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James Comey
7th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Incumbent
Assumed office
September 4, 2013
PresidentBarack Obama
Donald Trump
DeputySean Joyce
Mark Giuliano
Andrew McCabe
Preceded byRobert Mueller
United States Deputy Attorney General
In office
December 9, 2003 – August 15, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byLarry Thompson
Succeeded byRobert McCallum, Jr. (Acting)
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
In office
January 7, 2002 – December 15, 2003
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byMary Jo White
Succeeded byDavid N. Kelley
Personal details
Born
James Brien Comey, Jr.

(1960-12-14) December 14, 1960 (age 63)
Yonkers, New York, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (formerly)
Independent (2016–present)[1]
SpousePatrice Failor
Children5
EducationCollege of William and Mary (BA)
University of Chicago (JD)
Signature

James Brien "Jim" Comey, Jr. (born December 14, 1960) is an American lawyer and the current Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Comey was the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York from January 2002 to December 2003, and subsequently, the United States Deputy Attorney General, from December 2003 to August 2005. As Deputy Attorney General, Comey was the second-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), and ran its day-to-day operations.

In December 2003, as U.S. Deputy Attorney General, Comey appointed the U.S. Attorney in Chicago, Illinois, close friend and former colleague Patrick Fitzgerald, to be the Special Counsel to head the CIA Leak Grand Jury Investigation also known as the "Plame affair", after Attorney General John Ashcroft recused himself.

In August 2005, Comey left the DOJ and became General Counsel and Senior Vice President of Lockheed Martin, based in Bethesda, Maryland. In 2010, he became General Counsel at Bridgewater Associates, based in Westport, Connecticut. In early 2013, he left Bridgewater to become a Senior Research Scholar and a Hertog Fellow on National Security Law at Columbia Law School in the city of New York. He served on the Board of Directors of HSBC Holdings until July 2013.[2]

In September 2013, Comey was appointed Director of the FBI by President Barack Obama.[3] In that capacity, he was responsible for overseeing the FBI's investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy. His role in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, particularly with regard to his public communications, was highly controversial, and has been claimed as a factor in Clinton's electoral loss to Donald Trump.

Early life and education

Born in Yonkers, New York, Comey grew up in Allendale, New Jersey, the son of Joan and J. Brien Comey.[4] His father worked in corporate real estate and his mother was a computer consultant and homemaker.[5] Comey is of Irish heritage.[6] He attended Northern Highlands Regional High School in Allendale.[7] Comey graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1982, majoring in chemistry and religion. His senior thesis analyzed the liberal theologian Reinhold Niebuhr and the conservative televangelist Jerry Falwell, emphasizing their common belief in public action.[8] He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Chicago Law School in 1985.[9]

Early career (1985–2001)

After law school, Comey served as a law clerk for then-United States District Judge John M. Walker, Jr., in Manhattan. Then, he was an associate for Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher in their New York office. He joined the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, where he worked from 1987 to 1993. While there, he served as Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division. He helped prosecute the Gambino crime family.[10]

From 1996-2001, Comey served as Managing Assistant U.S. Attorney in charge of the Richmond Division of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. In 1996, Comey acted as deputy special counsel to the Senate Whitewater Committee.[11] He also served as the lead prosecutor in the case concerning the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia.[12] While in Richmond, Comey served as an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Richmond School of Law.[9]

Bush years (2002–2005)

U.S. Attorney

He was the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, from January 2002 to the time of his confirmation as Deputy Attorney General on December 11, 2003.[9] Among his first tasks was to take over the investigation into President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich.[11] In November 2002, he led the prosecution of three men involved in one of the largest identity fraud cases in American history. The fraud had lasted two years and resulted in thousands of people across the country collectively losing well over $3 million.[13] He also led the indictment of Adelphia Communications founder John Rigas for bank fraud, wire fraud, and securities fraud. Rigas was convicted of the charges in 2004 and in 2005, was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison. Adelphia Corporation was forced to file for bankruptcy, after it acknowledged it took $3.3 billion in false loans. It was "one of the most elaborate and extensive corporate frauds in United States history".[14]

In February 2003, Comey led the prosecution of Martha Stewart, who was indicted on the charges of securities fraud, obstruction of justice, and lying to an FBI agent. She sold 3,928 shares of ImClone Systems, making $227,824. The next day, the Food and Drug Administration refused to accept the company's application for Erbitux.[15] In March 2003, he led the indictment of ImClone CEO Samuel Waksal, who pleaded guilty to avoiding paying $1.2 million in sales taxes on $15 million worth of contemporary paintings. The works were by Mark Rothko, Richard Serra, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning.[16] In April 2003, he led the indictment of Frank Quattrone, who allegedly urged subordinates in 2000 to destroy evidence sought by investigators looking into his investment banking practices at Credit Suisse First Boston.[17] In November 2003, he led the prosecutions in "Operation Wooden Nickel", which resulted in complaints and indictments against 47 people involved in foreign exchange trading scams.[18]

Deputy Attorney General

Comey's official portrait as Deputy Attorney General

NSA domestic wiretapping

In early January 2006, The New York Times, as part of its investigation into domestic surveillance by the National Security Agency, reported that Comey, who was Acting Attorney General during the March 2004 hospitalization of John Ashcroft, refused to certify the legality of central aspects of the NSA program.[19] The certification was required under White House procedures in order for the program to continue.[20]

After Comey's refusal, the newspaper reported, Andrew H. Card Jr., White House Chief of Staff, and Alberto R. Gonzales, then White House counsel and future Attorney General, made a visit to the George Washington University Hospital, to attempt to win approval directly from Ashcroft for the program.[20] According to the 2007 memoir of Jack Goldsmith, who had been head of the Office of Legal Counsel at the time, Comey went to the hospital to give Ashcroft support in withstanding pressure from the White House.[21]

Comey confirmed these events took place (but declined to confirm the specific program) in testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee on May 16, 2007.[22][23][24][25][26][27] FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III, like Comey, also supported Ashcroft's decision; both men were prepared to resign if the White House ignored the Department of Justice's legal conclusions on the wiretapping issue. FBI director Mueller's notes on the March 10, 2004, incident, which were released to a House Judiciary committee, confirms that he "Saw [the] AG, John Ashcroft in the room. AG is feeble, barely articulate, clearly stressed."[28] Comey withdrew his threat to resign after meeting directly with President Bush, who gave his support to making changes in the surveillance program.[29]

Enhanced interrogation techniques

In 2005, as Deputy Attorney General, Comey endorsed a memorandum approving the use of 13 enhanced interrogation techniques, including waterboarding[19] and sleep deprivation for up to 180 hours, for use by the CIA when interrogating suspects.[30][31] Comey objected to a second memorandum, drafted by Daniel Levin and signed by Steven G. Bradbury, that these techniques could be used in combination.[30] Comey was one of the few members of the Bush administration who had tried to prevent or limit the use of torture.[32][33][34]

Comey later stated during his 2013 confirmation hearing that even though his personal opinion was that waterboarding is torture,[35] the United Nations Convention against Torture was "very vague" and difficult to interpret as banning the practice.[21] Even though he considered the practice to be legal at the time,[30] he strongly disagreed with the techniques and opposed implementing them on policy grounds,[31][36] objections that were ultimately overruled by the National Security Council.[37]

Post-Bush years (2005–present)

In April 2005, Comey announced that he was leaving the Department of Justice in the fall. In August 2005, it was announced that Comey would enter the private sector, becoming the General Counsel and Senior Vice President for Lockheed Martin, the U.S. Department of Defense's largest contractor.[38] Comey's tenure took effect on October 1, 2005,[39] serving in that capacity until June 2, 2010, when he announced he would leave Lockheed Martin to join the senior management committee at Bridgewater Associates, a Connecticut based investment management firm.[40] On February 1, 2013, after leaving Bridgewater, he was appointed by Columbia University Law School as a Senior Research Scholar and Hertog Fellow on National Security Law.[41] He was also appointed to the board of directors of the London-based financial institution HSBC Holdings,[42] to improve the company's compliance program after its $1.9 billion settlement with the Justice Department for failing to comply with basic due diligence requirements for money laundering regarding Mexican drug cartels and terrorism financing.[43][44] Since 2012, he has also served on the Defense Legal Policy Board.[45]

Testimony before congressional committees

Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy

In May 2007, Comey testified before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and the House Judiciary subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law on the U.S. Attorney dismissal scandal. His testimony contradicted that of former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, who had said the firings had been due to poor performance on the part of some of the dismissed prosecutors. Comey stressed that the Justice Department had to be perceived as nonpartisan and nonpolitical to function.[46]

The Department of Justice, in my view, is run by political appointees of the President. The U.S. attorneys are political appointees of the President. But once they take those jobs and run this institution, it's very important in my view for that institution to be another in American life, that—because my people had to stand up before juries of all stripes, talk to sheriffs of all stripes, judges of all stripes. They had to be seen as the good guys, and not as either this administration or that administration.[46]

Supreme Court considerations

Politico reported in May 2009 that White House officials pushed for Comey's inclusion on the short list of names to replace Associate Justice David Souter on the U.S. Supreme Court.[47] Politico later reported liberal activists were upset about the possibility of Comey's name being included. John Brittain of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law stated, "[Comey] came in with the Bushies. What makes you think he'd be just an inch or two more to the center than [John] Roberts? I'd be greatly disappointed."[48][failed verification]

In 2013, Comey was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case.[49]

FBI Director

Comey (left), alongside President Obama (center) and outgoing FBI Director Robert Mueller (right) at Comey's nomination to become FBI Director, June 21, 2013
Obama receives an update from Comey and Homeland Security Advisor Lisa Monaco on the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, June 12, 2016

In May 2013, it was reported,[50][51] and in June 2013 it was made official, that President Barack Obama would nominate Comey to be the next Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, replacing outgoing director Robert Mueller.[52] Comey was reportedly chosen over finalist Lisa Monaco, who had overseen national security issues at the Justice Department during the attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, on September 11, 2012.[53][54]

Comey was confirmed by the Senate on July 29, 2013, for a full ten-year term running the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[55] He was sworn in as FBI director on September 4, 2013.[56]

Police and African Americans

In February 2015, Comey delivered a speech at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., regarding the relationship between police and the African American community.[57][58]

Comey said. “At many points in American history, law enforcement enforced the status quo — a status quo that was often brutally unfair to disfavored groups,” including his own Irish ancestors. Law enforcement often treated the Irish unfairly and often regarded them as drunks and criminals in the early 20th century, he said. “The Irish had some tough times, but little compares to the experience on our soil of black Americans.”[57] Deep-rooted societal problems often lead young black men to crime and create tensions with law enforcement, he said.[57]

“Police officers on patrol in our nation’s cities often work in environments where a hugely disproportionate percentage of street crime is committed by young men of color,” Comey said. “Something happens to people of good will working in that environment. After years of police work, officers often can’t help be influenced by the cynicism they feel. A mental shortcut becomes almost irresistible.”[57]

In October 2015, Comey gave a speech raising concerns that body worn video results in less effective policing, contradicting the President’s public position.[59] Days later, President Obama met with Comey in the Oval Office to address the issue.[60]

Comments on Poland and the Holocaust

In April 2015, Comey spoke at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, arguing in favor of more Holocaust education.[61] After The Washington Post printed a version of his speech, Anne Applebaum wrote that his reference to "the murderers and accomplices of Germany, and Poland, and Hungary" was inaccurately saying that Poles were as responsible for the Holocaust as Germans.[62] His speech was also criticized by Polish authorities, and Stephen D. Mull, United States Ambassador to Poland, was called to the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[63] Applebaum wrote that Comey, "in a speech that was reprinted in The Post arguing for more Holocaust education, demonstrated just how badly he needs it himself".[64]

Ambassador Mull issued an apology for Comey's remarks.[65] When asked about his remarks, Comey said, "I regret linking Germany and Poland ... The Polish state bears no responsibility for the horrors imposed by the Nazis. I wish I had not used any other country names because my point was a universal one about human nature."[66]

However, Abraham Foxman, then director of the Anti-Defamation League, said that while Comey "could have been clearer in the way he expressed his point, President Komorowski [of Poland] protests too much". While many Poles saved the lives of Jews, including Foxman himself, "the public in most European countries, Poland included, too often acted as bystanders and sometimes even as accomplices".[67]

OPM hack

In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people.[68] Later, Comey put the number at 18 million.[69] The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials.[70] Comey said: "It is a very big deal from a national security perspective and from a counterintelligence perspective. It’s a treasure trove of information about everybody who has worked for, tried to work for, or works for the United States government."[71]

Hillary Clinton email investigation

Main article: Hillary Clinton email controversy

On July 5, 2016, Comey announced the FBI’s recommendation that the United States Department of Justice file no criminal charges relating to the Hillary Clinton email controversy.[72] During a 15-minute press conference in the J. Edgar Hoover Building, Comey called Secretary Clinton's and her top aides' behavior "extremely careless", but concluded that "no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case".[72] Comey's public comments came after Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that she would "fully" accept the recommendation of the FBI regarding the probe. It was believed to be the first time the FBI disclosed its prosecutorial recommendation to the Department of Justice publicly.[72] On July 7, 2016, Comey was questioned by a Republican-led House committee during a hearing regarding the FBI's recommendation.[73][74]

Letters to Congress

In light of this Congressional hearing, Comey proceeded down a path of transparency that turned out to have far-reaching ramifications for the presidential election which was underway.[75]

In late October, Rudy Giuliani, a Donald Trump surrogate and advisor, told Martha MacCallum of Fox News that "a surprise or two that you’re going to hear about in the next two days" was coming from the Trump campaign.[76] Giuliani later said that he did not have insider FBI information.[77] Later confirmed by a second law enforcement source, an unnamed government source told Fox News that the email metadata on the computer in question contained “positive hits for state.gov and HRC emails,”[78] however, at the time Comey sent his letter to Congress, the FBI had still not obtained a warrant to review any of the e-mails in question and was not aware of the content of any of the e-mails in question.[79]

On October 28, 2016, less than two weeks before the presidential election, Comey announced in a letter to Congress that the FBI learned of the existence of emails that appeared to be pertinent to the investigation of Secretary Clinton's email server and that the FBI would take steps to allow investigators to review these emails "to determine whether they contain classified information as well as to assess their importance to our investigation". Director Comey stated in the letter that he was writing the letter to "supplement his previous testimony" before Congress.[80]

Comey's announcement was inconsistent with Justice Department policy and he was warned by lawyers at the Department of Justice against proceeding with his letter to Congress. According to FBI officials, Comey was aware of the policy, but considered it "guidance", rather than an ironclad rule. Both Republican and Democratic lawmakers, as well as both the Clinton and Trump campaigns called on Comey to provide additional details.[81] The fear that information about the newly discovered e-mails would be leaked to the press influenced, in part, Comey's decision to inform Congress about the relevance of the new emails to the Clinton investigation,[82] and he said that not doing so "would be misleading to the American people" despite not knowing the emails' contents and despite the risk of being misunderstood.[83] On October 30, 2016 The New York Times published an op-ed by Richard Painter, a chief White House ethics lawyer for the George W. Bush administration, stating that he had filed a complaint against the FBI with the US Office of Special Counsel, which investigates possible violations of the Hatch Act, and with the Office of Government Ethics, in connection with the letter sent to Congress.[84]

On November 6, 2016, Comey wrote in a second letter to Congress that, "Based on our review, we have not changed our conclusions that we expressed in July". He thanked the FBI investigators who worked "around the clock" on the emails.[85]

Senator Al Franken of the Senate Judiciary Committee has noted that hearings on Comey's handling of the situation are possible.[86] Comey was broadly criticized for his actions, on editorial pages from both the right and the left,[87] as well as in an open letter signed by a bipartisan group of 99 former senior Justice Department officials and federal prosecutors, including former Attorney General Eric Holder.[88] According to the Clinton campaign, the letters effectively stopped the campaign's momentum by hurting Clinton's chances with voters who were receptive to Trump's claims of a "rigged system".[89] Statistician Nate Silver said that Comey had a "large, measurable impact on the race"[90] and that Clinton's marked drop in the polls after Comey's first letter was consistent with a burst of negative news coverage as opposed to a gradual decline.[91] Voters who made up their minds in the final week of the race broke strongly against Clinton, which Silver said was enough to cost her Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania (and thus the election).[90]

On January 12, 2017, the Department of Justice's Office of Inspector General announced a formal investigation into whether the FBI followed proper procedures in its investigation of Clinton or whether "improper considerations" were made by FBI personnel.[92]

Government surveillance oversight

In his July 2013 FBI confirmation hearing, Comey said that the oversight mechanisms of the U.S. government have sufficient privacy protections.[93] In a November 2014 New York Times Magazine article, Yale historian Beverly Gage reported that Comey keeps on his desk a copy of the FBI request to wiretap Martin Luther King, Jr., "as a reminder of the bureau's capacity to do wrong".[94] After Comey's letter to Congress in October 2016, CNN and the Irish Times pointed out the similarities between Comey and J. Edgar Hoover in "influencing" elections.[95][96]

He and his agency were criticized for their request to Apple Inc. to install a "back door" for U.S. surveillance agencies to use. Former NSA and CIA director Michael Hayden stated: "Jim would like a back door available to American law enforcement in all devices globally. And, frankly, I think on balance that actually harms American safety and security, even though it might make Jim's job a bit easier in some specific circumstances."[97]

Personal life

Comey and his wife Patrice Failor are the parents of five children.[98] He is of Irish descent and was raised in a Roman Catholic household.[99][100] Comey subsequently joined the United Methodist Church, and has taught Sunday school in the past.[98]

Although Comey was a registered Republican for most of his adult life, he disclosed during Congressional testimony on July 7, 2016 that he is no longer registered in any party.[1] In the past Comey donated to U.S. Senator John McCain’s campaign in the 2008 presidential election and to Governor Mitt Romney’s campaign in the 2012 presidential election.[101]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Comey, James (July 7, 2016). Hillary Clinton Email Investigation. C-SPAN. Event occurs at 01:43:06. Retrieved July 7, 2016. I have been registered Republican for most of my adult life. Not registered any longer.
  2. ^ "Former US Deputy Attorney General joins HSBC Board". HSBC Holdings plc. 30 Jan 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Himes Congratulates Westport's James Comey as New FBI Director". Congressman Jim Himes website. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  4. ^ McCaffrey, Shannon. "For new deputy attorney general, a department under fire", The Boston Globe, December 14, 2003. Accessed August 21, 2011. "As a teenager, he got a frightening taste of what it's like to be a crime victim when an intruder broke into his home in Allendale, N. J., while his parents were out and held his brother and him hostage at gunpoint. The captor fled and never was apprehended."
  5. ^ Alexandra Wolfe (June 16, 2003). "Meet Martha's Prosecutor". The New York Observer. Retrieved July 11, 2015. James Comey grew up in a middle-class family in Yonkers and Bergen County, N.J. His father worked in corporate real estate; his mother was a homemaker and computer consultant. He attended the College of William & Mary and got his law degree at the University of Chicago.
  6. ^ Michael S. Schmidt (February 12, 2015). "F.B.I. Director Speaks Out on Race and Police Bias". The New York Times. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
  7. ^ Weiser, Benjamin. "Man in the News; Reputation for Tenacity; James Brien Comey", The New York Times, December 2, 2011. Accessed August 21, 2011. "EDUCATION: Northern Highlands Regional High School, Allendale, N.J.; B.S., College of William and Mary; J.D., University of Chicago Law School."
  8. ^ "Mr. Comey Goes To Washington", New York magazine, October 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Deputy Attorney General James B. Comey The White House. (no date). Retrieved May 18, 2007.
  10. ^ "James Comey at FBI, a man who can say no". Washington Post. May 30, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. ^ a b Calabresi, Massimo. "Inside the FBI Investigation of Hillary Clinton's E-Mail". time.com.
  12. ^ "a-worthy-new-york-prosecutor", Op-Ed, New York Times, December 1, 2001.
  13. ^ wired.com, Archived December 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine 2002/11.
  14. ^ Lieberman, David (September 23, 2002). "Former Adelphia execs indicted". USA Today.
  15. ^ "martha", CNNMoney.com, 2003/02/06.
  16. ^ "waksal", usatoday.com, 2003-03-03.
  17. ^ "quattrone", money.cnn.com, 2003/04/23.
  18. ^ "forex_031119", cbc.ca, 2003/11/19.
  19. ^ a b Perez, Evan (2013-07-07). "Nominee for FBI Top Post Likely to Face Tough Questions". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2017-02-12. Mr. Comey, during his tenure as deputy attorney general, endorsed a legal memo that authorized the use of waterboarding, which induces the sensation of drowning, on detainees held by the CIA. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b LIchtblau, Eric; Risen, James (January 1, 2006). "Justice Deputy Resisted Parts of Spy Program". New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  21. ^ a b Schmidt, Michael S. (2013-07-09). "F.B.I. Nominee Explains How View Has Changed on Interrogation Tactic". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  22. ^ Comey Senate Judiciary Committee Transcript, May 16, 2007. Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
  23. ^ Isikoff, Michael; Evan Thomas (June 4, 2007). "Bush's Monica Problem: Gonzales, the president's lawyer and Texas buddy, is twisting slowly in the wind, facing a vote of no confidence from the Senate". Newsweek. The Washington Post Company. Archived from the original on 2007-06-01. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  24. ^ (Editorial) (May 16, 2006). "Mr. Comey's Tale: A standoff at a hospital bedside speaks volumes about Attorney General Gonzales". Washington Post. pp. A14. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  25. ^ Eggen, Dan; Amy Goldstein (May 18, 2007). "No-Confidence Vote Sought on Gonzales". Washington Post. pp. A03. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  26. ^ Congressional Quarterly (May 15, 2007). "Senate Hearing on U.S. Attorney Firings - Transcript: Senate Judiciary Hearing (Transcript, Part 1 of 5)". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  27. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (January 2, 2006). "Bush Defends Spy Program and Denies Misleading Public". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  28. ^ Eggen, Dan (August 17, 2007). "FBI Director's Notes Contradict Gonzales's Version Of Ashcroft Visit". Washington Post. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  29. ^ Eggen, Dan; Kane, Paul (May 16, 2007). "Gonzales Hospital Episode Detailed". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  30. ^ a b c Shane, Scott; David Johnston (2009-06-07). "Lawyers Agreed on the Legality of Brutal Tactic". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  31. ^ a b Serrano, Richard A. (2013-07-09). "FBI nominee Comey signed memo allowing waterboarding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  32. ^ Resnick, Brian (2013-05-30). "James Comey, Obama's Pick to Lead the FBI, Stood Up Against the Bush Legal Opinion on 'Enhanced Interrogations'". National Journal. Atlantic Media. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  33. ^ Shane, Scott; Johnston, David; Risen, James (2007-10-04). "Secret U.S. Endorsement of Severe Interrogations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  34. ^ Markon, Jerry; Horwitz, Sari (2013-05-30). "Civil liberties groups criticize Comey, but colleagues praise him". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  35. ^ Yager, Jordy (2013-07-10). "Comey: Waterboarding is torture, illegal". The Hill. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  36. ^ Charles, Deborah (2013-07-09). "Nominee for FBI director says waterboarding is torture". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  37. ^ Serrano, Richard A. (2013-07-09). "Senators question FBI nominee Comey over enhanced interrogation". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  38. ^ Carrie Johnson, Griff Witte (August 8, 2005). "Lockheed Puts Faith In Tough Lawyer". washingtonpost.com.
  39. ^ "Lockheed Martin Names James B. Comey General Counsel; Succeeds Frank H. Menaker, Who Will Retire". lockheedmartin.com. August 4, 2005.
  40. ^ David Johnston (June 2, 2010). "Comey Leaving Lockheed for Hedge Fund". mainjustice.com.
  41. ^ Columbia University School of Law (January 30, 2013). "Print Former Deputy Attorney General Joins Columbia Law School as Hertog Fellow in National Security Law James B. Comey Has Served as U.S. Attorney in the Southern District of New York and as General Counsel of Bridgewater Associates and the Lockheed Martin Corporation". law.columbia.edu.
  42. ^ Howard Mustoe (January 30, 2013). "HSBC Hires Tax, Anti-Terror Chiefs for Controls Panel". bloomberg.com.
  43. ^ Aruna Viswanatha, Brett Wolf (December 11, 2012). "HSBC to pay $1.9 billion U.S. fine in money-laundering case". reuters.com.
  44. ^ "HSBC money laundering report: Key findings HSBC operates in more than 80 countries around the world Failure after failure at HSBC led to the London-based bank being used as a conduit for "drug kingpins and rogue nations", a 300-page report compiled for a US Senate committee and has found". bbc.co.uk. December 11, 2012.
  45. ^ Lesley Clark; McClatchy News Service (June 20, 2013). "President Obama to name Jim Comey as FBI director". mcclatchydc.com.
  46. ^ a b James B. Comey. Testimony Transcript. Hearing of the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law. House Committee on the Judiciary. May 3, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
    (Congressional Quarterly transcripts, via the Washington Post.)
  47. ^ "James Comey pushed for Supreme Court", Politico.com, May 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2009
  48. ^ "Some on left souring on Obama", Politico.com, May 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
  49. ^ "The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief". thedailybeast.com. February 28, 2013.
  50. ^ Associated Press (May 29, 2013). "AP sources say ex-Bush official James Comey to be Obama's nominee to head FBI". washingtonpost.com.
  51. ^ Steve Holland (May 29, 2013). "Obama expected to pick James Comey as next FBI chief: source". reuters.com.
  52. ^ Pickler, Nedra, "Obama's FBI pick: James Comey, challenged wiretapping by Bush White House", AP via mercurynews.com, June 21, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  53. ^ "Obama-to-pick-james-b-comey-to-lead-fbi", New York Times, May 30, 2013.
  54. ^ "AP Sources: Obama Preparing To Name Comey To FBI", AP via NPR, May 29, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  55. ^ "Now voting on confirmation of Comey nomination (FBI)". Democrats.senate.gov. 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  56. ^ "FBI — James B. Comey Sworn in as FBI Director". Fbi.gov. 2013-09-04. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-07-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ a b c d Simio, Molly (13 February 2015). "In Rare Move, FBI Head Addresses Race Relations". Newspaper. The Hoya. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  58. ^ Comey, James B. (February 12, 2015). "Hard Truths: Law Enforcement and Race". Washington, D.C.
  59. ^ Asher-Schapiro, Avi (October 27, 2015). "The FBI Director Says Cops Are 'Under Siege' From Viral Videos". Vice News. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  60. ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Lichtblau, Eric (6 July 2016). "James Come's Rebuke of Hillary Clinton Fits a 3-Decade Pattern". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  61. ^ Comey, James B. (April 16, 2015). "Why I require FBI agents to visit the Holocaust Museum". Washington Post.
  62. ^ "Poland fury at Holocaust comment by FBI's James Comey". News Website. No. 19 April 2015. BBC News. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  63. ^ "Poland summons U.S. ambassador over FBI head's Holocaust remarks". Reuters. April 19, 2015.
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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to James B. Comey.
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Government offices
Preceded by Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
2013–present 		Incumbent
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