Kotor
Kotor
Котор | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Flag | |
  Kotor | |
| Coordinates: 42°25′48″N 18°46′12″E / 42.43000°N 18.77000°E | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Kotor Municipality |
| Founded | 5th century BC |
| Settlements | 56 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Vladimir Jokić (DCG) |
| • Ruling coalition | DCG-DF-SDP-URA |
| Area | |
| • Municipality | 335 km2 (129 sq mi) |
| Population (2003 census) | |
| • Total | 5,341 |
| • Density | 68/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| • Municipality | 22,947 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 85330 |
| Area code | +382 32 |
| ISO 3166-2 code | ME-10 |
| Car Plates | KO |
| Website | Official |
Kotor (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Котор, pronounced [kɔ̌tɔr]; Template:Lang-it) is a coastal town in Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Gulf of Kotor. The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative center of Kotor Municipality.
The old Mediterranean port of Kotor is surrounded by fortifications built during the Venetian period. It is located on the Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotorska), one of the most indented parts of the Adriatic Sea. Some have called it the southern-most fjord in Europe, but it is a ria, a submerged river canyon. Together with the nearly overhanging limestone cliffs of Orjen and Lovćen, Kotor and its surrounding area form an impressive landscape.
In recent years,[when?] Kotor has seen an increase in tourists, many of them coming by cruise ship. Visitors are attracted by the natural environment of the Gulf of Kotor and by the old town of Kotor. Kotor is part of the World Heritage Site dubbed the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor. The fortified city of Kotor was also included in UNESCO's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017.[1]
Geography
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015) |
Kotor is located in a secluded part of the beautiful Gulf of Kotor which was fortified in the Middle Ages to prevent enemy invasion from the sea. The gulf is presently under further development as a favorite tourist and resort destination in the eastern Mediterranean.
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Gulf of Kotor inlet fortification. -
Narrow passage through the inlet to the Gulf of Kotor. -
Island fortification in the Gulf of Kotor. -
Geography around the Gulf of Kotor. -
Developments around the Gulf of Kotor.
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Climate
Kotor has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).
| Climate data for Kotor | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.6 (85.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.4 (41.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.0 (49.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 158 (6.2) |
141 (5.6) |
125 (4.9) |
118 (4.6) |
81 (3.2) |
62 (2.4) |
36 (1.4) |
55 (2.2) |
106 (4.2) |
157 (6.2) |
203 (8.0) |
183 (7.2) |
1,425 (56.1) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org [2] | |||||||||||||
History
The exact time of foundation of the first settlement is not known. According to some sources, the oldest settled area dates 2 milleniums back, and its current name stems from the word Dekatera (from the old Greek Katareo meaning hot[citation needed]).
Roman era
The town was first mentioned in 168 BC, was settled during Ancient Roman times, when it was known as Acruvium, Ascrivium, or Ascruvium (Template:Lang-grc) and was part of the Roman province of Dalmatia.[3]
Middle Ages
The town has been fortified since the early Middle Ages, when Emperor Justinian built a fortress above Ascrivium in 535, after expelling the Ostrogoths. Ascrivium was plundered by the Saracens in 840. It was further fortified towards the peak of Saint Ivan by Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos in 10th century. It was one of the more influential Dalmatian city-states of romanized Illyrians throughout the early Middle Ages, and until the 11th century the Dalmatian language was still spoken in Kotor. The city was part of Byzantine Dalmatia in that period, and the modern name of Kotor probably originated in the Byzantine name for the town: Dekatera or Dekaderon.
In 1002, the city suffered damage under the occupation of the First Bulgarian Empire, and in the following year it was ceded to Duklja by the Bulgarian Tsar Samuil. Duklja, or Dioclea, was a vassal duchy of Byzantium at the time. The local population resisted the pact and, taking advantage of its alliance with Dubrovnik, maintained its high autonomy. During this time, the small romanized Illyrian population of Kotor was slowly assimilated by a significant Slav population coming from neighboring areas. Duklja, the biggest Serb duchy at the time, gradually became more powerful under Vojislavljević dynasty and eventually independent from Byzantium in 1042. The city remained autonomous up until Duklja was once again subdued by Byzantium in 1143.
The city was conquered in 1185 by Stefan Nemanja, the ruler of the Grand Principality of Serbia and founder of the Nemanjić dynasty. At that time Kotor was already an episcopal see subordinated to the archbishopric of Bari, and in 13th century, Dominican and Franciscan monasteries were established to check the spread of Bogomilism. Under the rule of the Nemanjić Kotor became a partially autonomous city, enjoying many privileges and maintaining its republican institutions. This is backed by a statute from 1301, which demonstrates that Kotor had the status of a city under Serbian rule. In the 14th century the commerce of Cattaro, as named in Latin scripts (in Serbian Котор, град краљев/Kotor, city of the King), rivaled that of Republic of Ragusa, and caused the Republic of Venice to be envious. Kotor remained the most important trading port of subsequent Serb states – Kingdom of Serbia and Serbian Empire, up to its downfall in 1371.
After the fracturing of the Serbian Empire, the city was taken by the Kingdom of Hungary, only to change hands repeatedly between them and the Republic of Venice in the period between 1371–1384. After that, Kotor was held by Kingdom of Bosnia under Tvrtko I Kotromanić between 1384–1391. The king of Bosnia, who claimed the Serbian throne, minted his coins in Kotor.
After the death of Tvrtko in 1391, Kotor became fully independent, until the administration, wary of the looming Ottoman danger, asked the Venice for protection. The city acknowledged the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice in 1420.
Venetian and Ottoman rule
The city was part of the Venetian Albania province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. It was besieged by the Ottomans in 1538 and 1657. Four centuries of Venetian domination have given the city the typical Venetian architecture, that contributes to make Kotor a UNESCO world heritage site.[4]
In the 14th- and 15th centuries, there was an influx of settlers from the oblasts of Trebinje (the region around forts Klobuk Ledenica and Rudina) and the Hum lands (Gacko and Dabar) to Kotor.[5] The Italian name of the city is Càttaro. Under Venetian rule, Kotor was besieged by the Ottoman Empire in 1538 and 1657, endured the plague in 1572, and was nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1563 and 1667. It was also ruled by Ottomans at brief periods.[6]
Habsburg and Napoleonic rule
 |
After the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, it passed to the Habsburg Monarchy. However, in 1805, it was assigned to the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg, although in fact held by a Russian squadron under Dmitry Senyavin. After the Russians retreated, Kotor was united in 1806 with this Kingdom of Italy and then in 1810 with the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces. Kotor was captured by the British in an attack on the Bay led by Commodore John Harper in the brig sloop HMS Saracen (18 guns). To seal off Kotor, residents along the shore literally pulled the ship in windless conditions with ropes. The Saracen's crew later hauled naval 18-pounder guns above Fort St. John, the fortress near Kotor, and were reinforced by Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS Bacchante (38 guns). The French garrison had no alternative but to surrender, which it did on 5 January 1814.
It was restored to the Habsburg Monarchy by the Congress of Vienna. Until 1918, the town, then known as Cattaro, was head of the district of the same name, one of the 13 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.[7]
In World War I, Kotor was one of three main bases of the Austro-Hungarian Navy and homeport to the Austrian Fifth Fleet, consisting of pre-dreadnought battleships and light cruisers. The area was the site of some of the fiercest battles between local Montenegrin Slavs and Austria-Hungary. After 1918, the city became a part of Yugoslavia and officially became known as Kotor.
World War II
Between 1941 and 1943 the Kingdom of Italy annexed the area of Kotor which became one of three provinces of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia – the Province of Cattaro had an area of 1,075 km2 (415 sq mi) and population of 128,000.[8]
Main sights
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Part of | Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv |
| Reference | 125 |
| Inscription | 1979 (3rd Session) |
| Area | 14,600 ha |
| Buffer zone | 36,491 ha |
Kotor has one of the best preserved medieval old towns in the Adriatic and is a UNESCO world heritage site.[4] It is home to numerous sights, such as the Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in the old town (built in 1166), and the ancient walls which stretch for 4.5 km (3 mi) directly above the city. Sveti Đorđe and Gospa od Škrpijela islets off the coast of Perast are also among the tourism destinations in the vicinity of Kotor.
Culture
|
Kotor hosts several summer events, such as the Summer Carnival or Bokeljska Noć. Together with Budva, and the small town of Tuzi, near Podgorica, the city hosted the Federation of European Carnival Cities (FECC) World Carnival City Congress in May 2009.
Local government
The municipal parliament consists of 33 deputies elected directly for a five-year term. Following the last local election held on 16 October 2016, the ruling DPS lost its absolute majority, the new local government being formed by a coalition of opposition parties.
| Party/Coalition | Seats | Local government | |
|---|---|---|---|
| style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro/meta/color" | | Democratic Party of Socialists | 12 / 33
|
Opposition |
| Democratic Montenegro | 5 / 33
|
Government | |
| Democratic Front | 5 / 33
|
Government | |
| Social Democratic Party | 3 / 33
|
Government | |
| Socialist People's Party | 3 / 33
|
Government support | |
| Social Democrats | 2 / 33
|
Opposition | |
| United Reform Action | 1 / 33
|
Government | |
| Liberal Party | 1 / 33
|
Opposition | |
| Croatian Civic Initiative | 1 / 33
|
Opposition | |
Demographics
Kotor is the administrative centre of Kotor municipality, which includes the towns of Risan and Perast, as well as many small hamlets around the Bay of Kotor, and has a population of 22,601.[9]
The town of Kotor itself has 961 inhabitants, but the administrative limits of the town encompass only the area of the Old Town. The urban area of Kotor also includes Dobrota (8,819) and Škaljari (3,807), bringing the population of Kotor's urban area close to 13,000 inhabitants. The total number rises to around 15,000 if the neighbouring hamlets of Muo, Prčanj and Stoliv are included. The entire population of Kotor Municipality was 22,947, as of the 2003 census.
Ethnic composition of the municipality in 2011:[9]
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Montenegrins | 11,047 | 48.88% |
| Serbs | 6,910 | 30.57% |
| Croats | 1,553 | 6.87% |
| other/undeclared | 3,091 | 13.68% |
| Total | 22,601 | 100% |
According to documents from 1900, Kotor had 7,617 Catholics, and 7,207 Orthodox Christians. Kotor is still the seat of the Catholic Bishopric of Kotor, which covers the entire gulf. In 2011, 78% citizens of Kotor were Orthodox Christians, while 13% were listed as Roman Catholic.
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Serbian Orthodox church of St. Nicholas -
Montenegrin Orthodox Church of St. Peter of Cetinje -
Church of Our Lady of Health -
Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sv. Tripun) -
Blessed Ozana Church
Transport
Kotor is connected to the Adriatic Motorway and the rest of the coast and inland Montenegro by Vrmac Tunnel. Inland is reachable by detouring from Adriatic motorway at Budva or Sutomore (through Sozina tunnel). There is also a historic road connecting Kotor with Cetinje, which has views of Kotor bay.
Tivat Airport is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away, and there are regular flights to Belgrade, Moscow and Paris and dozens of charter planes land daily on Tivat airport during the summer season.
Podgorica Airport is 65 kilometres (40 mi) away, and it has regular flights to major European destinations throughout the year.
Twin towns
Szeged, Hungary
Santa Barbara, United States
References
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "Climate: Kotor". January 10, 2018.
- ^ Jackson, Hamilton (2010). The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition). Echo Library. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-4068-6761-9. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor". Unesco World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ Tošić, Đuro. Trebinjci i Zahumljani u srednjovjekovnom Kotoru Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, work in Istraživanja, 2005, br. 16, pp. 221–27.
- ^ "Kotor – Town in Montenegro – Sightseeing and Landmarks". Thousand Wonders. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
- ^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
- ^ Rodogno, Davide (2003). Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo. Turin: Bollati Boringhieri.
- ^ a b "Montenegrin 2011 census". Monstat. 2011.
External links
- Official website
- Visit-Montenegro: Kotor-History
- UNESCO: Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor
- Boka Kotorska Photo Gallery
- Tourist Presentation of Kotor
- Old Town Map (1944px × 2592px 851.58 Kb JPG)
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