Culture of Morocco
The culture of Morocco refers to the culture or cultures—behaviors, customs, knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, etc.—of Moroccan society. Moroccan culture is primarily Muslim, Jewish , Christianity. and it represents a confluence of influences: Amazigh, Sahrawi, Sub-Saharan African, Mediterranean, Andalusi, Jewish, European, and more.
The majority of Morocco's population identifies as Berber. While the two official languages of Morocco are Standard Arabic and Standard Moroccan Berber, most Moroccans speak Darija (Moroccan vernacular Arabic) as a native language. At least a third of the population speaks an Amazigh language, especially Tarifit, Tamazight, or Tashelhit. French, and, to a lesser degree, Spanish, have also been widely used since the colonial period.
Language
Modern Standard Arabic and Standard Moroccan Berber (Tamazight) are the official languages of Morocco,[1] while Darija (الدارِجة) is the national vernacular language;[2] Amazigh dialects, especially Tarifit, Central Atlas Tamazight, and Tashelhit, are also widely spoken. Varieties of Judeo-Arabic have also traditionally been spoken in Morocco.[3] Foreign languages, particularly French, English, and Spanish, are widely spoken in urban centers such as Tangier or Casablanca. With all of these languages, code-switching is an omnipresent phenomenon in Moroccan speech and media.[4]
Arabic
Classical Arabic, a formal rather than natural language, is used primarily in formal, academic, and religious settings.[5] Darija, or Moroccan vernacular Arabic, in its various regional and contextual forms, is used more often in casual situations, at home, and on the street.[6] Hassaniya is a distinct dialect of Arabic spoken in the south of Morocco.
Tamazight
Tashelhit (also known locally as Soussia) is spoken in southwest Morocco, in an area between Sidi Ifni in the south, Agadir in the north, and Marrakesh and the Draa and Sous valleys in the east. Central Atlas Tamazight is spoken in the Middle Atlas, between Taza, Khemisset, Azilal, and Errachidia. Tarifit is spoken in the Rif area of northern Morocco in towns like Nador, Al Hoceima, Ajdir, Tétouan, Taourirt, and Taza.
Most Amazigh embraced Islam quickly, though their non-Arab ethnic and linguistic distinction has resisted the Arab-Islamic influence. Hundreds of Amazigh (Berber) associations have been created to defend their culture and identity in the last few decades in Morocco and Algeria. Newsstands and bookstores in all the major cities are filled with new Berber publications that provide articles and essays about the Amazigh culture and art. In 1994, the state-owned TV station RTM (now TVM) started broadcasting a daily, 10-minute-long news bulletin in the 3 Berber dialects. Berber activists are demanding a fifty percent share of broadcasting time in standardized Berber (Tamazight) on all state-owned TV channels. There is also a national Tamazight channel in Morocco, called Tamazight TV. It opened in 2010, and broadcasts for over 13 hours a day, with an extended broadcast on weekends.
Literature
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Manuscript_of_Five_Sections_of_a_Qur%27an_MET_sf1982-120-2-a.jpg/220px-A_Manuscript_of_Five_Sections_of_a_Qur%27an_MET_sf1982-120-2-a.jpg)
As Amazigh societies primarily practiced oral tradition, the history of Moroccan literature started in the early Middle Ages. In the era of the Berber dynasties, coinciding with the flowering of Al-Andalus, there were several important Moroccan writers, especially in the fields of religion and poetry.[citation needed]
Music
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Musicienne_aux_bijoux.jpg/220px-Musicienne_aux_bijoux.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_sound_of_the_south_-_Tinghir_Morocco_by_Brahim_FARAJI.jpg/220px-The_sound_of_the_south_-_Tinghir_Morocco_by_Brahim_FARAJI.jpg)
Moroccan music is characterized by its great diversity from one region to another. It includes Arabic music genres, such as chaâbi and aita in the Atlantic plains (Doukkala-Abda, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Rehamna), melhoun in the Andalusi cities (Meknes, Fes, Salé, Tetouan, Oujda...), and Hassani in the Moroccan Sahara. There is also Amazigh music such as the Rif reggada, the ahidus of the Middle Atlas and the Souss ahwash. In the South there is also deqqa Marrakshia and gnawa. In addition, young people synthesize the Moroccan spirit with influences from around the world (blues, rock, metal, reggae, Moroccan rap, etc.).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9.jpg)
Andalusi music is popular in Morocco. It probably evolved under the Moors in Cordoba, and the Persian-born musician Ziryab is usually credited with its invention. Traditional songs such as "Shams al-'Ashiya" are still played at celebrations and formal events.[7] Dar ul-Aala in Casablanca is a museum and conservatory dedicated to this musical heritage. A genre known as Contemporary Andalusian Music and art is the brainchild of Morisco visual artist/composer/oudist Tarik Banzi, founder of the Al-Andalus Ensemble.
Chaabi ("popular") is a music consisting of numerous varieties which are descended from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.
Popular Western forms of music are becoming increasingly popular in Morocco, such as fusion, rock, country, metal and, in particular, hip hop.
Morocco participated in the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest, where it finished in the penultimate position.
Visual arts
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mohammed_Ben_Ali_Rbati_-_Festival_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Ben_Ali_Rbati_-_Festival_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
The decorative arts have a long and important history in Morocco. One of the traditional elements of artistic expression in Morocco is Maghrebi-Andalusian art and architecture.[8] Carved plaster Arabesques, zellige tilework, carved wood, and other expressions of Islamic geometric patterns are typical features of this style.[9]
Maghrebi Arabic script is an important feature of the history of visual art in Morocco.[10] While some aspects of Maghrebi script are codified and prescribed, there have also been innovations, such as those by the 19th century calligrapher Muhammad al-Qandusi.[11]
Muhammad Ben Ali Rabati was one of the first Moroccans to paint in a European style.[12]
Chaïbia Talal was another celebrated naive painter from Morocco.
Contemporary art
Contemporary art in Morocco is still developing. with considerable potential for growth. Since the 1990s-2000s Moroccan cities have welcomed institutions that contribute to the diffusion of contemporary art and the visual arts: L'appartement 22 and Radio Apartment 22 in Rabat,[13][14] the Cinémathèque de Tanger in Tangier, La Source du Lion in Casablanca, Dar Al-Ma'mûn residency and center, the Marrakech Art Fair, and the Marrakech Biennale, all in Marrakech.
Local art galleries such as Galerie Villa Delaporte, Atelier 21, Galerie Matisse and Galerie FJ are also platforms showing contemporary artwork and contributing to its development.[15]
The global art market also influences the development and visibility of contemporary art in Morocco; international exhibitions such as "Africa Remix" (2004) and "Uneven Geographies" (2010) featured contemporary artists from North Africa, including Moroccan ones. Regional events such as the Dakar Biennale (or Dak'Art – Biennale de l'Art Africain Contemporain), a major contemporary African art exhibition, gives greater visibility to artists from the African continent.
Moroccan artists and their initiatives
Artists born in Morocco or with Moroccan origins include Mounir Fatmi, Latifa Echackhch, Mohamed El Baz, Bouchra Khalili, Majida Khattari, Mehdi-Georges Lahlou, and Younes Baba-Ali.[16]
Moroccan artists have devised several initiatives to help develop a contemporary art market in the country. For example, Hassan Darsi created La Source du Lion in 1995, an art studio that welcomes artists-in-residence, and Bouchra Khalili and Yto Barrada founded the Cinémathèque de Tanger in 2003, which is dedicated to promoting Moroccan cinematographic culture.[17] A group of seven Moroccan artists, among them Amina Benbouchta, Hassan Echair, Jamila Lamrani, Safâa Erruas and Younès Rahmoun, formed "Collectif 212" to exhibit their work at Le Cube, an independent art room. Their first major show was in 2006 at the exhibition Un Siècle de peinture au Maroc [A century of painting in Morocco] when the new premises of the French Institute of Rabat (L'Institut Français de Rabat) were officially opened.[18] They committed to creating artistic experiences in the context of Moroccan culture, as well as collaborating with other artists such as Hicham Benohoud.
The young local artists Batoul Shim and Karim Rafi participated in the "Working for Change" project, which aims to create art expressive of Moroccan culture, during the 2011 Venice Biennale.[19]
Art Market
There is a burgeoning market for modern & contemporary art. The art movement began over 50 years ago at the center of Marrakech, in the bustling market place of Jemaa el-Fna, when a group of abstract artists[20] got together and exhibited their work. The exhibit lasted for 10 days and is considered the beginning of a movement in modern and contemporary art. It has been gaining recognition throughout the African continent and globally ever since.
Marrakech has emerged as the "art capital" of Morocco. It houses numerous art museums including the Farid Belkahia Museum, named after one of the leading Jemaa el-Fna artists who died in 2014. Marrakech is home to the Yves Saint Laurent Museum and hosts the annual Marrakech International Film Festival.
Tangier is another center for art, producing renowned artists like Ahmed Yacoubi and Abdellatif Zine and Mohamed Hamri whose works are displayed around the world.
Tattooing
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_een_Ahwash-dansgroep_uit_de_Anti-Atlas_tijdens_het_nationaal_folklore_festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017645.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_een_Ahwash-dansgroep_uit_de_Anti-Atlas_tijdens_het_nationaal_folklore_festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017645.jpg)
Tattooing was once a popular tradition in the Maghreb, particularly among rural Amazigh populations.[21]
Cuisine
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2012) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/200px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg)
Moroccan cuisine is generally a mix of Berber, Andalusi, and Mediterranean cuisines with slight European and sub-Saharan influences. It is known for dishes such as couscous, tajine, and pastilla. Moroccan cuisine uses many herbs, including cilantro, parsley, and mint; spices such as cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, cumin, and saffron; and produce such as tomatoes, onions, garlic, zucchini, bell peppers, and eggplant. One of the defining features of Moroccan cuisine is the interplay between sweet and savory flavors, as exemplified by tfaya, a mix of caramelized onions, butter, cinnamon, sugar, and raisins often served with meat.[22]
Historically, couscous has been the staple of the Moroccan diet. On special occasions, more complex meals like the traditional Moroccan pastilla and some special pastries such as gazelle ankles and briwates are served for guests.[23] Mint tea, called atay in Morocco, is commonly regarded as the national beverage.[24]
Celebrations and holidays
Religious holidays
Islamic holidays
Morocco' official religion is Islam. The rhythm of life for Moroccans is dictated by religious celebrations throughout the year, such as Ramadan and Eid Al Adha. During these celebrations, most of them being public holidays, Moroccans focus on praying and spending time with their family. Moroccans also celebrate al-Mawlid al-Nabawi, the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, and the Islamic New Year.
Other religious celebrations include the Friday weekly prayer where most Moroccans go to the mosque for the Friday mid-day prayer.[25]
Jewish holidays
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/J%C3%BCdische_Hochzeit_in_Marokko-1024.jpg/300px-J%C3%BCdische_Hochzeit_in_Marokko-1024.jpg)
Morocco has long had a significant Jewish population, distinguished by traditions particular to Moroccan Jews. For example, Mimouna is a characteristically Maghrebi holiday celebrated the day after Passover.[26] Mahia is traditionally associated with Moroccan Purim celebrations.[27]
Folk celebrations
Yennayer, the Amazigh new year, has been celebrated from January 12 to January 13, the beginning of the Julian calendar, since antiquity.[28]
Other celebrations include Ashura, the tenth day of the Islamic year, and Bujlood, a folk carnival celebrated after Eid al-Adha.
Festivals
Taburida, or mawsam or fantasia, is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Maghreb performed during cultural festivals and for Maghrebi wedding celebrations.[29] There are also several annual festivals that take place in Morocco, such as the Betrothal Festival in Imilshil, the rose festival in Qalaat Megouna, or the saffron festival in Taliween.
Tailoring and weaving
Carpet weaving
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7.jpg/140px-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7.jpg)
Carpet weaving is a traditional craft in Morocco. Styles vary dramatically from region to region and from tribe to tribe. Among the more popular varieties there are:
- Azilal, High Atlas[30]
- Bujad, near Khenifra[30]
- Beni Warain, Middle Atlas[30]
- Beni M'guild, Middle Atlas[30]
- Bousherwiit[30]
- Kilim[30]
- Marmusha[31]
- Zanafi[31]
- Zemmour[31]
Some Atlas tribes, such as the Beni Ouarain, also weave hendiras, which are ornate woven cloaks for use in the winter. When it is snowing, they can be overturned and the loose loops of wool help snow fall off to keep the cloak dry.[32]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%A2.jpg/187px-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%A2.jpg)
Traditional clothing
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Moroccan_Caftan%2C_Bahia_Palace%2C_Marrakech%2C_Morocco.jpg/170px-Moroccan_Caftan%2C_Bahia_Palace%2C_Marrakech%2C_Morocco.jpg)
The traditional dress for men and women[33] is called djellaba (جلابة); a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. The djellaba has a hood that comes to a point called a qob. The qob protects the wearer from the sun or in colder climates, like the mountains, the qob keeps in body heat and protects the face from falling snow. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly referred to as a Fez. Women wear kaftans (قفطان) decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear balgha (بلغة) —- soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel.
The distinction between a djellaba and a kaftan is the hood on the djellaba, which a kaftan lacks. Most women's djellabas are brightly colored and have ornate patterns, stitching, or beading, while men's djellabas are usually plainer and colored neutrally.
Media
Cinema
In the first half of the 20th century, Casablanca had many movie theaters, such as Cinema Rialto, Cinema Lynx and Cinema Vox—the largest in Africa at the time it was built.[34][35][36]
The 1942 American film Casablanca is supposedly set in Casablanca and has had a lasting impact on the city's image, though it was filmed entirely in California and doesn't feature a single Moroccan character with a speaking role.[37] Salut Casa! was a propaganda film brandishing France's purported colonial triumph in its civilizing mission in the city.[38]
Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, was one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude. Nour-Eddine Lakhmari's Casanegra (2008) depicts the harsh realities of Casablanca's working classes.[39][40] The films Ali Zaoua (2000), Horses of God (2012), and Ghazzia (2017) of Nabil Ayouch—a French director of Moroccan heritage—deal with street crime, terrorism, and social issues in Casablanca, respectively.[41] The events in Meryem Benm'Barek-Aloïsi's 2018 film Sofia revolve around an illegitimate pregnancy in Casablanca.[42] Hicham Lasri and Said Naciri also from Casablanca.
Atlas Studios in Warzazat is a large movie studio.[43]
Movies in Morocco
- 1944: Establishment of the "Moroccan Cinematographic Center" (CCM/the governing body). Studios were open in Rabat.
- 1958: Mohammed Ousfour creates the first Moroccan movie "Le fils maudit"
- 1982: The first national festival of cinema – Rabat.
- 1968: The first Mediterranean Film Festival was held in Tangier. The Mediterranean Film Festival in its new version is held in Tetouan.
- 2001: The first International Film Festival of Marrakech was held in Marrakech.
Some directors have set films in Morocco. In 1952 Orson Welles chose Essaouira as the setting for several scenes in his adaptation of Shakespeare's "Othello", which had won the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film at that year's Cannes Film Festival. In 1955, Alfred Hitchcock directed The Man Who Knew Too Much and in 1962, David Lean shot the Tafas Massacre scene of Lawrence of Arabia in the city of "Ouarzazate", which houses Atlas Studios. Aït Benhaddou has been the setting of many films. The film Hideous Kinky was filmed in Marrakech.
Architecture
Qsour
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tamnougalt%2C_Morocco_%28Unsplash_i-P1lmY_e1w%29.jpg/220px-Tamnougalt%2C_Morocco_%28Unsplash_i-P1lmY_e1w%29.jpg)
A qsar (p. qsur) or an ighrem is a North African fortified village, especially an Amazigh one.[44] There are over 300 qsur]] and qasbas the Draa Valley, particularly in the area between Agdz and Zagora.[44]
Agadirs
An agadir, not to be confused with the city Agadir, is a communal granary traditionally found in Amazigh communities in southern Morocco.[45][46]
Gardens
Andalusi gardens, inherited from Morisco refugees who settled in Morocco, are a prominent feature of Moroccan architecture.[47] These have been used in building palaces such as the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh. The Andalusi garden, which usually features a burbling fountain, has an important role in cooling riads: the evaporation of water is an endothermic chemical reaction, which absorbs heat from the area garden and surrounding rooms.
Morocco has many beautiful gardens, including the Majorelle Garden in Marrakech and the Andalusian Garden in the Kasbah of the Udayas in Rabat.
Domestic architecture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9.jpg)
Dar, the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco, is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Most Moroccan homes traditionally adhere to the Dar al-Islam, a series of tenets on Islamic domestic life.[48] Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation.[49] Dars are typically composed of thick, high walls that protect inhabitants from thievery, animals, and other such hazards; however, they have a much more symbolic value from an Arabic perspective. In this culture the exterior represents a place of work, while the interior represents a place of refuge.[50] Thus, Moroccan interiors are often very lavish in decoration and craft.
Consistent with most Islamic architecture, dars are based around small open-air patios, surrounded by very tall thick walls, to block direct light and minimize heat.[49] Intermediary triple-arched porticos lead to usually two to four symmetrically located rooms. These rooms have to be long and narrow, creating very vertical spaces, because the regional resources and construction technology typically only allow for joists that are usually less than thirteen feet.[49]
Upon entering a dar, guests move through a zigzagging passageway that hides the central courtyard. The passageway opens to a staircase leading to an upstairs reception area called a dormiria, which often is the most lavish room in the home adorned with decorative tilework, painted furniture, and piles of embroidered pillows and Moroccan rugs. More affluent families also have greenhouses and a second dormiria, accessible from a street-level staircase. Service quarters and stairways were always at the corners of the structures.[49]
Ziliij
Ziliij, colorful geometric mosaic tile work, is a decorative art and architectural element commonly found in Moroccan mosques, mausolea, homes, and palaces. These probably evolved from Greco-Roman mosaics, which have been found in cities such as Volubilis and Lixus.[51]
Modernist architecuture
In the mid to late 20th century, architects such as Elie Azagury, Jean-François Zevaco, Abdeslam Faraoui, Patrice de Mazières, and Mourad Ben Embarek marked the architecture of Casablanca and other parts of Morocco with significant works of modernist and brutalist architecture.[52]
See also
References
- ^ "دستور المملكة المغربية". Cour Constitutionnelle | المحكمة الدستورية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-10-20.
تظل العربية اللغة الرسمية للدولة. وتعمل الدولة على حمايتهاوتطويرها، وتنمية استعمالها. تعد الأمازيغية أيضا لغة رسمية للدولة، باعتبارها رصيدا مشتركا لجميع المغاربة بدون استثناء.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Ricento, Thomas (2015). Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199363391.
- ^ Dynamique langagière au Maroc. Vol. 143. Messaoudi, Leila (1950-....). Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. DL 2013, cop. 2013. ISBN 978-2-7351-1425-2. OCLC 865506907.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ News, Morocco World (2014-02-12). "Morocco: Code switching and its social functions". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Rouchdy, Aleya. (2012). Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic. Taylor and Francis. p. 71. ISBN 9781136122187. OCLC 823389417.
- ^ Ennaji, Moha (2005-12-05). Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 162. ISBN 9780387239804.
- ^ "كيف صارت "شمس العشية" أغنية العيد في المغرب؟". BBC News Arabic (in Arabic). 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ "Discover Islamic Art Virtual Exhibitions | The Muslim West | Andalusian-Maghrebi Art |". Islamic Art Museum. 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ Brigitte Hintzen-Bohlen (2000). Andalusia: Art & Architecture. Könemann. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-3-8290-2657-4.
- ^ Kane, Ousmane (2016-06-07). Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05082-2.
- ^ Habibeh Rahim (1996). Inscription as Art in the World of Islam: Unity in Diversity : at the Emily Lowe Gallery, April 14-May 24, 1996. Hofstra Museum, Hofstra University. p. 65.
- ^ "محمد بن علي الرباطي .. أول رسام على الطريقة الأوروبية". مغرس. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ^ Katarzyna Pieprzak (1 January 2010). Imagined Museums: Art and Modernity in Postcolonial Morocco. U of Minnesota Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4529-1520-3.
- ^ Staff (17 June 2019). "R22 Art Radio / Radio Apartment 22 راديو الشقة ٢٢ - L'appartement 22". www.appartement22.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ Bérénice Saliou. [1]. Contemporary Art Magazine, Issue 6
- ^ Staff (2011). "Surveillé(e)s" (PDF). L’appartement 22. L’appartement 22. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ Geraldine Pratt (23 June 2014). Film and Urban Space. Edinburgh University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7486-7814-3.
- ^ Julia Barroso Villar (2 December 2016). Mujeres árabes en las artes visuales. Los países mediterráneos. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. p. 176. ISBN 978-84-16933-22-8.
- ^ Alice Planel. Traveling Back to Ourselves: The Maghreb as an Art Destination, p. 4, higheratlas.org.
- ^ Jaggi, Maya (2019-08-03). "Casablanca's Gift to Marrakech and the Birth of Morocco's Modern Art Movement". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- ^ Leu, Felix (2017). Berber tattooing in Morocco's Middle Atlas : tales of unexpected encounters in 1988. Leu, Loretta. Kenmare, County Kerry, Ireland. ISBN 9780955110955. OCLC 1023521225.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Nada Kiffa (27 October 2017). "T'faya in Moroccan Cooking". Taste of Maroc. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ "Moroccan Traditional Cuisine | What to Eat in Morocco | MoroccanZest". Moroccan Zest. 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
- ^ Raphael Chijioke Njoku (2006). Culture and Customs of Morocco. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-313-33289-0.
- ^ "Morocco Culture & Religion | MoroccanZest". Moroccan Zest. 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
- ^ Jane S. Gerber (1995). "Integrating the Sephardic Experience Into Teaching". In Jane S. Gerber; Michel Abitbol (eds.). Sephardic Studies in the University. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8386-3542-1.
- ^ "Sous le figuier, l'alcool !". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
- ^ Boudraa, Nabil. "Far From North Africa, Berbers In The U.S. Ring In A New Year". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ Steet, Linda (2000). Veils and Daggers: A Century of National Geographic's Representation of the Arab World. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 141.
- ^ a b c d e f "Our guide to different types of Moroccan Rugs". A New Tribe. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
- ^ a b c "THE VIEW FROM FEZ: Beginners' Guide to Moroccan Carpets". THE VIEW FROM FEZ. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ "THE VIEW FROM FEZ: Beginners' Guide to Moroccan Carpets". THE VIEW FROM FEZ. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ https://www.morocco-guide.com/culture/traditional-clothing/
- ^ "LES CINÉMAS DE L'EPOQUE A CASABLANCA.6/6". Centerblog (in French). 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
- ^ "Cinéma : 245 salles fermées entre 1980 et 2017". La Vie éco (in French). 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
- ^ Pennell, C. R. (2000). Morocco Since 1830: A History. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-426-1.
- ^ Admin (2011-10-21). "When Tangier Was Casablanca: Rick's Café & Dean's Bar". Tangier American Legation. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
- ^ "Contact Zones". Pages Magazine. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ "" Casa Negra " remporte la médaille de bronze". aujourdhui.ma. Aujourd'hui le Maroc. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Karim Boukhari (12 December 2008). "Nari, nari, Casanegra". telquel-online.com. TelQuel. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ Goodman, Sarah (2019-03-17). "Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco's Nabil Ayouch". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
- ^ "" Sofia " : le récit d'un délit de grossesse au Maroc" (in French). 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
- ^ "Destination Ouarzazate, entre culture hollywoodienne et artisanat berbère". www.journaldesfemmes.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-03-17.
- ^ a b Pradines, Stéphane (2018-09-17). Earthen Architecture in Muslim Cultures: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-35633-7.
- ^ "Greniers collectifs - Patrimoine de l'Anti Atlas au Maroc | Holidway Maroc". Holidway (in French). 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
- ^ "Collective Granaries, Morocco". Global Heritage Fund. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
- ^ "الحدائق الأندلسية بالمغرب .. "جنان" من التاريخ". Hespress (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- ^ Verner, p. 9
- ^ a b c d Verner, pp. 41–42
- ^ Verner, pp. 9–10
- ^ Lesch-Middelton, Forrest (2019-10-01). Handmade Tile: Design, Create, and Install Custom Tiles. Quarry Books. ISBN 978-0-7603-6430-7.
- ^ Dahmani, Iman; El moumni, Lahbib; Meslil, El mahdi (2019). Modern Casablanca Map. Translated by Borim, Ian. Casablanca: MAMMA Group. ISBN 978-9920-9339-0-2.
Bibliography
- Verner, Corince. (2004). The villas and riads of Morocco. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers
External links
- TRC Needles entry on Moroccan embroidery
- Traditional Moroccan music from Morocco's Ministry of Communication
- Marrakech Folklore Days[permanent dead link]