Release, and Fire Lively, Texas August 24, 1996" (PDF). Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  32. ^ Flint Hills Resources website, accessed March 11, 2011, FHR Asphalt
  33. ^ a b Dembicki, Geoff (March 22, 2011). "The Kochs: Oil Sands Billionaires Bankrolling US Right". The Tyee. Vancouver, B.C. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  34. ^ Koch Industries website, accessed March 11, 2011, http://www.fhr.com/newsroom/contact.aspx?ID=9
  35. ^ "Koch Petroleum Group Sentenced for Minnesota Pollution" (Press release). Environmental Protection Agency. 9 March 2000. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  36. ^ a b "Koch Pleads Guilty to Covering up Environmental Violations at Texas Oil Refinery". justice.gov. U.S. Department of Justice. 9 April 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  37. ^ http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2000/September/573enrd.htm[dead link]
  38. ^ "U.S. Indicts Koch Industries on Pollution Violations in Texas". The New York Times. 29 September 2000.
  39. ^ Koch Industries. "Long-settled Issues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  40. ^ KOCH PETROLEUM FINED $20 MILLION IN POLLUTION CASE The New York Times April 10, 2001
  41. ^ Don Richards (22 January 2001). "DOJ Reduces Indictments Against Koch Industries". ICIS.
  42. ^ US Dept of Commerce, Commerce Dept Fines Kansas Firm, June 3, 2003 press release, http://www.bis.doc.gov/news/2003/kansasfirmfined.htm Template:Wayback
  43. ^ Jessica Harper (18 November 2009). "Flint Hills is coming out of murky waters". Dakota County Tribune. Dakota County, Minnesota.
  44. ^ "Inside EPA's Clean Air Report". InsideEPA. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  45. ^ "Flint Hills Resources, LP Agrees to Transition Its Texas Flexible Permits to Federally Approved Clean Air Act Permits – Transition affects facilities in Corpus Christi, Port Arthur and Longview". EPA. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  46. ^ EPA Press Release, EPA Fines Flint Hills Resources Alaska, Dec 13 2006, accessed Aug 25 2010, http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b0789fb70f8ff03285257029006e3880/6b191200b3ce87e2852572430062f987!OpenDocument
  47. ^ "PetroLogistics LP Agrees To Be Acquired By Flint Hills Resources, LLC". HOUSTON and WICHITA, Kan.: PRNewswire. 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  48. ^ Koch Fertilizer website, accessed March 11, 2011, http://www.kochfertilizer.com/
  49. ^ Yasha Levine (1 September 2010). "7 Ways the Koch Bros. Benefit from Corporate Welfare". The New York Observer.
  50. ^ "Fertilizers".
  51. ^ "Koch Industries says no word on Venezuela takeover". Reuters. 11 October 2010.
  52. ^ "Koch Fertilizer Announces New Holding Company". www.kochagenergy.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  53. ^ Koch Industries website, accessed March 11, 2011, Ranching
  54. ^ "The History of Matador Ranch". Matador Ranch. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  55. ^ "Lone Star Land Steward Awards Winners Announced" (Press release). Texas Parks & Wildlife. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  56. ^ Bloomberg's Exposé on Koch Industries Reveals ... What Exactly? Daniel Indiviglio| 4 October 2011
  57. ^ a b c "Koch Agrees to $35 Million Settlement in Two Environmental Cases". Safety Online. 17 January 2000.
  58. ^ a b Vandewater, Bob (18 April 1995). "3 Agencies File Suit Against Koch Government Claims 300 Oil Spills Occurred". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  59. ^ http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/cwa/kochcwa.html[dead link]
  60. ^ "Koch Pipeline Company L.P. - Newsroom". Kochpipeline.com. 2000-01-13. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
  61. ^ Ralph K.M. Haurwitz and Jeff Nesmith (2001-07-23). "Austin news, sports, weather, Longhorns, business". Statesman.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ OpenSecrets, Summary of Koch Industries
  63. ^ Vidal, John (30 March 2010). "US oil company donated millions to climate skeptic groups, says Greenpeace". The Guardian. London.
  64. ^ "Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine". Global Warming. Washington: Greenpeace. 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  65. ^ Zeller, Tom Jr. (30 March 2010). "Koch Industries Responds to Greenpeace". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  66. ^ Zernike, Kate (October 19, 2010). "Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead". New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  67. ^ Wayne, Leslie (November 20, 1994). "Pulling the Wraps Off Koch Industries". New York Times. Their donations reflect their belief in libertarian and free market philosophies or their personal interests.
  68. ^ http://www.kochind.com/ViewPoint/lowCarbon.aspx Low Carbon Fuel Standards
  69. ^ Why Koch Industries is Speaking Out, Wall Street Journal, March 1, 2011

External links

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